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第22行： − + − − 热力学零定律 − − The [[zeroth law of thermodynamics]] may be stated in the following form: − − The zeroth law of thermodynamics may be stated in the following form: − − − − − − The law is intended to allow the existence of an empirical parameter, the temperature, as a property of a system such that systems in thermal equilibrium with each other have the same temperature. The law as stated here is compatible with the use of a particular physical body, for example a [[mass]] of gas, to match temperatures of other bodies, but does not justify regarding temperature as a quantity that can be measured on a scale of real numbers. − − The law is intended to allow the existence of an empirical parameter, the temperature, as a property of a system such that systems in thermal equilibrium with each other have the same temperature. The law as stated here is compatible with the use of a particular physical body, for example a mass of gas, to match temperatures of other bodies, but does not justify regarding temperature as a quantity that can be measured on a scale of real numbers. + − + − Though this version of the law is one of the most commonly stated versions, it is only one of a diversity of statements that are labeled as "the zeroth law" by competent writers. Some statements go further so as to supply the important physical fact that temperature is one-dimensional and that one can conceptually arrange bodies in real number sequence from colder to hotter.<ref>Sommerfeld, A. (1951/1955). ''Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics'', vol. 5 of ''Lectures on Theoretical Physics'', edited by F. Bopp, J. Meixner, translated by J. Kestin, Academic Press, New York, p. 1.</ref><ref>[[James Serrin|Serrin, J.]] (1978). The concepts of thermodynamics, in ''Contemporary Developments in Continuum Mechanics and Partial Differential Equations. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Continuum Mechanics and Partial Differential Equations, Rio de Janeiro, August 1977'', edited by G.M. de La Penha, L.A.J. Medeiros, North-Holland, Amsterdam, {{ISBN|0-444-85166-6}}, pp. 411–51.</ref><ref>[[James Serrin|Serrin, J.]] (1986). Chapter 1, 'An Outline of Thermodynamical Structure', pp. 3–32, in ''New Perspectives in Thermodynamics'', edited by J. Serrin, Springer, Berlin, {{ISBN|3-540-15931-2}}.</ref> Perhaps there exists no unique "best possible statement" of the "zeroth law", because there is in the literature a range of formulations of the principles of thermodynamics, each of which call for their respectively appropriate versions of the law. − − Though this version of the law is one of the most commonly stated versions, it is only one of a diversity of statements that are labeled as "the zeroth law" by competent writers. Some statements go further so as to supply the important physical fact that temperature is one-dimensional and that one can conceptually arrange bodies in real number sequence from colder to hotter. Perhaps there exists no unique "best possible statement" of the "zeroth law", because there is in the literature a range of formulations of the principles of thermodynamics, each of which call for their respectively appropriate versions of the law. − − 虽然这个版本的定律是最常见的陈述版本之一，但它只是被称为“第零定律”的众多陈述之一。有些陈述更进一步，提供了一个重要的物理事实，即温度是一维的，并且从概念上把物体按实数顺序由冷到热排列。也许对于“第零定律”并没有唯一的“最佳的表述”，因为在文献中有一系列的热力学原理的表述，每一种都要求对热力学定律作出各自适当的说明。 − − − − Although these concepts of temperature and of thermal equilibrium are fundamental to thermodynamics and were clearly stated in the nineteenth century, the desire to explicitly number the above law was not widely felt until Fowler and Guggenheim did so in the 1930s, long after the first, second, and third law were already widely understood and recognized. Hence it was numbered the zeroth law. The importance of the law as a foundation to the earlier laws is that it allows the definition of temperature in a non-circular way without reference to entropy, its [[Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)|conjugate variable]]. Such a temperature definition is said to be 'empirical'.<ref>Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). ''Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', (first edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-25445-0}}, pp. 18–20.</ref><ref>Bailyn, M. (1994). ''A Survey of Thermodynamics'', American Institute of Physics Press, New York, {{ISBN|0-88318-797-3}}, p. 26.</ref><ref>Buchdahl, H.A. (1966), ''The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics'', Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 30, 34ff, 46f, 83.</ref><ref>*Münster, A. (1970), ''Classical Thermodynamics'', translated by E.S. Halberstadt, Wiley–Interscience, London, {{ISBN|0-471-62430-6}}, p. 22.</ref><ref>[[Brian Pippard|Pippard, A.B.]] (1957/1966). ''Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics'', original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 10.</ref><ref>[[Harold A. Wilson (physicist)|Wilson, H.A.]] (1966). ''Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics'', Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 4, 8, 68, 86, 97, 311.</ref> − − Although these concepts of temperature and of thermal equilibrium are fundamental to thermodynamics and were clearly stated in the nineteenth century, the desire to explicitly number the above law was not widely felt until Fowler and Guggenheim did so in the 1930s, long after the first, second, and third law were already widely understood and recognized. Hence it was numbered the zeroth law. The importance of the law as a foundation to the earlier laws is that it allows the definition of temperature in a non-circular way without reference to entropy, its conjugate variable. Such a temperature definition is said to be 'empirical'. − − 虽然这些关于温度和热平衡的概念是热力学的基础，并在19世纪得到了清楚的阐述，但是直到20世纪30年代福勒和古根海姆这样做的时候，人们才普遍感觉到需要对上述定律进行明确编号，而这时第一定律、第二定律和第三定律已经得到广泛的理解和认可。因此，它被称为第零定律。该定律作为早期定律基础的重要性在于，它允许以非循环的方式定义温度，而无需参考熵及其共轭变量。这样的温度定义被称为“经验主义的”。 − −
→Zeroth law
==Zeroth law==
==Zeroth law 热力学零定律==
热力学第零定律可以用以下形式表示：
热力学第零定律可以用以下形式表示：
{{quote|If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.<ref>Guggenheim (1985), p. 8.</ref>}}<br>
{{quote|If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.<ref>Guggenheim (1985), p. 8.</ref>}}<br>
如果两个系统都各与第三个系统处于热平衡状态，则它们彼此处于热平衡状态.
