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[[File:Henri Poincaré maison natale Nancy plaque.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Plaque on the birthplace of Henri Poincaré at house number 117 on the Grande Rue in the city of Nancy]]

[[File:Henri Poincaré maison natale Nancy plaque.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Plaque on the birthplace of Henri Poincaré at house number 117 on the Grande Rue in the city of Nancy]]

  Plaque on the birthplace of Henri Poincaré at house number 117 on the Grande Rue in the city of Nancy

  Plaque on the birthplace of Henri Poincaré at house number 117 on the Grande Rue in the city of Nancy

位于南希市大街117号的昂利 · 庞加莱出生地牌匾

位于南希市大街117号的昂利 · 庞加莱出生地的牌匾

During his childhood he was seriously ill for a time with diphtheria and received special instruction from his mother, Eugénie Launois (1830–1897).

During his childhood he was seriously ill for a time with diphtheria and received special instruction from his mother, Eugénie Launois (1830–1897).

在童年时期，他曾一度患有严重的白喉病，并接受了他母亲欧热尼 · 劳诺伊斯(Eugénie Launois，1830-1897)的特别指导。

在童年时期，他曾一度患有严重的白喉病，受到他母亲欧热尼 · 劳诺伊斯(Eugénie Launois，1830-1897)的特别照料。

In 1862, Henri entered the Lycée in Nancy (now renamed the  in his honour, along with Henri Poincaré University, also in Nancy). He spent eleven years at the Lycée and during this time he proved to be one of the top students in every topic he studied. He excelled in written composition. His mathematics teacher described him as a "monster of mathematics" and he won first prizes in the concours général, a competition between the top pupils from all the Lycées across France. His poorest subjects were music and physical education, where he was described as "average at best". However, poor eyesight and a tendency towards absentmindedness may explain these difficulties. He graduated from the Lycée in 1871 with a bachelor's degree in letters and sciences.

In 1862, Henri entered the Lycée in Nancy (now renamed the  in his honour, along with Henri Poincaré University, also in Nancy). He spent eleven years at the Lycée and during this time he proved to be one of the top students in every topic he studied. He excelled in written composition. His mathematics teacher described him as a "monster of mathematics" and he won first prizes in the concours général, a competition between the top pupils from all the Lycées across France. His poorest subjects were music and physical education, where he was described as "average at best". However, poor eyesight and a tendency towards absentmindedness may explain these difficulties. He graduated from the Lycée in 1871 with a bachelor's degree in letters and sciences.

 

Poincaré entered the École Polytechnique as the top qualifier in 1873 and graduated in 1875. There he studied mathematics as a student of Charles Hermite, continuing to excel and publishing his first paper (Démonstration nouvelle des propriétés de l'indicatrice d'une surface) in 1874. From November 1875 to June 1878 he studied at the École des Mines, while continuing the study of mathematics in addition to the mining engineering syllabus, and received the degree of ordinary mining engineer in March 1879.

Poincaré entered the École Polytechnique as the top qualifier in 1873 and graduated in 1875. There he studied mathematics as a student of Charles Hermite, continuing to excel and publishing his first paper (Démonstration nouvelle des propriétés de l'indicatrice d'une surface) in 1874. From November 1875 to June 1878 he studied at the École des Mines, while continuing the study of mathematics in addition to the mining engineering syllabus, and received the degree of ordinary mining engineer in March 1879.

 

 

As a graduate of the École des Mines, he joined the Corps des Mines as an inspector for the Vesoul region in northeast France. He was on the scene of a mining disaster at Magny in August 1879 in which 18 miners died. He carried out the official investigation into the accident in a characteristically thorough and humane way.

As a graduate of the École des Mines, he joined the Corps des Mines as an inspector for the Vesoul region in northeast France. He was on the scene of a mining disaster at Magny in August 1879 in which 18 miners died. He carried out the official investigation into the accident in a characteristically thorough and humane way.

