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传统经济学中个体会理性地计算均衡状态地理论假设被舍弃，取而代之地是更为宽松、现实地假设——个体的理性有限，且其行为仅仅是对市场变化做出适应（而非计算均衡）。<ref>John H. Hollandand John H. Miller (1991). "Artificial Adaptive Agents in Economic Theory," ''American Economic Review'', 81(2), pp. [http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/91-05-025.pdf  365-370] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105015853/http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/91-05-025.pdf |date=5 January 2011 }} p. 366.<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; Thomas C. Schelling(1978 [2006]).  ''Micromotives and Macrobehavior'', Norton. [http://books.wwnorton.com/books/978-0-393-32946-9/ Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102093240/http://books.wwnorton.com/books/978-0-393-32946-9/ |date=2 November 2017 }}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DenWKRgqzWMC&printsec=find&pg=PA1=#v=onepage&q&f=false preview].<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;Thomas J. Sargent, 1994. ''Bounded Rationality in Macroeconomics'', Oxford. [http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/MacroeconomicTheory/?view=usa&ci=9780198288695 Description] and chapter-preview 1st-page [https://www.questia.com/library/book/bounded-rationality-in-macroeconomics-thomas-j-sargent-by-thomas-j-sargent.jsp links.]</ref>基于主体的计算经济学模型（ACE）将数值分析方法应用于复杂动力学问题，进行计算机模拟，这种方法可以应对传统方法，如数学方程不适用的问题。<ref>Kenneth L. Judd, 2006. "Computationally Intensive Analyses in Economics," ''Handbook of Computational Economics'', v. 2, ch. 17, Introduction, p. 883. [Pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ITfRkNmKQcC&pg=PA881 881-] 893. Pre-pub [https://www2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/Judd.finalrev.pdf PDF].

The theoretical assumption of mathematical optimization by agents in equilibrium is replaced by the less restrictive postulate of agents with bounded rationality adapting to market forces.[4] ACE models apply numerical methods of analysis to computer-based simulations of complex dynamic problems for which more conventional methods, such as theorem formulation, may not find ready use.[5] ACE models apply numerical methods of analysis to computer-based simulations of complex dynamic problems for which more conventional methods, such as theorem formulation, may not find ready use.[6] Starting from initial conditions specified by the modeler, the computational economy evolves over time as its constituent agents repeatedly interact with each other, including learning from interactions. In these respects, ACE has been characterized as a bottom-up culture-dish approach to the study of economic systems.[7]

<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; •  _____, 1998. ''Numerical Methods in Economics'', MIT Press. Links to [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3257 description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211061602/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3257 |date=11 February 2012 }} and [https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wxk_z9HskAC&pg=PR7 chapter previews].</ref>从建模者指定的初始条件开始，计算经济学模型会随着时间的推移而不断演化，模型中的主体不断地对其他参与者交互，包括从交互中学习。在这个角度来看，ACE 被认为是一种自下而上研究经济系统的方法。<ref>Leigh Tesfatsion (2002). "Agent-Based Computational Economics: Growing Economies from the Bottom Up," ''Artificial Life'', 8(1), pp.55-82. [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/106454602753694765 Abstract] and pre-pub [http://www.econ.brown.edu/fac/Peter_Howitt/SummerSchool/Agent.pdf  PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514143904/http://www.econ.brown.edu/fac/Peter_Howitt/SummerSchool/Agent.pdf |date=14 May 2013 }}.<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • _____ (1997). "How Economists Can Get Alife," in W. B. Arthur, S. Durlauf, and D. Lane, eds., ''The Economy as an Evolving Complex System, II'', pp. 533-564. Addison-Wesley. Pre-pub [http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/18196/1/er37.pdf PDF].</ref>

 

 

ACE has a similarity to, and overlap with, game theory as an agent-based method for modeling social interactions.[8] But practitioners have also noted differences from standard methods, for example in ACE events modeled being driven solely by initial conditions, whether or not equilibria exist or are computationally tractable, and in the modeling facilitation of agent autonomy and learning.[9]