如果两个系统都各与第三个系统处于热平衡状态，则它们彼此处于热平衡状态.
该定律旨在允许一个经验参数存在，即温度，作为热力学系统的一种性质，即相互处于热平衡的系统具有相同的温度。这里所述的定律适用于特定的物质(例如一定量的气体物质）来匹配其他物质的温度，但不能证明温度是一个可以用实数来衡量的量。
该定律旨在允许一个经验参数存在，即温度，作为热力学系统的一种性质，即相互处于热平衡的系统具有相同的温度。这里所述的定律适用于特定的物质(例如一定量的气体物质）来匹配其他物质的温度，但不能证明温度是一个可以用实数来衡量的量。
虽然这个版本的定律是最常见的陈述版本之一，但它只是被称为“第零定律”的众多陈述之一。有些陈述更进一步，提供了一个重要的物理事实，即温度是一维的，并且从概念上把物体按实数顺序由冷到热排列。<ref>Sommerfeld, A. (1951/1955). ''Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics'', vol. 5 of ''Lectures on Theoretical Physics'', edited by F. Bopp, J. Meixner, translated by J. Kestin, Academic Press, New York, p. 1.</ref><ref>[[James Serrin|Serrin, J.]] (1978). The concepts of thermodynamics, in ''Contemporary Developments in Continuum Mechanics and Partial Differential Equations. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Continuum Mechanics and Partial Differential Equations, Rio de Janeiro, August 1977'', edited by G.M. de La Penha, L.A.J. Medeiros, North-Holland, Amsterdam, {{ISBN|0-444-85166-6}}, pp. 411–51.</ref><ref>[[James Serrin|Serrin, J.]] (1986). Chapter 1, 'An Outline of Thermodynamical Structure', pp. 3–32, in ''New Perspectives in Thermodynamics'', edited by J. Serrin, Springer, Berlin, {{ISBN|3-540-15931-2}}.</ref>也许对于“第零定律”并没有唯一的“最佳的表述”，因为在文献中有一系列的热力学原理的表述，每一种都要求对热力学定律作出各自适当的说明。
虽然这些关于温度和热平衡的概念是热力学的基础，并在19世纪得到了清楚的阐述，但是直到20世纪30年代福勒和古根海姆这样做的时候，人们才普遍感觉到需要对上述定律进行明确编号，而这时第一定律、第二定律和第三定律已经得到广泛的理解和认可。因此，它被称为第零定律。该定律作为早期定律基础的重要性在于，它允许以非循环的方式定义温度，而无需参考熵及其共轭变量。这样的温度定义被称为“经验主义的”。<ref>Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). ''Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', (first edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|0-521-25445-0}}, pp. 18–20.</ref><ref>Bailyn, M. (1994). ''A Survey of Thermodynamics'', American Institute of Physics Press, New York, {{ISBN|0-88318-797-3}}, p. 26.</ref><ref>Buchdahl, H.A. (1966), ''The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics'', Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 30, 34ff, 46f, 83.</ref><ref>*Münster, A. (1970), ''Classical Thermodynamics'', translated by E.S. Halberstadt, Wiley–Interscience, London, {{ISBN|0-471-62430-6}}, p. 22.</ref><ref>[[Brian Pippard|Pippard, A.B.]] (1957/1966). ''Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics'', original publication 1957, reprint 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 10.</ref><ref>[[Harold A. Wilson (physicist)|Wilson, H.A.]] (1966). ''Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics'', Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 4, 8, 68, 86, 97, 311.</ref>
==First law==
==First law==