At the same time, Poincaré was preparing for his Doctorate in Science in mathematics under the supervision of Charles Hermite. His doctoral thesis was in the field of differential equations. It was named Sur les propriétés des fonctions définies par les équations aux différences partielles. Poincaré devised a new way of studying the properties of these equations. He not only faced the question of determining the integral of such equations, but also was the first person to study their general geometric properties. He realised that they could be used to model the behaviour of multiple bodies in free motion within the solar system. Poincaré graduated from the University of Paris in 1879.

At the same time, Poincaré was preparing for his Doctorate in Science in mathematics under the supervision of Charles Hermite. His doctoral thesis was in the field of differential equations. It was named Sur les propriétés des fonctions définies par les équations aux différences partielles. Poincaré devised a new way of studying the properties of these equations. He not only faced the question of determining the integral of such equations, but also was the first person to study their general geometric properties. He realised that they could be used to model the behaviour of multiple bodies in free motion within the solar system. Poincaré graduated from the University of Paris in 1879.

[[Image:Young Poincare.jpg|left|upright|thumb|The young Henri Poincaré]]

[[Image:Young Poincare.jpg|left|upright|thumb|The young Henri Poincaré]]

 

The young Henri Poincaré

The young Henri Poincaré

===First scientific achievements===

===First scientific achievements最初科学成就===

After receiving his degree, Poincaré began teaching as junior lecturer in mathematics at the [[Caen University|University of Caen]] in Normandy (in December 1879). At the same time he published his first major article concerning the treatment of a class of [[automorphic function]]s.

After receiving his degree, Poincaré began teaching as junior lecturer in mathematics at the [[Caen University|University of Caen]] in Normandy (in December 1879). At the same time he published his first major article concerning the treatment of a class of [[automorphic function]]s.

After receiving his degree, Poincaré began teaching as junior lecturer in mathematics at the University of Caen in Normandy (in December 1879). At the same time he published his first major article concerning the treatment of a class of automorphic functions.

After receiving his degree, Poincaré began teaching as junior lecturer in mathematics at the University of Caen in Normandy (in December 1879). At the same time he published his first major article concerning the treatment of a class of automorphic functions.

 

There, in Caen, he met his future wife, Louise Poulain d'Andecy and on 20 April 1881, they married. Together they had four children: Jeanne (born 1887), Yvonne (born 1889), Henriette (born 1891), and Léon (born 1893).

There, in Caen, he met his future wife, Louise Poulain d'Andecy and on 20 April 1881, they married. Together they had four children: Jeanne (born 1887), Yvonne (born 1889), Henriette (born 1891), and Léon (born 1893).

在那里，他在卡昂遇到了他未来的妻子路易丝 · 普兰 · 德安德西，并于1881年4月20日结婚。他们共有四个孩子: 珍妮(生于1887年)、伊冯娜(生于1889年)、亨利埃特(生于1891年)和莱昂(生于1893年)。

在卡昂，他遇到了他未来的妻子路易丝 · 普兰 · 德安德西，并于1881年4月20日结婚。他们共有四个孩子: 珍妮(生于1887年)、伊冯娜(生于1889年)、亨利埃特(生于1891年)和莱昂(生于1893年)。

Poincaré immediately established himself among the greatest mathematicians of Europe, attracting the attention of many prominent mathematicians. In 1881 Poincaré was invited to take a teaching position at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris; he accepted the invitation. During the years of 1883 to 1897, he taught mathematical analysis in École Polytechnique.

Poincaré immediately established himself among the greatest mathematicians of Europe, attracting the attention of many prominent mathematicians. In 1881 Poincaré was invited to take a teaching position at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris; he accepted the invitation. During the years of 1883 to 1897, he taught mathematical analysis in École Polytechnique.

In 1887, he won Oscar II, King of Sweden's mathematical competition for a resolution of the three-body problem concerning the free motion of multiple orbiting bodies. (See three-body problem section below.)

