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第133行： − − − − It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi. − + − − Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking. − + + − − 无为是“道德经”的核心概念。“无为”的概念是多方面的，甚至在英语翻译中也体现在单词的多种含义上。在文学意义上，它可能意味着“不做任何事情”，“不强迫”，“不行动”，“虚无”，“自发行动”和“随时间流逝”。无为是一个概念，用于解释人与自然或与道的和谐。它包括价值区分是意识形态的概念，并将各种野心都源于同一来源。老子广泛地以简单和谦卑为主要美德来使用这个词，这常常与自私的行为形成对比。从政治角度讲，这意味着避免战争，苛刻的法律和重税之类的情况。一些道教徒认为无为与深奥的实践之间存在联系，例如在庄子中发现的坐忘（清空身体意识和思想）。
→道德经
Livia Kohn说明老子是如何鼓励改变方法或返回“自然”而非行动的。技术可能带来错误的进步感。老子所提供的答案是不排斥的技术，而是寻求平静的状态无为，摆脱欲望。这与老子鼓励统治者保持人民“无知”或“思想简单”的许多言论有关。一些学者坚持认为这种解释忽略了宗教语境，另一些学者则质疑这种解释是对文本哲学连贯性的辩护。如果老子真的打算告诉统治者让他们的人民保持无知，这是非常寻常的政治建议。然而，文本中的“谷神”、“灵魂“等术语，具有形而上的语境，并不能与作品的纯道德解读相吻合。
Livia Kohn说明老子是如何鼓励改变方法或返回“自然”而非行动的。技术可能带来错误的进步感。老子所提供的答案是不排斥的技术，而是寻求平静的状态无为，摆脱欲望。这与老子鼓励统治者保持人民“无知”或“思想简单”的许多言论有关。一些学者坚持认为这种解释忽略了宗教语境，另一些学者则质疑这种解释是对文本哲学连贯性的辩护。如果老子真的打算告诉统治者让他们的人民保持无知，这是非常寻常的政治建议。然而，文本中的“谷神”、“灵魂“等术语，具有形而上的语境，并不能与作品的纯道德解读相吻合。
''[[Wu wei]]'' (無為), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the ''Tao Te Ching''. The concept of ''wu wei'' is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watts|1975|pp=78–86}}</ref>
''[[Wu wei]]'' (無為), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the ''Tao Te Ching''. The concept of ''wu wei'' is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watts|1975|pp=78–86}}</ref>
无为是“道德经”的核心概念。“无为”的概念是多方面的，甚至在英语翻译中也体现在单词的多种含义上。在文学意义上，它可能意味着“不做任何事情”，“不强迫”，“不行动”，“虚无”，“自发行动”和“随时间流逝”。无为是一个概念，用于解释人与自然或与道的和谐。它包括价值区分是意识形态的概念，并将各种野心都源于同一来源。老子广泛地以简单和谦卑为主要美德来使用这个词，这常常与自私的行为形成对比。从政治角度讲，这意味着避免战争，苛刻的法律和重税之类的情况。一些道教徒认为无为与深奥的实践之间存在联系，例如在庄子中发现的坐忘（清空身体意识和思想）。
It is a concept used to explain ''[[ziran]]'' (自然), or harmony with the ''Tao''. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with [[simplicity]] and [[humility]] as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between ''wu wei'' and [[esoteric]] practices, such as ''[[zuowang]]'' "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<ref name="Kohn-22"/>
It is a concept used to explain ''[[ziran]]'' (自然), or harmony with the ''Tao''. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with [[simplicity]] and [[humility]] as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between ''wu wei'' and [[esoteric]] practices, such as ''[[zuowang]]'' "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<ref name="Kohn-22"/>
It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.
Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.
Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.
Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.
===道教===
===道教===