更改

Identification is the changing of attitudes or behaviors due to the influence of someone who is admired. Advertisements that rely upon celebrity endorsements to market their products are taking advantage of this phenomenon. According to Kelman, the desired relationship that the identifier relates to the behavior or attitude change.

Identification is the changing of attitudes or behaviors due to the influence of someone who is admired. Advertisements that rely upon celebrity endorsements to market their products are taking advantage of this phenomenon. According to Kelman, the desired relationship that the identifier relates to the behavior or attitude change.

'''<font color="#ff8000"> 认同 identification </font>'''是指受为人所敬佩者的影响而改变了态度或行为。依靠名人代言来推销其产品的广告正在利用这种现象。根据Kelman的观点，认同者所期待的关系与行为或态度的变化相关。

'''<font color="#ff8000"> 认同 identification </font>'''是指受为人所敬佩者的影响而改变了态度或行为。依靠名人代言来推销其产品的广告正在利用这种现象。根据Kelman的观点，认同者所期待的关系与行为或态度的变化相关<ref name="Kelman" />。

====Internalization====

====Internalization====

Internalization is the process of acceptance of a set of norms established by people or groups that are influential to the individual. The individual accepts the influence because the content of the influence accepted is intrinsically rewarding. It is congruent with the individual's value system, and according to Kelman the "reward" of internalization is "the content of the new behavior".

Internalization is the process of acceptance of a set of norms established by people or groups that are influential to the individual. The individual accepts the influence because the content of the influence accepted is intrinsically rewarding. It is congruent with the individual's value system, and according to Kelman the "reward" of internalization is "the content of the new behavior".

'''<font color="#ff8000"> 内化internalization </font>'''是对规范的接受过程，这组规范由人或对个人有影响力的组织制订。个人之所以接受这种影响是因为所接受影响的内容本质上是有益的。 它与个人的价值体系是一致的，根据Kelman的观点，内在化的“奖励”是“新行为的内容”。

'''<font color="#ff8000"> 内化internalization </font>'''是对规范的接受过程，这组规范由人或对个人有影响力的组织制订。个人之所以接受这种影响是因为所接受影响的内容本质上是有益的。 它与个人的价值体系是一致的，根据Kelman的观点，内在化的“奖励”是“新行为的内容”<ref name="Kelman" />。

{{Main article|Psychological manipulation}}

{{Main article|Psychological manipulation}}

Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to align with those of others or with normative standards. It is the most common and pervasive form of social influence. Social psychology research in conformity tends to distinguish between two varieties: informational conformity (also called ''social proof'', or "internalization" in Kelman's terms ) and normative conformity ("compliance" in Kelman's terms).

Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to align with those of others or with normative standards. It is the most common and pervasive form of social influence. Social psychology research in conformity tends to distinguish between two varieties: informational conformity (also called ''social proof'', or "internalization" in Kelman's terms ) and normative conformity ("compliance" in Kelman's terms).

'''<font color="#ff8000"> 从众conformity </font>'''是一种社会影响，这种行为涉及行为，信念或思想变化或与他人或规范标准保持一致的想法。 它是社会影响力中最普遍的形式。'''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会心理学social influence</font>'''关于从众的研究倾向于区分出两个变体：'''<font color="#ff8000"> 信息性从众social psychology</font>'''（也称为“社会证明”，或用Kelman的术语称为“内在化”）和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 规范性从众normative conformity</font>'''（用Kelman的术语称为“从众性”）。

'''<font color="#ff8000"> 从众conformity </font>'''是一种社会影响，这种行为涉及行为，信念或思想变化或与他人或规范标准保持一致的想法。 它是社会影响力中最普遍的形式。'''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会心理学social influence</font>'''关于从众的研究倾向于区分出两个变体：'''<font color="#ff8000"> 信息性从众social psychology</font>'''（也称为“社会证明”，或用Kelman的术语称为“内在化”）和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 规范性从众normative conformity</font>'''（用Kelman的术语称为“从众性”）<ref name="Aronson" />。

Social influence is not necessarily negative. For example, doctors can try to persuade patients to change unhealthy habits. Social influence is generally perceived to be harmless when it respects the right of the influenced to accept or reject it, and is not unduly coercive. Depending on the context and motivations, social influence may constitute underhanded manipulation.

Social influence is not necessarily negative. For example, doctors can try to persuade patients to change unhealthy habits. Social influence is generally perceived to be harmless when it respects the right of the influenced to accept or reject it, and is not unduly coercive. Depending on the context and motivations, social influence may constitute underhanded manipulation.

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true due to positive feedback between belief and behavior. A prophecy declared as truth (when it is actually false) may sufficiently influence people, either through fear or logical confusion, so that their reactions ultimately fulfill the once-false prophecy. This term is credited to sociologist Robert K. Merton from an article he published in 1948.

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true due to positive feedback between belief and behavior. A prophecy declared as truth (when it is actually false) may sufficiently influence people, either through fear or logical confusion, so that their reactions ultimately fulfill the once-false prophecy. This term is credited to sociologist Robert K. Merton from an article he published in 1948.

自我实现的预测是一种通过信念和行为之间的正反馈而得以直接或间接实现的预测。一个宣布为真理的预言(实际上是假的)可以通过制造恐怖或混乱的逻辑来对人们造成巨大影响，以至于人们的反应最终让曾经的假预言得以实现。这个术语来自于社会学家罗伯特·金·莫顿 Robert K. Merton 1948年发表的一篇文章。

自我实现的预测是一种通过信念和行为之间的正反馈而得以直接或间接实现的预测。一个宣布为真理的预言(实际上是假的)可以通过制造恐怖或混乱的逻辑来对人们造成巨大影响，以至于人们的反应最终让曾经的假预言得以实现。这个术语来自于社会学家罗伯特·金·莫顿 Robert K. Merton 1948年发表的一篇文章<ref name=SFP-48>。

Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive (coercion), and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power.  Hard power contrasts with soft power, which comes from diplomacy, culture and history.

Hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive (coercion), and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power.  Hard power contrasts with soft power, which comes from diplomacy, culture and history.