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→Non-equilibrium
==Non-equilibrium==
==Non-equilibrium==
非平衡
{{Main|Non-equilibrium thermodynamics}}
{{Main|Non-equilibrium thermodynamics}}
A system's internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium should be distinguished from a "stationary state" in which thermodynamic parameters are unchanging in time but the system is not isolated, so that there are, into and out of the system, non-zero macroscopic fluxes which are constant in time.<ref>de Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962), p. 43.</ref>
A system's internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium should be distinguished from a "stationary state" in which thermodynamic parameters are unchanging in time but the system is not isolated, so that there are, into and out of the system, non-zero macroscopic fluxes which are constant in time.<ref>de Groot, S.R., Mazur, P. (1962), p. 43.</ref>
一个系统的内部热力学平衡状态应该区别于一个热力学参数在时间上是不变的，但是系统不是孤立的“定态” ，因此在系统内外有非零的宏观流动，这些流动在时间上是常数。
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Most systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium because they are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems. The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. Many natural systems still today remain beyond the scope of currently known macroscopic thermodynamic methods.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. Most systems found in nature are not in thermodynamic equilibrium because they are changing or can be triggered to change over time, and are continuously and discontinuously subject to flux of matter and energy to and from other systems. The thermodynamic study of non-equilibrium systems requires more general concepts than are dealt with by equilibrium thermodynamics. Many natural systems still today remain beyond the scope of currently known macroscopic thermodynamic methods.
非平衡态热力学是热力学的一个分支，主要研究非热力学平衡系统。大多数在自然界中发现的系统并不是在21热力学平衡，因为它们正在变化或者可以随着时间的推移而被触发变化，并且不断地和间断地受制于物质和能量进出其他系统的流动。非平衡体系的热力学研究比平衡态热力学研究需要更多的一般概念。许多自然系统今天仍然超出目前已知的宏观热力学方法的范围。
Laws governing systems which are far from equilibrium are also debatable. One of the guiding principles for these systems is the maximum entropy production principle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ziegler|first1=H.|title=An Introduction to Thermomechanics.|date=1983|location=North Holland, Amsterdam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Onsager|first1=Lars|title=Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes|journal=Phys. Rev.|date=1931|volume=37|issue=4|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.37.405|bibcode=1931PhRv...37..405O|pages=405–426|doi-access=free}}</ref> It states that a non-equilibrium system evolves such as to maximize its entropy production.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kleidon|first1=A.|last2=et.|first2=al.|title=Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Production of Entropy.|date=2005|edition=Heidelberg: Springer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Belkin|first1=Andrey|last2=et.|first2=al.|title=Self-Assembled Wiggling Nano-Structures and the Principle of Maximum Entropy Production|journal=Sci. Rep.|doi=10.1038/srep08323|bibcode=2015NatSR...5E8323B|pmc=4321171|pmid=25662746|volume=5|year=2015|page=8323}}</ref>
Laws governing systems which are far from equilibrium are also debatable. One of the guiding principles for these systems is the maximum entropy production principle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ziegler|first1=H.|title=An Introduction to Thermomechanics.|date=1983|location=North Holland, Amsterdam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Onsager|first1=Lars|title=Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes|journal=Phys. Rev.|date=1931|volume=37|issue=4|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.37.405|bibcode=1931PhRv...37..405O|pages=405–426|doi-access=free}}</ref> It states that a non-equilibrium system evolves such as to maximize its entropy production.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kleidon|first1=A.|last2=et.|first2=al.|title=Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Production of Entropy.|date=2005|edition=Heidelberg: Springer.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Belkin|first1=Andrey|last2=et.|first2=al.|title=Self-Assembled Wiggling Nano-Structures and the Principle of Maximum Entropy Production|journal=Sci. Rep.|doi=10.1038/srep08323|bibcode=2015NatSR...5E8323B|pmc=4321171|pmid=25662746|volume=5|year=2015|page=8323}}</ref>
管理系统的定律远离平衡也是有争议的。这些系统的指导原则之一是最大产生熵原理，它指出一个非平衡系统的演化，如最大化其产生熵
Topics in control theory
Topics in control theory