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| The Poisson distribution may be useful to model events such as | | The Poisson distribution may be useful to model events such as |
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− | '''<font color="#ff8000"> {泊松分佈 Poisson distribution</font>'''模型可以用来模拟事件,比如
| + | 泊松分布模型可以用来模拟事件,比如 |
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| * The number of meteorites greater than 1 meter diameter that strike Earth in a year | | * The number of meteorites greater than 1 meter diameter that strike Earth in a year |
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| * The number of laser photons hitting a detector in a particular time interval | | * The number of laser photons hitting a detector in a particular time interval |
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− | *一年内撞击地球的直径大于1米的陨石数量 | + | * 一年内撞击地球的直径大于1米的陨石数量 |
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− | *晚上10点到11点到达急诊室的病人人数 | + | * 晚上10点到11点到达急诊室的病人人数 |
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− | *在特定时间间隔内撞击探测器的激光光子数 | + | * 在特定时间间隔内撞击探测器的激光光子数 |
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| ===Assumptions and validity假设与有效条件=== | | ===Assumptions and validity假设与有效条件=== |
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| The Poisson distribution is an appropriate model if the following assumptions are true:{{r|Koehrsen2019}} | | The Poisson distribution is an appropriate model if the following assumptions are true:{{r|Koehrsen2019}} |
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| The Poisson distribution is an appropriate model if the following assumptions are true: | | The Poisson distribution is an appropriate model if the following assumptions are true: |
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− | 以下假设成立时,'''<font color="#ff8000"> {泊松分佈 Poisson distribution</font>'''模型适用:
| + | 以下假设成立时,泊松分布模型适用: |
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| * {{mvar|k}} is the number of times an event occurs in an interval and {{mvar|k}} can take values 0, 1, 2, .... | | * {{mvar|k}} is the number of times an event occurs in an interval and {{mvar|k}} can take values 0, 1, 2, .... |
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| * Two events cannot occur at exactly the same instant; instead, at each very small sub-interval exactly one event either occurs or does not occur. | | * Two events cannot occur at exactly the same instant; instead, at each very small sub-interval exactly one event either occurs or does not occur. |
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− | *事件在一个时间间隔内发生且{mvar | k}可以取值0,1,2,... | + | * 事件在一个时间间隔内发生且{mvar | k}可以取值0,1,2,...; |
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− | *一个事件的发生不影响第二个事件发生的概率 | + | * 一个事件的发生不影响第二个事件发生的概率,也就是时间发生相互独立; |
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− | *事件发生的平均速率与任何事件无关。为简单起见,通常假定其为常数,但实际上可能随时间而变化 | + | * 事件发生的平均速率与任何事件无关。为简单起见,通常假定其为常数,但实际上可能随时间而变化; |
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− | *两个事件不可能在完全相同的时刻发生,即在每一小段的时间内正好有一个事件发生或不发生 | + | * 两个事件不可能在完全相同的时刻发生,即在每一小段的时间内正好有一个事件发生或不发生。 |
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| If these conditions are true, then {{mvar|k}} is a Poisson random variable, and the distribution of {{mvar|k}} is a Poisson distribution. | | If these conditions are true, then {{mvar|k}} is a Poisson random variable, and the distribution of {{mvar|k}} is a Poisson distribution. |
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| If these conditions are true, then is a Poisson random variable, and the distribution of is a Poisson distribution. | | If these conditions are true, then is a Poisson random variable, and the distribution of is a Poisson distribution. |
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− | 如果这些条件成立,那么它是一个泊松随机变量,其分布是一个'''<font color="#ff8000"> {泊松分佈 Poisson distribution</font>'''。 | + | 如果这些条件成立,那么它是一个泊松随机变量,其分布是一个'''<font color="#ff8000"> {泊松分布 Poisson distribution</font>'''。 |
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| The Poisson distribution is also the limit of a binomial distribution, for which the probability of success for each trial equals divided by the number of trials, as the number of trials approaches infinity (see Related distributions). | | The Poisson distribution is also the limit of a binomial distribution, for which the probability of success for each trial equals divided by the number of trials, as the number of trials approaches infinity (see Related distributions). |