In 1887, he won Oscar II, King of Sweden's mathematical competition for a resolution of the three-body problem concerning the free motion of multiple orbiting bodies. (See three-body problem section below.)

The Poincaré family grave at the [[Cimetière du Montparnasse]]

The Poincaré family grave at the [[Cimetière du Montparnasse]]

庞加莱家族在[蒙帕纳斯公墓]的坟墓

庞加莱家族在[蒙帕纳斯公墓]]的坟墓

In 1893, Poincaré joined the French [[Bureau des Longitudes]], which engaged him in the [[Clock synchronization|synchronisation of time]] around the world. In 1897 Poincaré backed an unsuccessful proposal for the [[Decimal degrees|decimalisation of circular measure]], and hence time and [[longitude]].<ref>see Galison 2003</ref> It was this post which led him to consider the question of establishing international time zones and the synchronisation of time between bodies in relative motion. (See [[#Work on relativity|work on relativity]] section below.)

In 1893, Poincaré joined the French [[Bureau des Longitudes]], which engaged him in the [[Clock synchronization|synchronisation of time]] around the world. In 1897 Poincaré backed an unsuccessful proposal for the [[Decimal degrees|decimalisation of circular measure]], and hence time and [[longitude]].<ref>see Galison 2003</ref> It was this post which led him to consider the question of establishing international time zones and the synchronisation of time between bodies in relative motion. (See [[#Work on relativity|work on relativity]] section below.)

In 1893, Poincaré joined the French Bureau des Longitudes, which engaged him in the synchronisation of time around the world. In 1897 Poincaré backed an unsuccessful proposal for the decimalisation of circular measure, and hence time and longitude. It was this post which led him to consider the question of establishing international time zones and the synchronisation of time between bodies in relative motion. (See work on relativity section below.)

In 1893, Poincaré joined the French Bureau des Longitudes, which engaged him in the synchronisation of time around the world. In 1897 Poincaré backed an unsuccessful proposal for the decimalisation of circular measure, and hence time and longitude. It was this post which led him to consider the question of establishing international time zones and the synchronisation of time between bodies in relative motion. (See work on relativity section below.)

Poincaré was the President of the Société Astronomique de France (SAF), the French astronomical society, from 1901 to 1903.

Poincaré was the President of the Société Astronomique de France (SAF), the French astronomical society, from 1901 to 1903.

 

====Students====

====Students学生====

Poincaré had two notable doctoral students at the University of Paris, [[Louis Bachelier]] (1900) and [[Dimitrie Pompeiu]] (1905).<ref>[http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=34227 Mathematics Genealogy Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005011853/http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=34227 |date=5 October 2007 }} North Dakota State University. Retrieved April 2008.</ref>

Poincaré had two notable doctoral students at the University of Paris, [[Louis Bachelier]] (1900) and [[Dimitrie Pompeiu]] (1905).<ref>[http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=34227 Mathematics Genealogy Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005011853/http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=34227 |date=5 October 2007 }} North Dakota State University. Retrieved April 2008.</ref>

=== Death ===

=== Death 死亡===

In 1912, Poincaré underwent surgery for a prostate problem and subsequently died from an embolism on 17 July 1912, in Paris. He was 58 years of age. He is buried in the Poincaré family vault in the Cemetery of Montparnasse, Paris.

In 1912, Poincaré underwent surgery for a prostate problem and subsequently died from an embolism on 17 July 1912, in Paris. He was 58 years of age. He is buried in the Poincaré family vault in the Cemetery of Montparnasse, Paris.

A former French Minister of Education, Claude Allègre, proposed in 2004 that Poincaré be reburied in the Panthéon in Paris, which is reserved for French citizens only of the highest honour.

A former French Minister of Education, Claude Allègre, proposed in 2004 that Poincaré be reburied in the Panthéon in Paris, which is reserved for French citizens only of the highest honour.

