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第1行： + + − [[File:Genomics GTL Program Payoffs.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Ecological analysis of CO<sub>2</sub> in an [[ecosystem]]]]+ + − Ecological analysis of CO<sub>2</sub> in an [[ecosystem]] − + − Systems ecology is an [[interdisciplinary]] field of [[ecology]], a subset of [[Earth system science]], that takes a [[holism|holistic]] approach to the study of ecological systems, especially [[ecosystem]]s.<ref>{{cite book |title=Systems ecology|last=Shugart, Herman H. (Herman Henry), 1944-|last2=O'Neill, R. V. (Robert V.), 1940-|isbn=0-87933-347-2|oclc=4664585}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Ecosystems, systems ecology, and systems ecologists.|last=Van Dyne, George M., 1932-|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Health Physics Divisions|date=1966|oclc=4247138}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Fundamental processes in ecology : an earth systems approach|last=Wilkinson, David M., 1963-|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2006|isbn=0-19-856846-0|oclc=67383832}}</ref> Systems ecology can be seen as an application of [[general systems theory]] to ecology. Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a [[complex system]] exhibiting [[emergent properties]]. Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions. It uses and extends concepts from [[thermodynamics]] and develops other macroscopic descriptions of complex systems.+ − Systems ecology is an interdisciplinary field of ecology, a subset of Earth system science, that takes a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems, especially ecosystems. Systems ecology can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology. Central to the systems ecology approach is the idea that an ecosystem is a complex system exhibiting emergent properties. Systems ecology focuses on interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems, and is especially concerned with the way the functioning of ecosystems can be influenced by human interventions. It uses and extends concepts from thermodynamics and develops other macroscopic descriptions of complex systems. − + + − − − − ==Overview== − − ==Overview== − − 概览 − − Systems ecology seeks a [[Holism|holistic]] view of the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems. Systems ecologists realise that the function of any ecosystem can be influenced by human economics in fundamental ways. They have therefore taken an additional transdisciplinary step by including economics in the consideration of [[ecological economics|ecological-economic]] systems. In the words of [[R.L. Kitching]]:<ref>{{cite book |title=Systems ecology : an introduction to ecological modelling|last=Kitching, R. L. (Roger Laurence), 1945-|publisher=University of Queensland Press|page=9|date=1983|isbn=0-7022-1813-8|oclc=8845946}}</ref> − − Systems ecology seeks a holistic view of the interactions and transactions within and between biological and ecological systems. Systems ecologists realise that the function of any ecosystem can be influenced by human economics in fundamental ways. They have therefore taken an additional transdisciplinary step by including economics in the consideration of ecological-economic systems. In the words of R.L. Kitching: − − 依照R.L.Kitching所说，系统生态学寻求生物的系统和生态的系统内部，以及它们之间的相互作用和交换的'''<font color="#ff8000">整体的 Holistic</font>'''观点。系统生态学家意识到，任何生态系统的功能都可能从根本上受到人类经济学的影响。他们因此采取了额外的跨学科步骤，将经济学纳入'''<font color="#ff8000">生态经济 Ecological-economic</font>'''系统的考虑。返回文章页面风筝: − − − − − − * ''Systems ecology can be defined as the approach to the study of ecology of organisms using the techniques and philosophy of systems analysis: that is, the methods and tools developed, largely in engineering, for studying, characterizing and making predictions about complex entities, that is, systems.. − ''系统生态学可以被定义为使用系统分析的技术和哲学研究生物体生态学的方法: 也就是说，方法和工具的开发，主要是在工程，研究，表征和预测复杂的实体，也就是系统。 − '' − − − * ''In any study of an ecological system, an essential early procedure is to draw a diagram of the system of interest ... diagrams indicate the system's '''boundaries''' by a solid line. Within these boundaries, series of components are isolated which have been chosen to represent that portion of the world in which the systems analyst is interested ... If there are no connections across the systems' boundaries with the surrounding '''systems environments''', the systems are described as ''closed''. Ecological work, however, deals almost exclusively with ''open'' systems.''