− | 每次试验的成功概率除以总试验次数,(可得二项式分布),随着试验的数量趋于无穷大,'''<font color="#ff8000"> {泊松分佈 Poisson distribution</font>'''也是'''<font color="#ff8000"> 二项式分布Binomial distribution</font>'''的极限。
| + | 每次试验的成功概率除以总试验次数,随着试验的数量趋于无穷大,泊松分布也是'''<font color="#ff8000"> 二项式分布Binomial distribution</font>'''的极限。(可参考相关分布) |
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| This equation is the probability mass function (PMF) for a Poisson distribution. | | This equation is the probability mass function (PMF) for a Poisson distribution. |
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− | 这个方程就是概率质量函数的'''<font color="#ff8000"> {泊松分佈 Poisson distribution</font>'''。
| + | 这个方程就是概率质量函数的泊松分布。 |
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| : <math>P(k \text{ events in interval } t) = \frac{(r t)^k e^{-r t}}{k!}</math> | | : <math>P(k \text{ events in interval } t) = \frac{(r t)^k e^{-r t}}{k!}</math> |
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− | <math>P(k \text{ events in interval } t) = \frac{(r t)^k e^{-r t}}{k!}</math>
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| < math > p (k text { events in interval } t) = frac {(r t) ^ k e ^ {-r t }{ k!{/math > | | < math > p (k text { events in interval } t) = frac {(r t) ^ k e ^ {-r t }{ k!{/math > |
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| Ugarte and colleagues report that the average number of goals in a World Cup soccer match is approximately 2.5 and the Poisson model is appropriate. | | Ugarte and colleagues report that the average number of goals in a World Cup soccer match is approximately 2.5 and the Poisson model is appropriate. |
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− | 乌加特和他的同事们报告说,世界杯足球赛的平均进球数约为2.5个,适用泊松模型。
| + | 乌加特和他的同事们在一篇报道中提到,世界杯足球赛的平均进球数约为2.5个,这也适用泊松模型。 |
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| Because the average event rate is 2.5 goals per match, ''λ'' = 2.5. | | Because the average event rate is 2.5 goals per match, ''λ'' = 2.5. |
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| Suppose that astronomers estimate that large meteorites (above a certain size) hit the earth on average once every 100 years (λ = 1 event per 100 years), and that the number of meteorite hits follows a Poisson distribution. What is the probability of = 0 meteorite hits in the next 100 years? | | Suppose that astronomers estimate that large meteorites (above a certain size) hit the earth on average once every 100 years (λ = 1 event per 100 years), and that the number of meteorite hits follows a Poisson distribution. What is the probability of = 0 meteorite hits in the next 100 years? |
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− | 假设天文学家估计,大型陨石(超过一定大小)平均每100年撞击地球一次(= 每100年撞击一次) ,而且陨石撞击的次数紧随'''<font color="#ff8000"> 泊松分佈Poisson distribution.</font>'''之后。在接下来的100年里,被陨石击中k=0的概率是多少? | + | 假设天文学家估计,大型陨石(超过一定大小)平均每100年撞击地球一次(= 每100年撞击一次) ,而且陨石撞击的次数紧随泊松分布之后。在接下来的100年里,被陨石击中k=0的概率是多少? |
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| In an example above, an overflow flood occurred once every 100 years (λ = 1). The probability of no overflow floods in 100 years was roughly 0.37, by the same calculation. | | In an example above, an overflow flood occurred once every 100 years (λ = 1). The probability of no overflow floods in 100 years was roughly 0.37, by the same calculation. |
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− | 在上面的一个例子中,洪水每100年发生泛滥一次(''λ'' = 1)。根据同样的计算,100年内不会有洪水泛滥的概率大约是0.37。 | + | 在上面的一个例子中,洪水每100年发生泛滥一次(''λ''= 1)。根据同样的计算,100年内不会有洪水泛滥的概率大约是0.37。 |
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| In general, if an event occurs on average once per interval (λ = 1), and the events follow a Poisson distribution, then . In addition, P(exactly one event in next interval) = 0.37, as shown in the table for overflow floods. | | In general, if an event occurs on average once per interval (λ = 1), and the events follow a Poisson distribution, then . In addition, P(exactly one event in next interval) = 0.37, as shown in the table for overflow floods. |
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− | 一般来说,如果一个事件平均每个时间间隔发生一次(''λ'' = 1) ,并且事件遵循'''<font color="#ff8000"> 泊松分佈Poisson distribution.</font>''',那么p (下一个间隔中正好有一个事件) = 0.37,如洪水泛滥的表所示。 | + | 一般来说,如果一个事件平均每个时间间隔发生一次(''λ''= 1) ,并且事件遵循泊松分布,那么p (下一个间隔中正好有一个事件) = 0.37,如洪水泛滥的表所示。 |
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