==Work==

==Work工作==

===Summary===

===Summary综述===

Poincaré made many contributions to different fields of pure and applied mathematics such as: [[celestial mechanics]], [[fluid mechanics]], [[optics]], electricity, [[telegraphy]], [[capillarity]], [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]], [[thermodynamics]], [[potential theory]], [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]], [[theory of relativity]] and [[physical cosmology]].

Poincaré made many contributions to different fields of pure and applied mathematics such as: [[celestial mechanics]], [[fluid mechanics]], [[optics]], electricity, [[telegraphy]], [[capillarity]], [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]], [[thermodynamics]], [[potential theory]], [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]], [[theory of relativity]] and [[physical cosmology]].

Poincaré made many contributions to different fields of pure and applied mathematics such as: celestial mechanics, fluid mechanics, optics, electricity, telegraphy, capillarity, elasticity, thermodynamics, potential theory, quantum theory, theory of relativity and physical cosmology.

Poincaré made many contributions to different fields of pure and applied mathematics such as: celestial mechanics, fluid mechanics, optics, electricity, telegraphy, capillarity, elasticity, thermodynamics, potential theory, quantum theory, theory of relativity and physical cosmology.

在纯数学和应用数学的不同领域做出了很多贡献，例如: 天体力学、流体力学、光学、电学、电报学、毛细现象、弹性力学、热力学、势论、量子理论、相对论和物理宇宙学。

庞加莱在纯数学和应用数学的不同领域做出了很多贡献，例如: 天体力学、流体力学、光学、电学、电报学、毛细现象、弹性力学、热力学、势论、量子理论、相对论和物理宇宙学。

*[[algebraic topology]]

*[[algebraic topology]]

 

*[[several complex variables|the theory of analytic functions of several complex variables]]

*[[several complex variables|the theory of analytic functions of several complex variables]]

 

*[[abelian variety|the theory of abelian functions]]

*[[abelian variety|the theory of abelian functions]]

 

*[[algebraic geometry]]

*[[algebraic geometry]]

 

*the [[Poincaré conjecture]], proven in 2003 by [[Grigori Perelman]].

*the [[Poincaré conjecture]], proven in 2003 by [[Grigori Perelman]].

 

*[[Poincaré recurrence theorem]]

*[[Poincaré recurrence theorem]]

 

*[[hyperbolic geometry]]

*[[hyperbolic geometry]]

 

*[[number theory]]

*[[number theory]]

 

*the [[three-body problem]]

*the [[three-body problem]]

 

*[[diophantine equation|the theory of diophantine equations]]

*[[diophantine equation|the theory of diophantine equations]]

 

*[[electromagnetism]]

*[[electromagnetism]]

 

*[[Special relativity|the special theory of relativity]]

*[[Special relativity|the special theory of relativity]]

 

*the [[fundamental group]]

*the [[fundamental group]]

 

*In the field of [[differential equations]] Poincaré has given many results that are critical for the qualitative theory of differential equations, for example the [[Poincaré homology sphere|Poincaré sphere]] and the [[Poincaré map]].

*In the field of [[differential equations]] Poincaré has given many results that are critical for the qualitative theory of differential equations, for example the [[Poincaré homology sphere|Poincaré sphere]] and the [[Poincaré map]].

 

*Poincaré on "everybody's belief" in the [[q:Henri Poincaré|''Normal Law of Errors'']] (see [[normal distribution]] for an account of that "law")

*Poincaré on "everybody's belief" in the [[q:Henri Poincaré|''Normal Law of Errors'']] (see [[normal distribution]] for an account of that "law")

 

*Published an influential paper providing a novel mathematical argument in support of [[quantum mechanics]].<ref name=McCormmach>{{Citation | last = McCormmach | first = Russell | title = Henri Poincaré and the Quantum Theory | journal = Isis | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–55 | date =Spring 1967 | doi =10.1086/350182| s2cid = 120934561 }}</ref><ref name=Irons>{{Citation | last = Irons | first = F. E. | title = Poincaré's 1911–12 proof of quantum discontinuity interpreted as applying to atoms | journal = American Journal of Physics | volume = 69 | issue = 8 | pages = 879–884 | date = August 2001 | doi =10.1119/1.1356056 |bibcode = 2001AmJPh..69..879I }}</ref>

