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In physics and chemistry, a degree of freedom is an independent physical parameter in the formal description of the state of a physical system. The set of all states of a system is known as the system's phase space, and the degrees of freedom of the system are the dimensions of the phase space.

In physics and chemistry, a degree of freedom is an independent physical parameter in the formal description of the state of a physical system. The set of all states of a system is known as the system's phase space, and the degrees of freedom of the system are the dimensions of the phase space.

在物理和化学中，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 自由度 Degree of freedom</font>'''指的是形式化描述某一物理系统的状态时，一个独立的物理量。某一系统所有状态的集合称为该系统的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 相空间 Phase space</font>'''，该系统的自由度便是相空间的维数。

在物理和化学中，'''<font color="#ff8000">自由度 Degree of freedom</font>'''指的是形式化描述某一物理系统的状态时，一个独立的物理量。某一系统所有状态的集合称为该系统的'''<font color="#ff8000">相空间 Phase space</font>'''，该系统的自由度便是相空间的维数。

The location of a particle in three-dimensional space requires three position coordinates. Similarly, the direction and speed at which a particle moves can be described in terms of three velocity components, each in reference to the three dimensions of space.  If the time evolution of the system is deterministic, where the state at one instant uniquely determines its past and future position and velocity as a function of time, such a system has six degrees of freedom.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} If the motion of the particle is constrained to a lower number of dimensions – for example, the particle must move along a wire or on a fixed surface – then the system has fewer than six degrees of freedom. On the other hand, a system with an extended object that can rotate or vibrate can have more than six degrees of freedom.

The location of a particle in three-dimensional space requires three position coordinates. Similarly, the direction and speed at which a particle moves can be described in terms of three velocity components, each in reference to the three dimensions of space.  If the time evolution of the system is deterministic, where the state at one instant uniquely determines its past and future position and velocity as a function of time, such a system has six degrees of freedom.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} If the motion of the particle is constrained to a lower number of dimensions – for example, the particle must move along a wire or on a fixed surface – then the system has fewer than six degrees of freedom. On the other hand, a system with an extended object that can rotate or vibrate can have more than six degrees of freedom.

The location of a particle in three-dimensional space requires three position coordinates. Similarly, the direction and speed at which a particle moves can be described in terms of three velocity components, each in reference to the three dimensions of space.  If the time evolution of the system is deterministic, where the state at one instant uniquely determines its past and future position and velocity as a function of time, such a system has six degrees of freedom. If the motion of the particle is constrained to a lower number of dimensions – for example, the particle must move along a wire or on a fixed surface – then the system has fewer than six degrees of freedom. On the other hand, a system with an extended object that can rotate or vibrate can have more than six degrees of freedom.

The location of a particle in three-dimensional space requires three position coordinates. Similarly, the direction and speed at which a particle moves can be described in terms of three velocity components, each in reference to the three dimensions of space.  If the time evolution of the system is deterministic, where the state at one instant uniquely determines its past and future position and velocity as a function of time, such a system has six degrees of freedom. If the motion of the particle is constrained to a lower number of dimensions – for example, the particle must move along a wire or on a fixed surface – then the system has fewer than six degrees of freedom. On the other hand, a system with an extended object that can rotate or vibrate can have more than six degrees of freedom.

'''<font color="#ff8000"> 粒子 particle </font>'''在'''<font color="#ff8000">三维 three-dimensional </font>'''空间中的位置需要三个位置坐标来标识。

'''<font color="#ff8000">粒子 particle </font>'''在'''<font color="#ff8000">三维 three-dimensional </font>'''空间中的位置需要三个位置坐标来标识。

同样地，我们也能够根据三个速度分量来描述粒子运动的方向和速度，每个速度分量都参照该空间的三个维度。

同样地，我们也能够根据三个速度分量来描述粒子运动的方向和速度，每个速度分量都参照该空间的三个维度。

如果系统的时间演变是确定的，其中某一时刻的状态唯一地确定其过去和未来的位置和速度随时间的变化，则该系统具有六个自由度。如果将粒子的运动限制在更低的维度，例如，粒子必须沿着一条线或在固定的表面上移动，那么系统的自由度则小于6。另一方面，如果一个系统带有可旋转或振动的扩展对象，那么它的自由度将大于6。

如果系统的时间演变是确定的，其中某一时刻的状态唯一地确定其过去和未来的位置和速度随时间的变化，则该系统具有六个自由度。如果将粒子的运动限制在更低的维度，例如，粒子必须沿着一条线或在固定的表面上移动，那么系统的自由度则小于6。另一方面，如果一个系统带有可旋转或振动的扩展对象，那么它的自由度将大于6。