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第1行： + + + + − + − '''Holism''' (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ὅλος}} ''holos'' "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various [[system]]s (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> The term "holism" was coined by [[Jan Smuts]] in his 1926 book ''[[Holism and Evolution]]''.<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref> − − Holism (from Greek holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution. − − − 第22行：
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第54行： − − − 此词条暂由Henry翻译。已由Smile审校
无编辑摘要
{{#seo:
|keywords= 整体论,Jan Smuts,社会理论
|description=各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合。
}}
<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 Holism</font>（源自希腊 holos“all，whole，entire”）是指“各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合”的观点。<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> “整体论”由扬·斯密茨 Jan Smuts在1926年出版的《整体论与进化 Holism and Evolution》<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>一书中提出。
<font color="#ff8000"> 整体论 Holism</font>（源自希腊holos“all，whole，entire”）是指各种系统（例如物理的、生物的、社会的）应该被视为整体，而不仅仅作为各个部分的集合的观点。<ref>{{Citation | first = Barry | last = Oshry | title = Seeing Systems: Unlocking the Mysteries of Organizational Life | publisher = Berrett-Koehler | year = 2008}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | first = Sunny Y | last = Auyang | title = Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999}}.</ref> “整体论”由扬·斯密茨 Jan Smuts在1926年出版的《整体论与进化》<ref name=oed>"holism, n." OED Online, [[Oxford University Press]], September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. Accessed 23 October 2019.</ref>一书中提出。
*[[反还原论 Antireductionism]]
*[[反还原论 Antireductionism]]
*[[紧急情况论 Emergentism]]
*[[紧急情况论 Emergentism]]
*[[Gaia hypothesis]]
*[[盖亚假说 Gaia hypothesis]]
*[[整体教育 Holistic education]]
*[[整体教育 Holistic education]]
*[[科学中的整体论 Holism in science]]
*[[科学中的整体论 Holism in science]]
*[[一元论 Monism]]
*[[一元论 Monism]]
*[[有机主义 Organicism]]
*[[有机主义 Organicism]]
*[[协同作用 Synergy]]
*[[协同作用 Synergy]]
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本中文词条由[[用户:Henry|Henry]]参与编译， [[用户:Smile|Smile]]审校，[[用户:薄荷|薄荷]]编辑，欢迎在讨论页面留言。
'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料，遵守 CC3.0协议。'''
[[Category:哲学理论]]
[[Category:哲学理论]]
[[Category:涌现]]
[[Category:涌现]]
[[Category:Jan Smuts]]
[[Category:Jan Smuts]]