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复杂适应系统的研究主要集中在系统的复杂性、涌现性和宏观特性上。<ref name=CAS-T-11>{{cite journal|title=A Complex Adaptive Organization Under the Lens of the LIFE Model:The Case of Wikipedia|journal=Egosnet.org|url=https://otago.academia.edu/JeanBaptisteFaucher/Papers/489796/A_Complex_Adaptive_Organization_Under_the_Lens_of_the_LIFE_Model_The_Case_of_Wikipedia|accessdate=25 August 2012|last1=Faucher|first1=Jean-Baptiste}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-12>{{cite web|title=Evolutionary Psychology, Complex Systems, and Social Theory|url=http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~mclennan/papers/EPCSST.pdf|work=Bruce MacLennan, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville|publisher=eecs.utk.edu|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-13>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems as a Model for Evaluating Organisational : Change Caused by the Introduction of Health Information Systems|url=http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|work=Kieren Diment, Ping Yu, Karin Garrety, Health Informatics Research Lab, Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, School of Management, University of Wollongong, NSW|publisher=uow.edu.au|accessdate=25 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905170544/http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|archivedate=5 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[约翰·霍兰德 John H. Holland]]复杂适应系统是由大量主体组成的系统，主体之间会相互影响，相互适应或学习。

复杂适应系统的研究主要集中在系统的复杂性、涌现性和宏观特性上。<ref name=CAS-T-11>{{cite journal|title=A Complex Adaptive Organization Under the Lens of the LIFE Model:The Case of Wikipedia|journal=Egosnet.org|url=https://otago.academia.edu/JeanBaptisteFaucher/Papers/489796/A_Complex_Adaptive_Organization_Under_the_Lens_of_the_LIFE_Model_The_Case_of_Wikipedia|accessdate=25 August 2012|last1=Faucher|first1=Jean-Baptiste}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-12>{{cite web|title=Evolutionary Psychology, Complex Systems, and Social Theory|url=http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~mclennan/papers/EPCSST.pdf|work=Bruce MacLennan, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville|publisher=eecs.utk.edu|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-13>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems as a Model for Evaluating Organisational : Change Caused by the Introduction of Health Information Systems|url=http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|work=Kieren Diment, Ping Yu, Karin Garrety, Health Informatics Research Lab, Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, School of Management, University of Wollongong, NSW|publisher=uow.edu.au|accessdate=25 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905170544/http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|archivedate=5 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[约翰·霍兰德 John H. Holland]]指出复杂适应系统是由大量主体组成的系统，主体之间会相互影响，相互适应或学习。