ACE has a similarity to, and overlap with, game theory as an agent-based method for modeling social interactions.[8] But practitioners have also noted differences from standard methods, for example in ACE events modeled being driven solely by initial conditions, whether or not equilibria exist or are computationally tractable, and in the modeling facilitation of agent autonomy and learning.[9]

ACE 与博弈论时有相似之处和重叠部分，都可以看作以一种研究社会交往的基于主体的建模方法。但实践者也注意到了ACE与标准的博弈论方法的区别，例如，在ACE中，事件仅由初始条件驱动；ACE不在乎计算上是否易于处理；ACE中，主体有自动选择和学习的能力。

ACE 与博弈论时有相似之处和重叠部分，都可以看作以一种研究社会交往的基于主体的建模方法。<ref name="COMP&GT">• [[Joseph Y. Halpern]] (2008). "computer science and game theory," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition.  [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000566&edition=current&q=&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract].<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • Yoav Shoham (2008). "Computer Science and Game Theory," ''Communications of the ACM'', 51(8), pp.

The method has benefited from continuing improvements in modeling techniques of computer science and increased computer capabilities. The ultimate scientific objective of the method is to "test theoretical findings against real-world data in ways that permit empirically supported theories to cumulate over time, with each researcher’s work building appropriately on the work that has gone before."[10] The subject has been applied to research areas like asset pricing,[11] competition and collaboration,[12] transaction costs,[13] market structure and industrial organization and dynamics,[14] welfare economics,[15] and mechanism design,[16] information and uncertainty,[17] macroeconomics,[18] and Marxist economics.[19]

The method has benefited from continuing improvements in modeling techniques of computer science and increased computer capabilities. The ultimate scientific objective of the method is to "test theoretical findings against real-world data in ways that permit empirically supported theories to cumulate over time, with each researcher’s work building appropriately on the work that has gone before."[10] The subject has been applied to research areas like asset pricing,[11] competition and collaboration,[12] transaction costs,[13] market structure and industrial organization and dynamics,[14] welfare economics,[15] and mechanism design,[16] information and uncertainty,[17] macroeconomics,[18] and Marxist economics.[19]

得益于计算机科学建模技术的不断改进和计算机能力的提高，ACE方法也在不断发展，其终极科学目标是“用实际数据来检验理论发现——使得可靠的、有实际经验和数据支撑的理论能不断积累，而研究人员也能在可靠的前人理论基础上做进一步探索。”现在，ACE方法已应用于如资产定价、竞争与合作、'''<font color="#ff8000">交易成本 Transaction Cost</font>'''、市场形式与'''<font color="#ff8000">产业组织  Industrial Organization</font>'''与动态、'''<font color="#ff8000">福利经济学 Welfare Economics</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">机制设计 Mechanism Design</font>'''、信息与不确定性、'''<font color="#ff8000">宏观经济学 Macroeconomics</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">马克思主义政治经济学 Marxist economics</font>'''等研究领域。

