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→Early years 早年生活
[[文件:Mandelbrot p1130861.jpg|缩略图|右|家庭背景和早期教育，（4:11）伯努瓦 曼德布洛特访谈，《Web of Stories》 144第1部分]]
[[文件:Mandelbrot p1130861.jpg|缩略图|右|家庭背景和早期教育，（4:11）伯努瓦 曼德布洛特访谈，《Web of Stories》 144第1部分]]
Mandelbrot was born in a [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian Jewish]] family, in [[Warsaw]] during the [[Second Polish Republic]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hoffman|first=Jascha|date=2010-10-16|title=Benoît Mandelbrot, Novel Mathematician, Dies at 85 (Published 2010)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/us/17mandelbrot.html|access-date=2020-11-20|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121082521/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/us/17mandelbrot.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His father made his living trading clothing; his mother was a dental surgeon. During his first two school years, he was tutored privately by an uncle who despised [[rote learning]]: "Most of my time was spent playing chess, reading maps and learning how to open my eyes to everything around me."<ref name="wolf">{{cite web |last=Mandelbrot |first=Benoît |title=The Wolf Prizes for Physics, ''A Maverick's Apprenticeship'' |publisher=Imperial College Press |year=2002 |url=http://users.math.yale.edu/~bbm3/web_pdfs/mavericksApprenticeship.pdf |access-date=23 April 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024639/http://users.math.yale.edu/~bbm3/web_pdfs/mavericksApprenticeship.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1936, when he was 11, the family emigrated from Poland to France. The move, the [[World War II|war]], and his acquaintance with his father's brother, the mathematician [[Szolem Mandelbrojt]] (who had moved to Paris around 1920), further prevented a standard education. "The fact that my parents, as economic and political refugees, joined Szolem in France saved our lives," he writes.<ref name=Mandelbrot />{{rp|17}}<ref name="bbc_obit">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11560101|title=BBC News – 'Fractal' mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot dies aged 85|date=17 October 2010|work=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=17 October 2010|archive-date=18 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018045143/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11560101|url-status=live}}</ref>
Mandelbrot was born in a Lithuanian Jewish family, in Warsaw during the Second Polish Republic.[14] His father made his living trading clothing; his mother was a dental surgeon. During his first two school years, he was tutored privately by an uncle who despised rote learning: "Most of my time was spent playing chess, reading maps and learning how to open my eyes to everything around me."[15] In 1936, when he was 11, the family emigrated from Poland to France. The move, the war, and his acquaintance with his father's brother, the mathematician Szolem Mandelbrojt (who had moved to Paris around 1920), further prevented a standard education. "The fact that my parents, as economic and political refugees, joined Szolem in France saved our lives," he writes.
曼德布洛特出生于波兰第二共和国时期，华沙的一个立陶宛犹太家庭。父亲以服装贸易为生，母亲是一名牙科医生。他入学后的前两年，一直由他叔叔私下辅导，这位叔叔尤其鄙视死记硬背的学习方法：“我的大部分时间都花在下棋，阅读地图和学习如何打开我的视角观察周围的一切。”后来1936年，他11岁时，一家人从波兰移民到了法国。这次移民，战争，和他父亲兄弟Szolem Mandelbrojt（数学家斯佐勒姆·曼德尔贝罗亚特，1920年左右移居巴黎）的接触，更进一步阻碍了他受到规范的教育。他曾写道：“我的父母作为经济和政治难民，在法国投靠了佐勒姆，因此而挽救了我们的生命。”
Mandelbrot attended the Lycée Rolin in Paris until the start of [[World War II]], when his family moved to [[Tulle]], France. He was helped by [[Rabbi]] [[David Feuerwerker]], the Rabbi of [[Brive-la-Gaillarde]], to continue his studies.<ref name=Mandelbrot/>{{rp|62–63}}<ref>Hemenway P. (2005) ''Divine proportion: Phi in art, nature and science''. Psychology Press. {{isbn|0-415-34495-6}}</ref> Much of France was occupied by the Nazis at the time, and Mandelbrot recalls this period:
Mandelbrot attended the Lycée Rolin in Paris until the start of World War II, when his family moved to Tulle, France. He was helped by Rabbi David Feuerwerker, the Rabbi of Brive-la-Gaillarde, to continue his studies.[8]:62–63[17] Much of France was occupied by the Nazis at the time, and Mandelbrot recalls this period:
曼德布罗特在巴黎罗兰公立中学学习，一直到第二次世界大战开始，后来他的家人搬到了法国的蒂勒。后来犹太教教士大卫·菲尔韦克Rabbi David Feuerwerker（布里夫拉盖勒德犹太教教士the Rabbi of Brive-la-Gaillarde）帮助他继续学业。当时法国大部分地区都被纳粹占领，曼德布罗特回忆起这段时期：
{{quote|Our constant fear was that a sufficiently determined foe might report us to an authority and we would be sent to our deaths. This happened to a close friend from Paris, [[Zina Morhange]], a physician in a nearby county seat. Simply to eliminate the competition, another physician denounced her ... We escaped this fate. Who knows why?<ref name=Mandelbrot />{{rp|49}}}}
Our constant fear was that a sufficiently determined foe might report us to an authority and we would be sent to our deaths. This happened to a close friend from Paris, Zina Morhange, a physician in a nearby county seat. Simply to eliminate the competition, another physician denounced her ... We escaped this fate. Who knows why?
我们一直担心的是，一旦敌人下定决心将我们报告给当局，等待我们的就是死刑。类似的事情就发生在巴黎的一位密友Zina Morhange深上，她曾是附近某个县城的医生。当时只是为了解决竞争对手，另一位医生就举报了她...而我们逃过了一劫。谁知道是为什么？
In 1944, Mandelbrot returned to Paris, studied at the [[Lycée du Parc]] in [[Lyon]], and in 1945 to 1947 attended the [[École Polytechnique]], where he studied under [[Gaston Julia]] and [[Paul Lévy (mathematician)|Paul Lévy]]. From 1947 to 1949 he studied at California Institute of Technology, where he earned a master's degree in aeronautics.<ref name="guardian_obit" /> Returning to France, he obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD degree]] in Mathematical Sciences at the [[University of Paris]] in 1952.<ref name="wolf" />
In 1944, Mandelbrot returned to Paris, studied at the Lycée du Parc in Lyon, and in 1945 to 1947 attended the École Polytechnique, where he studied under Gaston Julia and Paul Lévy. From 1947 to 1949 he studied at California Institute of Technology, where he earned a master's degree in aeronautics.[2] Returning to France, he obtained his PhD degree in Mathematical Sciences at the University of Paris in 1952.
1944年，曼德布洛特回到巴黎，在里昂的帕克中学学习，并于1945年至1947年考上了巴黎综合理工学院，在加斯顿·朱莉亚Gaston Julia和保罗·列维Paul Lévy的指导下学习。之后的1947年到1949年，他就读于加利福尼亚理工学院，在那里获得了航空硕士学位。返回法国后，他于1952年在巴黎大学获得数学科学博士学位。
==Research career==
==Research career==