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此词条暂由Moses初步翻译。

此词条暂由Moses初步翻译。

== Origins 起源 ==

== Origins ==

=== Response to Darwin's ''Origin of Species'' 回应 Darwin 的 ''物种起源'' ===

=== Response to Darwin's ''Origin of Species'' ===

In examining this aspect, excluded ab initio by Darwin, Wallace came to the conclusion that Life itself cannot be understood except by means of a theory that includes "an organising and directive Life-Principle." These necessarily involve a "Creative Power", a "directive Mind" and finally "an ultimate Purpose" (the development of Man). It supports the view of John Hunter that "life is the cause, not the consequence" of the organisation of matter. Thus, life precedes matter and when it infuses matter, forms living matter (protoplasm).

In examining this aspect, excluded ab initio by Darwin, Wallace came to the conclusion that Life itself cannot be understood except by means of a theory that includes "an organising and directive Life-Principle." These necessarily involve a "Creative Power", a "directive Mind" and finally "an ultimate Purpose" (the development of Man). It supports the view of John Hunter that "life is the cause, not the consequence" of the organisation of matter. Thus, life precedes matter and when it infuses matter, forms living matter (protoplasm).

在研究这个被 Darwin 从一开始就排除在外的方面时，Wallace 得出的结论是，除非通过一个包括 "<font color="#32CD32">一个有组织性和指导性的生命准则</font>" 的理论，否则无法理解生命本身。这些都必然涉及到 "创造性的力量 Creative Power"、"<font color="#32CD32">指导性的心灵 directive Mind</font>"以及最后的 "终极目的 an ultimate Purpose"（人的发展）。它支持 约翰·亨特 John Hunter  的观点，即 "生命是物质组织的原因，而不是结果"。因此，生命先于物质，当它注入物质时，形成了有生命的物质（<font color="#ff8000">原生质 protoplasm<font>）。

在研究这个被 Darwin 从一开始就排除在外的方面时，Wallace 得出的结论是，除非通过一个包括 "<font color="#32CD32">一个有组织性和指导性的生命准则</font>" 的理论，否则无法理解生命本身。这些都必然涉及到 "创造性的力量 Creative Power"、"<font color="#32CD32">指导性的心灵 directive Mind</font>"以及最后的 "终极目的 an ultimate Purpose"（人的发展）。它支持 约翰·亨特 John Hunter  的观点，即 "生命是物质组织的原因，而不是结果"。因此，生命先于物质，当它注入物质时，形成了有生命的物质（<font color="#ff8000">原生质 protoplasm</font>）。

=== Wallace's further thoughts Wallace 的进一步思考 ===

=== Wallace's further thoughts ===

Wallace throughout his life continued to support and extend the scope of Darwin's theory of evolution via the mechanism of natural selection. One of his works, ''Darwinism'' , was often cited in support of Darwin's theory. He also worked to elaborate and extend Darwin and his ideas on natural selection. However, Wallace also realized that the scope and claim of the theory was limited. Darwin himself had limited it.

Wallace throughout his life continued to support and extend the scope of Darwin's theory of evolution via the mechanism of natural selection. One of his works, ''Darwinism'' , was often cited in support of Darwin's theory. He also worked to elaborate and extend Darwin and his ideas on natural selection. However, Wallace also realized that the scope and claim of the theory was limited. Darwin himself had limited it.

== Emergent evolution 涌现进化 ==

== Emergent evolution ==

=== Early roots 早期证据 ===

=== Early roots ===

The issue of how change in nature 'emerged' can be found in classical Greek thought -  order coming out of chaos and whether by chance or necessity. [[Aristotle]] spoke of wholes that were greater than the sum of their parts because of emergent properties. The second-century anatomist and physiologist [[Galen]] also distinguished between the resultant and emergent qualities of wholes. (Reid, p.&nbsp;72)<ref name=Reid />

The issue of how change in nature 'emerged' can be found in classical Greek thought -  order coming out of chaos and whether by chance or necessity. [[Aristotle]] spoke of wholes that were greater than the sum of their parts because of emergent properties. The second-century anatomist and physiologist [[Galen]] also distinguished between the resultant and emergent qualities of wholes. (Reid, p.&nbsp;72)<ref name=Reid />

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=== C. Lloyd Morgan and emergent evolution C. Lloyd Morgan 和涌现进化 ===

=== C. Lloyd Morgan and emergent evolution ===

Another major scientist to question natural selection as the motive force of evolution was [[C. Lloyd Morgan]], a zoologist and student of [[T.H. Huxley]], who had a strong influence on Samuel Alexander. His ''Emergent Evolution'' (1923) established the central idea that an emergence might have the appearance of [[Saltation (biology)|saltation]] but was best regarded as "a qualitative change of direction or critical turning point."(quoted in Reid, p.&nbsp;73-74)<ref name=Reid />  Morgan, due to his work in animal psychology, had earlier (1894) questioned the  continuity view of mental evolution, and held that there were various discontinuities in cross-species mental abilities. To offset any attempt to read [[anthropomorphism]] into his view, he created the famous, but often misunderstood methodological canon:

Another major scientist to question natural selection as the motive force of evolution was [[C. Lloyd Morgan]], a zoologist and student of [[T.H. Huxley]], who had a strong influence on Samuel Alexander. His ''Emergent Evolution'' (1923) established the central idea that an emergence might have the appearance of [[Saltation (biology)|saltation]] but was best regarded as "a qualitative change of direction or critical turning point."(quoted in Reid, p.&nbsp;73-74)<ref name=Reid />  Morgan, due to his work in animal psychology, had earlier (1894) questioned the  continuity view of mental evolution, and held that there were various discontinuities in cross-species mental abilities. To offset any attempt to read [[anthropomorphism]] into his view, he created the famous, but often misunderstood methodological canon:

他的 ''动物行为''（1930）明确区分了三个 "等级 "或 "心态水平"，他把这三个 "等级 "标记为："知觉的、感性的和反思的"。(p.&nbsp;42)

他的 ''动物行为''（1930）明确区分了三个 "等级 "或 "心态水平"，他把这三个 "等级 "标记为："知觉的、感性的和反思的"。(p.&nbsp;42)

=== Alexander and the emergence of mind Alexander 和心灵涌现 ===

=== Alexander and the emergence of mind ===

Morgan's idea of a polaric relationship between lower and higher, was taken up by Samuel Alexander, who argued that the mental process is not reducible to the neural processes on which it depends at the physical-material level. Instead, they are two poles of a unity of function. Further, the neural process that expressed mental process itself possesses a quality (mind) that the other neural processes don’t. At the same time, the mental process, because it is functionally identical to this particular neural process, is also a vital one.<ref name=Alexander>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Samuel|title=Space, Time and Deity|year=1916–18|publisher=Gifford Lectures|location=Glasgow|url=https://archive.org/details/spacetimeanddei00alexgoog}}</ref>

Morgan's idea of a polaric relationship between lower and higher, was taken up by Samuel Alexander, who argued that the mental process is not reducible to the neural processes on which it depends at the physical-material level. Instead, they are two poles of a unity of function. Further, the neural process that expressed mental process itself possesses a quality (mind) that the other neural processes don’t. At the same time, the mental process, because it is functionally identical to this particular neural process, is also a vital one.<ref name=Alexander>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Samuel|title=Space, Time and Deity|year=1916–18|publisher=Gifford Lectures|location=Glasgow|url=https://archive.org/details/spacetimeanddei00alexgoog}}</ref>