[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_hubEid=1-s2.0-S1574002105X02003&_cid=273377&_pubType=HS&_auth=y&_acct=C000228598&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e4757b4f65755ed6340a11fee9615200 links.]</ref>现在，ACE方法已应用于如资产定价、<ref name=arthuretal>B. Arthur, J. Holland, B. LeBaron, R. Palmer, P. Taylor (1997), 'Asset pricing under endogenous expectations in an artificial stock market,' in ''The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II'', B. Arthur, S. Durlauf, and D. Lane, eds., Addison Wesley.</ref>竞争与合作、<ref>[[Robert Axelrod]] (1997). ''The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration'', Princeton. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6144.html Description], [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6144.html#TOC contents], and [https://books.google.com/books?id=J0dgRGMdjmQC&printsec=find&pg=PR11#v=onepage&q&f=false preview].</ref> '''<font color="#ff8000">交易成本 Transaction Cost</font>'''、<ref>Tomas B. Klosa and [[Bart Nooteboom]], 2001. "Agent-based Computational Transaction Cost Economics,"  ''Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control'' 25(3–4), pp. 503–52. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165188900000348 Abstract.]</ref>市场形式与'''<font color="#ff8000">产业组织  Industrial Organization</font>'''与动态、<ref>• Roberto Leombruni and Matteo Richiardi, ed. (2004), ''Industry  and Labor Dynamics: The Agent-Based Computational Economics Approach.'' World Scientific Publishing {{ISBN|981-256-100-5}}. [http://www.worldscibooks.com/economics/5706.html Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727221149/http://www.worldscibooks.com/economics/5706.html |date=27 July 2010 }} and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=P5O7A5D55nQC&printsec=fond&pg=PR5#v=onepage&q&f=false links].<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Joshua M. Epstein]] (2006). "Growing Adaptive Organizations: An Agent-Based Computational Approach," in ''Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling'', pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=543OS3qdxBYC&pg=PA309 309-] 344. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8277.html Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126180655/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8277.html |date=26 January 2012 }} and [http://www.santafe.edu/research/working-papers/abstract/99895b6465e8b87656612f8e3570b34c/ abstract].</ref>'''<font color="#ff8000">福利经济学 Welfare Economics</font>'''、<ref>Robert Axtell (2005). "The Complexity of Exchange,"  ''Economic Journal'', 115(504, Features), pp. [http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/pboettke/workshop/archives/f05/Axtell.pdf F193-F210].</ref> '''<font color="#ff8000">机制设计 Mechanism Design</font>'''、 <ref>• ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'' (2008), 2nd Edition: <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Roger B. Myerson]] "mechanism design." [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000132&edition=current&q=mechanism%20design&topicid=&result_number=3 Abstract.]  <br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; _____. "revelation principle." [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_R000137&edition=current&q=moral&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tuomas Sandholm. "computing in mechanism design." [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000563&edition=&field=keyword&q=algorithmic%20mechanism%20design&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; Noam Nisan and Amir Ronen (2001). "Algorithmic Mechanism Design," ''Games and Economic Behavior'',  35(1-2), pp. [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sandholm/cs15-892F09/Algorithmic%20mechanism%20design.pdf 166–196].<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; Noam Nisan ''et al''., ed. (2007). ''Algorithmic Game Theory'', Cambridge University Press. [http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk/asia/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521872829 Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505140924/http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk/asia/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521872829 |date=5 May 2012 }}.</ref>信息与不确定性、<ref>Tuomas W. Sandholm and Victor R. Lesser (2001). "Leveled Commitment Contracts and Strategic Breach," ''Games and Economic Behavior'', 35(1-2), pp. [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/.cs.cmu.edu/Web/People/sandholm/leveled.geb.pdf 212-270].</ref> '''<font color="#ff8000">宏观经济学 Macroeconomics</font>'''<ref>David Colander, [[Peter Howitt]], Alan Kirman, [[Axel Leijonhufvud]], and [[Perry Mehrling]], 2008. "Beyond DSGE Models: Toward an Empirically Based Macroeconomics," ''American Economic Review'', 98(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/29730026 236]-240. Pre-pub [http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Economics/Faculty/Peter_Howitt/publication/complex%20macro6.pdf PDF].<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; • [[Thomas J. Sargent]] (1994). ''Bounded Rationality in Macroeconomics'', Oxford. [http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Economics/MacroeconomicTheory/?view=usa&ci=9780198288695 Description] and chapter-preview 1st-page [https://www.questia.com/library/book/bounded-rationality-in-macroeconomics-thomas-j-sargent-by-thomas-j-sargent.jsp links].<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp; M. Oeffner (2009). '[http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2009/3927/pdf/OeffnerDissohneAnhang.pdf Agent-based Keynesian Macroeconomics]'. PhD thesis, Faculty of Economics, University of Würzburg.</ref>和'''<font color="#ff8000">马克思主义政治经济学 Marxist economics</font>'''<ref>A. F. Cottrell, P. Cockshott, G. J. Michaelson, I. P. Wright, V. Yakovenko

(2009), ''Classical Econophysics''. Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-47848-9}}.</ref><ref>Leigh Tesfatsion (2006), "Agent-Based Computational Economics: A Constructive Approach to Economic Theory," ch. 16, ''Handbook of Computational Economics'', v. 2, part 2, ACE study of economic system. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574002105020162 Abstract] and pre-pub [http://econ2.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/hbintlt.pdf PDF].</ref>等研究领域。