*Published an influential paper providing a novel mathematical argument in support of [[quantum mechanics]].<ref name=McCormmach>{{Citation | last = McCormmach | first = Russell | title = Henri Poincaré and the Quantum Theory | journal = Isis | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 37–55 | date =Spring 1967 | doi =10.1086/350182| s2cid = 120934561 }}</ref><ref name=Irons>{{Citation | last = Irons | first = F. E. | title = Poincaré's 1911–12 proof of quantum discontinuity interpreted as applying to atoms | journal = American Journal of Physics | volume = 69 | issue = 8 | pages = 879–884 | date = August 2001 | doi =10.1119/1.1356056 |bibcode = 2001AmJPh..69..879I }}</ref>

 

===Three-body problem三体问题===

===Three-body problem===

The problem of finding the general solution to the motion of more than two orbiting bodies in the solar system had eluded mathematicians since [[Isaac Newton|Newton's]] time. This was known originally as the three-body problem and later the [[n-body problem|''n''-body problem]], where ''n'' is any number of more than two orbiting bodies. The ''n''-body solution was considered very important and challenging at the close of the 19th century. Indeed, in 1887, in honour of his 60th birthday, [[Oscar II of Sweden|Oscar II, King of Sweden]], advised by [[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]], established a prize for anyone who could find the solution to the problem. The announcement was quite specific:

The problem of finding the general solution to the motion of more than two orbiting bodies in the solar system had eluded mathematicians since [[Isaac Newton|Newton's]] time. This was known originally as the three-body problem and later the [[n-body problem|''n''-body problem]], where ''n'' is any number of more than two orbiting bodies. The ''n''-body solution was considered very important and challenging at the close of the 19th century. Indeed, in 1887, in honour of his 60th birthday, [[Oscar II of Sweden|Oscar II, King of Sweden]], advised by [[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]], established a prize for anyone who could find the solution to the problem. The announcement was quite specific:

The problem of finding the general solution to the motion of more than two orbiting bodies in the solar system had eluded mathematicians since Newton's time. This was known originally as the three-body problem and later the n-body problem, where n is any number of more than two orbiting bodies. The n-body solution was considered very important and challenging at the close of the 19th century. Indeed, in 1887, in honour of his 60th birthday, Oscar II, King of Sweden, advised by Gösta Mittag-Leffler, established a prize for anyone who could find the solution to the problem. The announcement was quite specific:

The problem of finding the general solution to the motion of more than two orbiting bodies in the solar system had eluded mathematicians since Newton's time. This was known originally as the three-body problem and later the n-body problem, where n is any number of more than two orbiting bodies. The n-body solution was considered very important and challenging at the close of the 19th century. Indeed, in 1887, in honour of his 60th birthday, Oscar II, King of Sweden, advised by Gösta Mittag-Leffler, established a prize for anyone who could find the solution to the problem. The announcement was quite specific:

自从牛顿时代以来，数学家们就一直没有解决太阳系中两个以上轨道天体运动的一般解的问题。这个问题最初被称为三体问题，后来又被称为 n 体问题，其中 n 是任意数量的两个以上的轨道天体。在19世纪末，n 体解被认为是非常重要和具有挑战性的。事实上，在1887年，为了庆祝他的60岁生日，瑞典国王奥斯卡二世在哥斯塔·米塔-列夫勒的建议下，设立了一个奖项，奖励任何能够找到解决问题的方法的人。声明非常具体:

