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Emergent evolution was the hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points, usually because of an unpredictable rearrangement of the already existing entities. The term was originated by the psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan in 1922 in his Gifford Lectures at St. Andrews, which would later be published as the 1923 book Emergent Evolution.

Emergent evolution was the hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points, usually because of an unpredictable rearrangement of the already existing entities. The term was originated by the psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan in 1922 in his Gifford Lectures at St. Andrews, which would later be published as the 1923 book Emergent Evolution.

   

   

<font color="#ff8000">'''涌现进化'''</font> Emergent evolution 是一种假设，即在进化过程中，一些全新的特性，如心智和意识，在某些关键点出现，通常是由于已经存在的实体发生了不可预测的重新排列。这个术语是心理学家 <font color="#ff8000">'''康韦·劳埃德·摩根 C. Lloyd Morgan'''</font> 于1922年在圣安德鲁斯的《吉福德讲座》中提出的，该讲座后来作为1923年的《涌现进化论》一书出版。<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/emergentevolutio00morg_0|title=Emergent evolution : the Gifford lectures, delivered in the University of St. Andrews in the year 1922|last=Morgan|first=Conway Lloyd|date=1923|publisher=New York : Henry Holt and Company ; London : William and Norgate|others=MIT Libraries}}</ref><ref name="Bowler 2001">Bowler, Peter J. (2001). ''Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain''. University of Chicago Press. pp. 140-142, pp. 376-384. {{ISBN|0-226-06858-7}}</ref>

<font color="#ff8000">'''涌现进化 Emergent evolution '''</font>是一种假设，即在进化过程中，一些全新的特性，如心智和意识，在某些关键点出现，通常是由于已经存在的实体发生了不可预测的重新排列。这个术语是心理学家 <font color="#ff8000">'''康韦·劳埃德·摩根 C. Lloyd Morgan'''</font> 于1922年在圣安德鲁斯的《吉福德讲座》中提出的，该讲座后来作为1923年的《涌现进化论》一书出版。<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/emergentevolutio00morg_0|title=Emergent evolution : the Gifford lectures, delivered in the University of St. Andrews in the year 1922|last=Morgan|first=Conway Lloyd|date=1923|publisher=New York : Henry Holt and Company ; London : William and Norgate|others=MIT Libraries}}</ref><ref name="Bowler 2001">Bowler, Peter J. (2001). ''Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain''. University of Chicago Press. pp. 140-142, pp. 376-384. {{ISBN|0-226-06858-7}}</ref>

The hypothesis was widely criticized for providing no mechanism to how entirely new properties emerge, and for its historical roots in teleology.

The hypothesis was widely criticized for providing no mechanism to how entirely new properties emerge, and for its historical roots in teleology.

该假说被广泛批评，因为它没有为全新的属性如何涌现提供机制，而且它的历史根源于<font color="#ff8000">目的论 teleology</font>。<ref name="Bowler 2001"/>

该假说被广泛批评，因为它没有为全新的属性如何涌现提供机制，而且它的历史根源于<font color="#ff8000">'''目的论 teleology'''</font>。<ref name="Bowler 2001"/>

<ref>McLaughlin, Brian P. (1992). ''The Rise and Fall of British Emergentism''. In A. Beckerman, H. Flohr, and J. Kim, eds., ''Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism''. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 49–93. {{ISBN|3-11-012880-2}}</ref>

<ref>McLaughlin, Brian P. (1992). ''The Rise and Fall of British Emergentism''. In A. Beckerman, H. Flohr, and J. Kim, eds., ''Emergence or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism''. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 49–93. {{ISBN|3-11-012880-2}}</ref>

<ref>Baylis, Charles A. (1929). ''The Philosophic Functions of Emergence''. ''[[The Philosophical Review]]''. Vol. 38, No. 4. pp. 372-384.</ref>

<ref>Baylis, Charles A. (1929). ''The Philosophic Functions of Emergence''. ''[[The Philosophical Review]]''. Vol. 38, No. 4. pp. 372-384.</ref>

==起源 Origins ==

==起源 Origins ==

=== 对达尔文“物种起源”的回应 Response to Darwin's ''Origin of Species'' ===

=== 对达尔文《物种起源》的回应 Response to Darwin's ''Origin of Species'' ===

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's presentation of natural selection, coupled to the idea of evolution in Western thought, had gained acceptance due to the wealth of observational data provided and the seeming replacement of divine law with natural law in the affairs of men. However, the mechanism of natural selection described at the time only explained how organisms adapted to variation. The cause of genetic variation was unknown at the time.

