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庞加莱在巴黎 Société de Psychologie 之前的著名演讲(出版为《科学与假说》、《科学的价值》和《科学与方法》)被雅克·阿达马引用为创造力和发明由两个心理阶段组成，第一阶段是对问题可能解决方案的随机组合，随后是批判性评价。

庞加莱在巴黎 Société de Psychologie 之前的著名演讲(出版为《科学与假说》、《科学的价值》和《科学与方法》)被雅克·阿达马引用为创造力和发明由两个心理阶段组成，第一阶段是对问题可能解决方案的随机组合，随后是批判性评价。

==Honours==

==Honours荣誉==

Although he most often spoke of a deterministic universe, Poincaré said that the subconscious generation of new possibilities involves chance.

Although he most often spoke of a deterministic universe, Poincaré said that the subconscious generation of new possibilities involves chance.

'''Awards'''

'''Awards'''

 

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

*Oscar II, King of Sweden's mathematical competition (1887)

*Oscar II, King of Sweden's mathematical competition (1887)

It is certain that the combinations which present themselves to the mind in a kind of sudden illumination after a somewhat prolonged period of unconscious work are generally useful and fruitful combinations... all the combinations are formed as a result of the automatic action of the subliminal ego, but those only which are interesting find their way into the field of consciousness... A few only are harmonious, and consequently at once useful and beautiful, and they will be capable of affecting the geometrician's special sensibility I have been speaking of; which, once aroused, will direct our attention upon them, and will thus give them the opportunity of becoming conscious... In the subliminal ego, on the contrary, there reigns what I would call liberty, if one could give this name to the mere absence of discipline and to disorder born of chance.

It is certain that the combinations which present themselves to the mind in a kind of sudden illumination after a somewhat prolonged period of unconscious work are generally useful and fruitful combinations... all the combinations are formed as a result of the automatic action of the subliminal ego, but those only which are interesting find their way into the field of consciousness... A few only are harmonious, and consequently at once useful and beautiful, and they will be capable of affecting the geometrician's special sensibility I have been speaking of; which, once aroused, will direct our attention upon them, and will thus give them the opportunity of becoming conscious... In the subliminal ego, on the contrary, there reigns what I would call liberty, if one could give this name to the mere absence of discipline and to disorder born of chance.

*Foreign member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1897)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002358 |title=Jules Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |date= |accessdate=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905152142/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002358 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

*Foreign member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1897)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002358 |title=Jules Henri Poincaré (1854–1912) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |date= |accessdate=4 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905152142/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002358 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

*[[American Philosophical Society]] 1899

*[[American Philosophical Society]] 1899

 

*[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] of London (1900)

*[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] of London (1900)

Poincaré's two stages—random combinations followed by selection—became the basis for Daniel Dennett's two-stage model of free will.

Poincaré's two stages—random combinations followed by selection—became the basis for Daniel Dennett's two-stage model of free will.

*[[Bolyai Prize]] in 1905

*[[Bolyai Prize]] in 1905

 

*[[Matteucci Medal]] 1905

*[[Matteucci Medal]] 1905

 

*[[French Academy of Sciences]] 1906

*[[French Academy of Sciences]] 1906

 

*[[Académie française]] 1909

*[[Académie française]] 1909

 

*[[Bruce Medal]] (1911)

*[[Bruce Medal]] (1911)

Popular writings on the philosophy of science:

Popular writings on the philosophy of science:

'''Named after him'''

'''Named after him'''

 

|author=Poincaré, Henri

|author=Poincaré, Henri

*[[Institut Henri Poincaré]] (mathematics and theoretical physics center)

*[[Institut Henri Poincaré]] (mathematics and theoretical physics center)

|year=1902–1908

|year=1902–1908

*The crater [[Poincaré (crater)|Poincaré]] on the Moon

*The crater [[Poincaré (crater)|Poincaré]] on the Moon

|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsscie01poingoog}}; reprinted in 1921; This book includes the English translations of Science and Hypothesis (1902), The Value of Science (1905), Science and Method (1908).

|url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsscie01poingoog}}; reprinted in 1921; This book includes the English translations of Science and Hypothesis (1902), The Value of Science (1905), Science and Method (1908).