自从牛顿时代以来，数学家们就一直没有解决太阳系中两个以上轨道天体运动的一般解的问题。这个问题最初被称为<font color="#ff8000"> 三体问题</font>，后来又被称为 <font color="#ff8000"> n 体问题</font>，其中 n 是任意数量的两个以上的轨道天体。在19世纪末，n 体解被认为是非常重要和具有挑战性的。事实上，在1887年，为了庆祝他的60岁生日，瑞典国王奥斯卡二世在哥斯塔·米塔-列夫勒的建议下，设立了一个奖项，奖励任何能够找到解决此问题的方法的人。声明非常具体:

<blockquote>Given a system of arbitrarily many mass points that attract each according to Newton's law, under the assumption that no two points ever collide, try to find a representation of the coordinates of each point as a series in a variable that is some known function of time and for all of whose values the series converges uniformly.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Given a system of arbitrarily many mass points that attract each according to Newton's law, under the assumption that no two points ever collide, try to find a representation of the coordinates of each point as a series in a variable that is some known function of time and for all of whose values the series converges uniformly.</blockquote>

给定一个由任意多个质点组成的系统，这些质点根据牛顿定律相互吸引，在假设没有两个点发生碰撞的情况下，试图找出每个点的坐标在一个变量中作为一个级数的表示，这个级数是某个已知的时间函数，对于所有这些值，这个级数均一致收敛。</blockquote >  

<blockquote>给定一个由任意多个质点组成的系统，这些质点根据牛顿定律相互吸引，在假设没有两个质点相撞的情况下，找出每个质点的坐标在一个已知的时间函数的变量中的一个级数的表示，对该变量的所有值都是一致收敛的。</blockquote >  

In case the problem could not be solved, any other important contribution to classical mechanics would then be considered to be prizeworthy. The prize was finally awarded to Poincaré, even though he did not solve the original problem. One of the judges, the distinguished Karl Weierstrass, said, "This work cannot indeed be considered as furnishing the complete solution of the question proposed, but that it is nevertheless of such importance that its publication will inaugurate a new era in the history of celestial mechanics." (The first version of his contribution even contained a serious error; for details see the article by Diacu and the book by Barrow-Green). The version finally printed contained many important ideas which led to the theory of chaos. The problem as stated originally was finally solved by Karl F. Sundman for n&nbsp;=&nbsp;3 in 1912 and was generalised to the case of n&nbsp;>&nbsp;3 bodies by Qiudong Wang in the 1990s.

In case the problem could not be solved, any other important contribution to classical mechanics would then be considered to be prizeworthy. The prize was finally awarded to Poincaré, even though he did not solve the original problem. One of the judges, the distinguished Karl Weierstrass, said, "This work cannot indeed be considered as furnishing the complete solution of the question proposed, but that it is nevertheless of such importance that its publication will inaugurate a new era in the history of celestial mechanics." (The first version of his contribution even contained a serious error; for details see the article by Diacu and the book by Barrow-Green). The version finally printed contained many important ideas which led to the theory of chaos. The problem as stated originally was finally solved by Karl F. Sundman for n&nbsp;=&nbsp;3 in 1912 and was generalised to the case of n&nbsp;>&nbsp;3 bodies by Qiudong Wang in the 1990s.

如果这个问题无法解决，任何其他对经典力学的重要贡献都会被认为是值得的。尽管 Poincaré 没有解决最初的问题，但他最终获得了诺贝尔和平奖。其中一位评委，尊敬的卡尔·魏尔斯特拉斯，说，“这项工作确实不能被认为是提供了提议的问题的完整解决方案，但它是如此重要，它的出版将开创一个新的时代，在天体力学的历史。”(他的贡献的第一个版本甚至包含了一个严重的错误; 详情见 Diacu 的文章和 Barrow-Green 的书)。最后印刷出来的版本包含了许多重要的思想，这些思想导致了混沌理论的产生。1912年，Karl f. Sundman 最终解决了 n = 3的问题，1990年代，王将其推广到 n > 3具尸体的情况。

