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第二定律也告诉我们除了热传递之外的不可逆性，例如摩擦力和粘度，以及化学反应。'''<font color="#32CD32">该定律应给熵的概念提供更广泛的范围。</font>'''

第二定律也告诉我们除了热传递之外的不可逆性，例如摩擦力和粘度，以及化学反应。'''<font color="#32CD32">该定律应给熵的概念提供更广泛的范围。The notion of entropy is needed to provide that wider scope of the law.</font>'''

当只知道宏观状态时，熵也可以被看作是对系统运动和构型的微观细节有关的物理度量。这种细节通常在微观或分子尺度上被称为无序。该定律声称，对于一个系统的两个给定的宏观指定状态，它们之间存在一个被称为熵差的量。'''<font color="#32CD32">这种熵的差异定义了需要多少额外的微观物理信息来指定一个宏观指定状态，给定另一个宏观指定状态-通常是一个方便选择的参考状态，这可能是假定存在的，而不是明确陈述的。自然过程的最终条件始终包含着微观上特定的影响，而这些影响，从过程初始条件的宏观规定来看是无法被完全准确预测的。这就是为什么熵在自然过程中会增加——熵的增加告诉我们需要多少额外的微观信息来区分最终的宏观指定状态和最初的宏观指定状态。</font>'''<ref>Ben-Naim, A. (2008). ''A Farewell to Entropy: Statistical Thermodynamics Based on Information'', World Scientific, New Jersey.</ref>

当只知道宏观状态时，熵也可以被看作是对系统运动和构型的微观细节有关的物理度量。这种细节通常在微观或分子尺度上被称为无序。该定律声称，对于一个系统的两个给定的宏观指定状态，它们之间存在一个被称为熵差的量。'''<font color="#32CD32">这种熵的差异定义了需要多少额外的微观物理信息来指定一个宏观指定状态，给定另一个宏观指定状态-通常是一个方便选择的参考状态，这可能是假定存在的，而不是明确陈述的。自然过程的最终条件始终包含着微观上特定的影响，而这些影响，从过程初始条件的宏观规定来看是无法被完全准确预测的。这就是为什么熵在自然过程中会增加——熵的增加告诉我们需要多少额外的微观信息来区分最终的宏观指定状态和最初的宏观指定状态。This information entropy difference defines how much additional microscopic physical information is needed to specify one of the macroscopically specified states, given the macroscopic specification of the other – often a conveniently chosen reference state which may be presupposed to exist rather than explicitly stated. A final condition of a natural process always contains microscopically specifiable effects which are not fully and exactly predictable from the macroscopic specification of the initial condition of the process. This is why entropy increases in natural processes – the increase tells how much extra microscopic information is needed to distinguish the final macroscopically specified state from the initial macroscopically specified state.</font>'''<ref>Ben-Naim, A. (2008). ''A Farewell to Entropy: Statistical Thermodynamics Based on Information'', World Scientific, New Jersey.</ref>

 

 

'''<font color="#32CD32"> This information entropy difference defines how much additional microscopic physical information is needed to specify one of the macroscopically specified states, given the macroscopic specification of the other – often a conveniently chosen reference state which may be presupposed to exist rather than explicitly stated. A final condition of a natural process always contains microscopically specifiable effects which are not fully and exactly predictable from the macroscopic specification of the initial condition of the process. This is why entropy increases in natural processes – the increase tells how much extra microscopic information is needed to distinguish the final macroscopically specified state from the initial macroscopically specified state.</font>'''

==第三定律 Third law==

==第三定律 Third law==