*[[Asteroid]] [[2021 Poincaré]]

*[[Asteroid]] [[2021 Poincaré]]

 

*[[List of things named after Henri Poincaré]]

*[[List of things named after Henri Poincaré]]

 

 

Henri Poincaré did not receive the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], but he had influential advocates like [[Henri Becquerel]] or committee member [[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]].<ref name="gray-biography">{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=Jeremy|title=Henri Poincaré: A Scientific Biography|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=194–196|chapter=The Campaign for Poincaré}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Crawford|first1=Elizabeth|title=The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution: The Science Prizes, 1901–1915|date=25 November 1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=141–142}}</ref> The nomination archive reveals that Poincaré received a total of 51 nominations between 1904 and 1912, the year of his death.<ref name="nomination database">{{cite web|title=Nomination database|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> Of the 58 nominations for the 1910 Nobel Prize, 34 named Poincaré.<ref name="nomination database"/> Nominators included Nobel laureates [[Hendrik Lorentz]] and [[Pieter Zeeman]] (both of 1902), [[Marie Curie]] (of 1903), [[Albert Michelson]] (of 1907), [[Gabriel Lippmann]] (of 1908) and [[Guglielmo Marconi]] (of 1909).<ref name="nomination database"/>

Henri Poincaré did not receive the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], but he had influential advocates like [[Henri Becquerel]] or committee member [[Gösta Mittag-Leffler]].<ref name="gray-biography">{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=Jeremy|title=Henri Poincaré: A Scientific Biography|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=194–196|chapter=The Campaign for Poincaré}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Crawford|first1=Elizabeth|title=The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution: The Science Prizes, 1901–1915|date=25 November 1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=141–142}}</ref> The nomination archive reveals that Poincaré received a total of 51 nominations between 1904 and 1912, the year of his death.<ref name="nomination database">{{cite web|title=Nomination database|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> Of the 58 nominations for the 1910 Nobel Prize, 34 named Poincaré.<ref name="nomination database"/> Nominators included Nobel laureates [[Hendrik Lorentz]] and [[Pieter Zeeman]] (both of 1902), [[Marie Curie]] (of 1903), [[Albert Michelson]] (of 1907), [[Gabriel Lippmann]] (of 1908) and [[Guglielmo Marconi]] (of 1909).<ref name="nomination database"/>

The fact that renowned theoretical physicists like Poincaré, Boltzmann or Gibbs were not awarded the Nobel Prize is seen as evidence that the Nobel committee had more regard for experimentation than theory.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Crawford |first1= Elizabeth |title=Nobel: Always the Winners, Never the Losers|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=13 November 1998|volume=282|issue=5392|pages=1256–1257|doi=10.1126/science.282.5392.1256|bibcode = 1998Sci...282.1256C |s2cid= 153619456 }}{{dead link|date=July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nastasi|first1=Pietro|title=A Nobel Prize for Poincaré? |journal=Lettera Matematica|date=16 May 2013|volume=1|issue=1–2|pages=79–82|doi=10.1007/s40329-013-0005-1 |url= |accessdate=|doi-access=free}}</ref> In Poincaré's case, several of those who nominated him pointed out that the greatest problem was to name a specific discovery, invention, or technique.<ref name="gray-biography"/>

The fact that renowned theoretical physicists like Poincaré, Boltzmann or Gibbs were not awarded the Nobel Prize is seen as evidence that the Nobel committee had more regard for experimentation than theory.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Crawford |first1= Elizabeth |title=Nobel: Always the Winners, Never the Losers|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=13 November 1998|volume=282|issue=5392|pages=1256–1257|doi=10.1126/science.282.5392.1256|bibcode = 1998Sci...282.1256C |s2cid= 153619456 }}{{dead link|date=July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nastasi|first1=Pietro|title=A Nobel Prize for Poincaré? |journal=Lettera Matematica|date=16 May 2013|volume=1|issue=1–2|pages=79–82|doi=10.1007/s40329-013-0005-1 |url= |accessdate=|doi-access=free}}</ref> In Poincaré's case, several of those who nominated him pointed out that the greatest problem was to name a specific discovery, invention, or technique.<ref name="gray-biography"/>

==Philosophy==

==Philosophy==