如果这个问题无法解决，那么对经典力学的任何其他重要贡献都将被认为能够获奖。虽然庞加莱没有解决最初的问题，但最终还是把奖颁给了他。其中一位评委，著名的卡尔·魏尔斯特拉斯说：“这项工作确实不能被视为提供了所提出问题的完整解决方案，但它的出版将开创天体力学史上的一个新纪元。”详细内容见格林的一篇文章。最终印刷的版本包含了许多导致混沌理论的重要思想。最初所述的问题最终由Karl F.Sundman在1912年解决了n&nbsp;=&nbsp;3的情况，并在1990年代将其推广到王秋东的n&nbsp;>&nbsp;3体的案例中。

 

| last=Diacu|first= Florin | year=1996 | title=The solution of the ''n''-body Problem | journal=The Mathematical Intelligencer | volume =18 | pages =66–70 | doi=10.1007/BF03024313

| last=Diacu|first= Florin | year=1996 | title=The solution of the ''n''-body Problem | journal=The Mathematical Intelligencer | volume =18 | pages =66–70 | doi=10.1007/BF03024313

[[Marie Curie and Poincaré talk at the 1911 Solvay Conference]]

[[Marie Curie and Poincaré talk at the 1911 Solvay Conference]]

[玛丽 · 居里和庞加莱在1911年索尔维会议大会上的演讲]

[[玛丽 · 居里和庞加莱在1911年索尔维会议大会上的演讲]]

===Work on relativity===

===Work on relativity相对论部分的工作===

[[Image:Curie and Poincare 1911 Solvay.jpg|thumb|right|[[Marie Curie]] and Poincaré talk at the 1911 [[Solvay Conference]]]]

[[Image:Curie and Poincare 1911 Solvay.jpg|thumb|right|[[Marie Curie]] and Poincaré talk at the 1911 [[Solvay Conference]]]]

 

{{main|Lorentz ether theory|History of special relativity}}

{{main|Lorentz ether theory|History of special relativity}}

Poincaré's work at the Bureau des Longitudes on establishing international time zones led him to consider how clocks at rest on the Earth, which would be moving at different speeds relative to absolute space (or the "luminiferous aether"), could be synchronised. At the same time Dutch theorist Hendrik Lorentz was developing Maxwell's theory into a theory of the motion of charged particles ("electrons" or "ions"), and their interaction with radiation. In 1895 Lorentz had introduced an auxiliary quantity (without physical interpretation) called "local time" <math>t^\prime = t-v x/c^2 \,</math>

庞加莱在经度局建立国际时区的工作使他考虑如何使地球上静止的时钟（相对于绝对空间（或“发光以太”）以不同的速度移动）如何同步。与此同时，荷兰理论家亨德里克·洛伦兹正在将麦克斯韦的理论发展成带电粒子（“电子”或“离子”）运动及其与辐射相互作用的理论。1895年，洛伦兹引入了一个辅助量（没有物理解释），叫做“本地时间”<math>t^\prime = t-v x/c^2 \,</math>

庞加莱在法国经度管理局关于建立国际时区的工作使他思考如何使地球上静止的时钟以不同的速度相对于绝对空间(或称为“以太时间”)进行同步。与此同时，荷兰理论家亨德里克 · 洛伦兹正在将麦克斯韦理论发展成一个关于带电粒子(“电子”或“离子”)运动及其与辐射相互作用的理论。1895年，洛伦兹引入了一个辅助量(没有物理解释) ，叫做“本地时间” t ^ prime = t-v x/c ^ 2

庞加莱在法国经度管理局关于建立国际时区的工作使他思考如何使地球上静止的时钟以不同的速度相对于绝对空间(或称为“以太时间”)进行同步。与此同时，荷兰理论家亨德里克 · 洛伦兹正在将麦克斯韦理论发展成一个关于带电粒子(“电子”或“离子”)运动及其与辐射相互作用的理论。1895年，洛伦兹引入了一个辅助量(没有物理解释) ，叫做“本地时间” t ^ prime = t-v x/c ^ 2