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's presentation of natural selection, coupled to the idea of evolution in Western thought, had gained acceptance due to the wealth of observational data provided and the seeming replacement of divine law with natural law in the affairs of men. However, the mechanism of natural selection described at the time only explained how organisms adapted to variation. The cause of genetic variation was unknown at the time.

查尔斯·达尔文 Charles Darwin 和 阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士 Alfred Russel Wallace 对自然选择的介绍，结合西方思想中的进化论思想，由于提供了大量的观察数据，以及在人的事务中似乎用自然法则取代了神的法则，因此得到了人们的认可。然而，当时所描述的自然选择机制只解释了生物体如何适应变异。遗传变异 genetic variation 的原因当时还不清楚。

<font color="#ff8000">'''查尔斯·达尔文 Charles Darwin'''</font> 和 <font color="#ff8000">'''阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士 Alfred Russel Wallace'''</font> 对自然选择的介绍，结合西方思想中的进化论思想，由于提供了大量的观察数据，以及在人的事务中似乎用自然法则取代了神的法则，因此得到了人们的认可。<ref name=Reid>{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Robert G.B.|title=Biological Emergences: Evolution by Natural Experiment|year=2007|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0262182577|pages=[https://archive.org/details/degreesthatmatte00rapp_0/page/30 30]|url=https://archive.org/details/degreesthatmatte00rapp_0/page/30}}</ref>然而，当时所描述的自然选择机制只解释了生物体如何适应变异。遗传变异的原因当时还不清楚。

[[St. George Jackson Mivart|St. George Jackson Mivart's]] ''On the Genesis of Species'' (1872) and [[Edward Drinker Cope|Edward Cope]]'s ''Origin of the Fittest'' (1887) raised the need to address the origin of variation between members of a species. [[William Bateson]] in 1884 distinguished between the origin of novel variations and the action of natural selection (''Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species'').<ref name=Reid />

[[St. George Jackson Mivart|St. George Jackson Mivart's]] ''On the Genesis of Species'' (1872) and [[Edward Drinker Cope|Edward Cope]]'s ''Origin of the Fittest'' (1887) raised the need to address the origin of variation between members of a species. [[William Bateson]] in 1884 distinguished between the origin of novel variations and the action of natural selection (''Materials for the Study of Variation Treated with Especial Regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species'').<ref name=Reid />

在研究这个被 Darwin 从一开始就排除在外的方面时，Wallace 得出的结论是，除非通过一个包括 "<font color="#32CD32">一个有组织性和指导性的生命准则</font>" 的理论，否则无法理解生命本身。这些都必然涉及到 "创造性的力量 Creative Power"、"<font color="#32CD32">指导性的心灵 directive Mind</font>"以及最后的 "终极目的 an ultimate Purpose"（人的发展）。它支持 约翰·亨特 John Hunter  的观点，即 "生命是物质组织的原因，而不是结果"。因此，生命先于物质，当它注入物质时，形成了有生命的物质（<font color="#ff8000">原生质 protoplasm</font>）。

在研究这个被 Darwin 从一开始就排除在外的方面时，Wallace 得出的结论是，除非通过一个包括 "<font color="#32CD32">一个有组织性和指导性的生命准则</font>" 的理论，否则无法理解生命本身。这些都必然涉及到 "创造性的力量 Creative Power"、"<font color="#32CD32">指导性的心灵 directive Mind</font>"以及最后的 "终极目的 an ultimate Purpose"（人的发展）。它支持 约翰·亨特 John Hunter  的观点，即 "生命是物质组织的原因，而不是结果"。因此，生命先于物质，当它注入物质时，形成了有生命的物质（<font color="#ff8000">原生质 protoplasm</font>）。

=== Wallace's further thoughts ===

===华莱士的进一步思考 Wallace's further thoughts ===

Wallace throughout his life continued to support and extend the scope of Darwin's theory of evolution via the mechanism of natural selection. One of his works, ''Darwinism'' , was often cited in support of Darwin's theory. He also worked to elaborate and extend Darwin and his ideas on natural selection. However, Wallace also realized that the scope and claim of the theory was limited. Darwin himself had limited it.

Wallace throughout his life continued to support and extend the scope of Darwin's theory of evolution via the mechanism of natural selection. One of his works, ''Darwinism'' , was often cited in support of Darwin's theory. He also worked to elaborate and extend Darwin and his ideas on natural selection. However, Wallace also realized that the scope and claim of the theory was limited. Darwin himself had limited it.