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第196行： + − HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals.]]+ − 英国皇家海军贝格尔号考察了南美洲的海岸，达尔文从地质学和大型哺乳动物灭绝的角度提出了理论+ − Three Fuegians on board had been seized during the first Beagle voyage, then during a year in England were educated as missionaries. Darwin found them friendly and civilised, yet at Tierra del Fuego he met "miserable, degraded savages", as different as wild from domesticated animals. He remained convinced that, despite this diversity, all humans were interrelated with a shared origin and potential for improvement towards civilisation. Unlike his scientist friends, he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. A year on, the mission had been abandoned. The Fuegian they had named Jemmy Button lived like the other natives, had a wife, and had no wish to return to England.+ − 在贝格尔号的第一次航行中，船上的三名火地岛人被扣押，然后在英国接受了一年的传教士教育。达尔文发现他们友好文明，然而在19世纪火地群岛，他遇到了“可怜的、堕落的野蛮人” ，这些野蛮人与家养动物截然不同。他仍然相信，尽管存在这种多样性，所有的人类都与一个共同的起源和改善文明的潜力相关。与他的科学家朋友不同，他现在认为人类和动物之间没有不可逾越的鸿沟。一年过去了，这项任务被放弃了。这个他们取名为杰米 · 巴顿的富伊格人过着和其他土著人一样的生活，有一个妻子，并且不想回到英国。+ + − Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile in 1835 and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including mussel-beds stranded above high tide. High in the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls. − 1835年，达尔文在智利经历了一次地震，看到了陆地刚刚被抬高的迹象，包括在高潮之上搁浅的贻贝床。在安第斯山脉的高处，他看到了海贝，还有一些生长在沙滩上的树木化石。他的理论是，随着陆地的上升，海洋岛屿下沉，周围的珊瑚礁逐渐形成环状珊瑚礁。+ + + − On the geologically new Galápagos Islands, Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that slight variations in the shape of tortoise shells showed which island they came from, but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food. In Australia, the marsupial rat-kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work. He found the Aborigines "good-humoured & pleasant", and noted their depletion by European settlement. − 在新发现的地质科隆群岛上，达尔文寻找野生动物与古老的“创世中心”相联系的证据，发现嘲鸫与智利的嘲鸫有联系，但在岛屿之间却有所不同。他听说，龟甲形状的细微变化可以显示它们来自哪个岛屿，但即使在吃了带上船作为食物的乌龟之后，也无法收集它们。在澳大利亚，有袋动物鼠袋鼠和鸭嘴兽看起来是如此不同寻常，以至于达尔文认为这几乎是两个不同的造物主在起作用。他发现土著居民“性情温和，生活愉快” ，并指出他们的消耗欧洲定居。 + + − FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising. Darwin's Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on natural history.+ − 菲茨罗伊调查了科科斯群岛(Keeling)的环礁是如何形成的，这项调查支持了达尔文的理论。达尔文的日记最终被重写为自然历史的第三卷。 + − 在南非的开普敦，达尔文和菲茨罗伊遇到了 John Herschel，他最近写信给 Lyell 称赞他的均变论是开启了大胆的思考，关于“神秘的奥秘，其他物种替代灭绝的物种”是“与奇迹过程截然不同的自然现象”。+ + + − 当船驶回家时，达尔文在整理笔记时写道，如果他对知更鸟、乌龟和福克兰狼日益增长的怀疑是正确的，“这些事实会破坏物种的稳定性” ，然后谨慎地在“破坏”之前加上“会”。他后来写道，这些事实“在我看来似乎有些物种起源”。+
→Survey voyage on HMS Beagle
Three [[Fuegians]] on board had been seized during the [[HMS Beagle#First voyage|first ''Beagle'' voyage]], then during a year in England were educated as missionaries. Darwin found them friendly and civilised, yet at [[Tierra del Fuego]] he met "miserable, degraded savages", as different as wild from domesticated animals.<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1845|pp= [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F14&viewtype=text&pageseq=218 205–208]}}</ref> He remained convinced that, despite this diversity, all humans were interrelated with [[Monogenism|a shared origin]] and potential for improvement towards civilisation. Unlike his scientist friends, he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|pp= 243–244, 248–250, 382–383}}</ref> A year on, the mission had been abandoned. The Fuegian they had named [[Jemmy Button]] lived like the other natives, had a wife, and had no wish to return to England.<ref>{{harvnb|Keynes|2001|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=258 226–227]}}</ref>
Three Fuegians on board had been seized during the first Beagle voyage, then during a year in England were educated as missionaries. Darwin found them friendly and civilised, yet at Tierra del Fuego he met "miserable, degraded savages", as different as wild from domesticated animals. He remained convinced that, despite this diversity, all humans were interrelated with a shared origin and potential for improvement towards civilisation. Unlike his scientist friends, he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. A year on, the mission had been abandoned. The Fuegian they had named Jemmy Button lived like the other natives, had a wife, and had no wish to return to England.
在第一次的猎犬号航行中，船上的3名火地岛人被抓获，然后在英国接受了一年的传教士教育。达尔文发现他们友好且文明，但在火地岛，他也遇到了与野生动物不同，“悲惨的，退化的野蛮人”。他仍然坚信，尽管存在这种多样性，但所有人类都具有共同的血统和改善文明的潜力。与科学家朋友不同，他现在认为人与动物之间没有不可逾越的鸿沟。一年后，该教育任务停止了，其中一位他们曾取名为杰米·巴顿Jemmy Button的火地岛人过着与其他当地人一样的生活，有妻子，而且他不愿再返回英国。
Darwin experienced [[1835 Concepción earthquake|an earthquake in Chile]] in 1835 and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including [[mussel]]-beds stranded above high tide. High in the [[Andes]] he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, [[island|oceanic islands]] sank, and [[coral reef]]s round them grew to form [[atoll]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp= 160–168, 182}}<br />{{Harvnb|Darwin|1887|p= [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1452.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=278 260]}}</ref><ref name=atolls>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|loc=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=100 pp. 98–99]}}</ref>
Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile in 1835 and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including mussel-beds stranded above high tide. High in the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls.
达尔文于1835年在智利经历了一次地震，并看到土地刚刚被抬高的迹象，包括在涨潮时搁浅的蚌床。在安第斯山脉的高处，他还看到了贝壳，以及在沙滩上生长的几棵化石树。他因此得到的理论是，随着土地的上升，海洋岛屿沉没，周围的珊瑚礁逐渐形成环礁。
On the geologically new [[Galápagos Islands]], Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found [[mockingbird]]s allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that slight variations in the shape of [[tortoise]] shells showed which island they came from, but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food.<ref name=k356>{{harvnb|Keynes|2001|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=388 356–357]}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sulloway|1982|p=19}}</ref> In Australia, the [[marsupial]] [[Potoridae|rat-kangaroo]] and the [[platypus]] seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work.<ref name=Crows>{{cite web|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html|title=Darwin Online: Coccatoos & Crows: An introduction to the Sydney Notebook|accessdate=2 January 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114015611/http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html|archivedate=14 January 2009}}</ref> He found the [[Indigenous Australians|Aborigines]] "good-humoured & pleasant", and noted their depletion by European settlement.<ref>{{harvnb|Keynes|2001|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=430 398–399].}}</ref>
On the geologically new Galápagos Islands, Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that slight variations in the shape of tortoise shells showed which island they came from, but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food. In Australia, the marsupial rat-kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work. He found the Aborigines "good-humoured & pleasant", and noted their depletion by European settlement.
在地理上的新加拉帕戈斯群岛上，达尔文寻找证据证明野生生物具有“创造中心”这一观点，他发现了智利存在一种类似的，但在各个岛屿之间又有所不同的知更鸟。他听说根据乌龟壳略有变化的形状，可以得知它们来自哪个岛，但最后他即使食用了船上的乌龟，也未能将它们收集起来。在澳大利亚，存活着鼠袋鼠和鸭嘴兽似乎很不寻常，以至于达尔文依稀觉得好像两个不同的造物者在工作。他发现原住民“幽默愉快”，并注意到本岛上那些欧洲定居点对原住民的文化个性的影响，促使其消失。
FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising.<ref name=atolls /> FitzRoy began writing the official ''Narrative'' of the ''Beagle'' voyages, and after reading Darwin's diary he proposed incorporating it into the account.<ref name=Letter301>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-301.html|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 301 – Darwin, C.R. to Darwin, C.S., 29 Apr 1836|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205084605/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-301.html|archivedate=5 December 2008|access-date=3 September 2008}}</ref> Darwin's ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle|Journal]]'' was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on natural history.<ref>{{Harvnb|Browne|1995|p= 336}}</ref>
FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising. Darwin's Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on natural history.
菲茨罗伊研究了科科斯基林群岛环礁的形成方式，并为达尔文的理论提供了支持。随后他开始撰写猎犬号航行的官方叙事，在阅读达尔文的日记后，他提议将其纳入其中。最终，《达尔文日记Darwin's Journal》被改写为单独的第三卷，归类为自然史。
In [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]], Darwin and FitzRoy met [[John Herschel]], who had recently written to Lyell praising his [[uniformitarianism]] as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".<ref name=Rascals>{{harvnb|van Wyhe|2007|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=21 197]}}</ref>
In Cape Town, South Africa, Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel, who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".
In Cape Town, South Africa, Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel, who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".
在南非的开普敦，达尔文和菲茨罗伊会见了约翰·赫歇尔John Herschel，约翰曾写过信给莱尔，称赞他的均变论是非常大胆的猜测，将“近乎玄学的概念，由其他未知物种替代已灭绝的物种”，看作是“与奇迹般的过程形成鲜明对比的自然现象”。
When organising his notes as the ship sailed home, Darwin wrote that, if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds, the tortoises and the [[Falkland Islands wolf|Falkland Islands fox]] were correct, "such facts undermine the stability of Species", then cautiously added "would" before "undermine".<ref name=xix>{{Harvnb|Keynes|2000|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1840&pageseq=22 xix–xx]}}<br />{{Harvnb|Eldredge|2006}}</ref> He later wrote that such facts "seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species".<ref>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1859|loc=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=16 p. 1]}}</ref>
When organising his notes as the ship sailed home, Darwin wrote that, if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds, the tortoises and the Falkland Islands fox were correct, "such facts undermine the stability of Species", then cautiously added "would" before "undermine". He later wrote that such facts "seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species".
When organising his notes as the ship sailed home, Darwin wrote that, if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds, the tortoises and the Falkland Islands fox were correct, "such facts undermine the stability of Species", then cautiously added "would" before "undermine". He later wrote that such facts "seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species".
达尔文在返航时整理了他的笔记，他写道，他对知更鸟，乌龟和福克兰群岛的狐狸的物种相似性和区别不断产生怀疑，因为“这些事实破坏了物种的稳定性”，所以他在“破坏”前面谨慎地加上了“可能将会”。他后来写道，这些事实“似乎让我对物种起源有了一些了解”。
===Inception of Darwin's evolutionary theory===
===Inception of Darwin's evolutionary theory===