<ref>{{cite book |title=Systems ecology : an introduction to ecological modelling|last=Kitching, R. L. (Roger Laurence), 1945-|publisher=University of Queensland Press|page=11|date=1983|isbn=0-7022-1813-8|oclc=8845946}}</ref> − ''在任何一个生态系统的研究中，一个基本的早期步骤是绘制一个关注系统的图表... 图表用实线表示系统的'''边界'''。在这些边界内，一系列的组件被隔离，这些组件被选择来代表系统分析师感兴趣的那部分世界...如果系统的边界与周围的'''系统环境'''之间没有连接，那么系统就被描述为封闭的。然而，生态学工作几乎只涉及开放系统。'' − − − − − − − As a mode of scientific enquiry, a central feature of Systems Ecology is the general application of the [[principles of energetics]] to all systems at any scale. Perhaps the most notable proponent of this view was [[Howard T. Odum]] - sometimes considered the father of ecosystems ecology. In this approach the principles of energetics constitute [[ecosystem principles]]. Reasoning by [[formal analogy]] from one system to another enables the Systems Ecologist to see principles functioning in an analogous manner across system-scale boundaries. H.T. Odum commonly used the [[Energy Systems Language]] as a tool for making systems diagrams and flow charts. − − As a mode of scientific enquiry, a central feature of Systems Ecology is the general application of the principles of energetics to all systems at any scale. Perhaps the most notable proponent of this view was Howard T. Odum - sometimes considered the father of ecosystems ecology. In this approach the principles of energetics constitute ecosystem principles. Reasoning by formal analogy from one system to another enables the Systems Ecologist to see principles functioning in an analogous manner across system-scale boundaries. H.T. Odum commonly used the Energy Systems Language as a tool for making systems diagrams and flow charts. + − The fourth of these principles, the [[Maximum power principle|principle of maximum power efficiency]], takes central place in the analysis and synthesis of ecological systems. The fourth principle suggests that the most evolutionarily advantageous system function occurs when the environmental load matches the internal resistance of the system. The further the environmental load is from matching the internal resistance, the further the system is away from its sustainable steady state. Therefore, the systems ecologist engages in a task of resistance and impedance matching in [[ecological engineering]], just as the [[electronic engineer]] would do.+ − + − The fourth of these principles, the principle of maximum power efficiency, takes central place in the analysis and synthesis of ecological systems. The fourth principle suggests that the most evolutionarily advantageous system function occurs when the environmental load matches the internal resistance of the system. The further the environmental load is from matching the internal resistance, the further the system is away from its sustainable steady state. Therefore, the systems ecologist engages in a task of resistance and impedance matching in ecological engineering, just as the electronic engineer would do. − − 原理中的第四条，'''<font color="#ff8000">最大功率效率原理 Principle of Maximum Power Efficiency</font>'''，在生态系统的分析和综合的过程中中占据中心地位。第四项原理认为，当环境负荷与系统内部阻力相匹配时，系统功能将发生于进化最有利的改变。环境负荷与内阻的匹配性越差，系统离可持续稳定状态越远。因此，系统生态学家像'''<font color="#ff8000">电子工程师 Electronic Engineer</font>'''一样，在生态工程中从事匹配电阻和阻抗的工作。 − − ==Closely related fields== − − ==Closely related fields== − − − − − − − − ===Deep ecology=== − − − − − − {{Main article|Deep ecology}} − − − − − − − − − − Deep ecology is an ideology whose metaphysical underpinnings are deeply concerned with the science of ecology. The term was coined by Arne Naess, a Norwegian philosopher, Gandhian scholar, and environmental activist. He argues that the prevailing approach to environmental management is anthropocentric, and that the natural environment is not only "more complex than we imagine, it is more complex than we can imagine." Naess formulated deep ecology in 1973 at an environmental conference in Budapest. − − 深层生态学是一种与生态学密切相关的形而上学的基础意识形态。这个术语是由一位挪威哲学家、甘地学者，同时也是'''<font color="#ff8000">环境活动家 Environmental Activist</font>'''——Arne Naess创造的。他认为，目前流行的'''<font color="#ff8000">环境管理 Environmental Management</font>'''方法是'''<font color="#ff8000">人本位的 Anthropocentric</font>'''，自然环境不仅“比我们想象的更复杂，而是比我们能想象到的更复杂”Naess 于1973年在布达佩斯的一次环境会议上提出了深层生态学的概念。 − + − − − [[Joanna Macy]], [[John Seed]], and others developed Naess' thesis into a branch they called ''experiential deep ecology''. Their efforts were motivated by a need they perceived for the development of an "[[ecological self]]", which views the human ego as an integrated part of a living system that encompasses the individual. They sought to transcend [[altruism]] with a deeper self-interest based on [[biospherical equality]] beyond human chauvinism. − − Joanna Macy, John Seed, and others developed Naess' thesis into a branch they called experiential deep ecology. Their efforts were motivated by a need they perceived for the development of an "ecological self", which views the human ego as an integrated part of a living system that encompasses the individual. They sought to transcend altruism with a deeper self-interest based on biospherical equality beyond human chauvinism. − ===Earth systems engineering and management=== − − ===Earth systems engineering and management=== − − 地球系统工程与管理 − − {{Main article|Earth systems engineering and management}} − − − − Earth systems engineering and management (ESEM) is a discipline used to analyze, design, engineer and manage [[Complexity|complex]] [[Natural environment|environmental]] [[system]]s. It entails a wide range of subject areas including anthropology, engineering, [[environmental science]], ethics and philosophy. At its core, ESEM looks to "rationally design and manage coupled human-natural systems in a highly integrated and ethical fashion" − − Earth systems engineering and management (ESEM) is a discipline used to analyze, design, engineer and manage complex environmental systems. It entails a wide range of subject areas including anthropology, engineering, environmental science, ethics and philosophy. At its core, ESEM looks to "rationally design and manage coupled human-natural systems in a highly integrated and ethical fashion" − + + 第124行：
第42行： − + + − ===Ecological economics=== − 生态经济学 − {{Main article|Ecological economics}} + + − Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that addresses the dynamic and spatial interdependence between human economies and natural [[ecosystem]]s. Ecological economics brings together and connects different disciplines, within the natural and social sciences but especially between these broad areas. As the name suggests, the field is made up of researchers with a background in [[economics]] and [[ecology]]. An important motivation for the emergence of ecological economics has been criticism on the assumptions and approaches of traditional (mainstream) [[Environmental economics|environmental and resource economics]]. − Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that addresses the dynamic and spatial interdependence between human economies and natural ecosystems. Ecological economics brings together and connects different disciplines, within the natural and social sciences but especially between these broad areas. As the name suggests, the field is made up of researchers with a background in economics and ecology. An important motivation for the emergence of ecological economics has been criticism on the assumptions and approaches of traditional (mainstream) environmental and resource economics. − 生态经济学是学术研究中，研究人类经济和自然'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统 Ecosystem</font>'''之间动态和空间相互依存关系的一个跨学科领域。生态经济学把自然科学和社会科学的不同学科联系在一起，尤其是在广泛的领域之间。顾名思义，这个领域会由具有'''<font color="#ff8000">经济学 Economics</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">生态学 Ecology</font>'''相关背景的研究人员组成。生态经济学产生的一个重要动因是对传统(主流)'''<font color="#ff8000">环境资源经济学 Environmental and Resource Economics</font>'''的假设和方法的批判。 + + − ===Ecological energetics=== − ===Ecological energetics=== − 生态能量学+ + + − {{Main article|Ecological energetics}} − − − − Ecological energetics is the quantitative study of the flow of energy through ecological systems. It aims to uncover the [[Scientific law|principles]] which describe the propensity of such energy flows through the trophic, or 'energy availing' levels of ecological networks. In systems ecology the principles of ecosystem energy flows or "ecosystem laws" (i.e. principles of ecological energetics) are considered formally analogous to the [[principles of energetics]]. − − Ecological energetics is the quantitative study of the flow of energy through ecological systems. It aims to uncover the principles which describe the propensity of such energy flows through the trophic, or 'energy availing' levels of ecological networks. In systems ecology the principles of ecosystem energy flows or "ecosystem laws" (i.e. principles of ecological energetics) are considered formally analogous to the principles of energetics. − − 生态能量学是对生态系统中能量流动的定量研究。它旨在揭示描述这种能量流通过营养或生态网络时的能量利用水平的倾向的'''<font color="#ff8000">原理 Principles</font>'''。在系统生态学中，生态系统能量流动原理或“生态系统规律”(即:生态能量学原理)被认为在形式上类似于'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of Energetics</font>'''。 − − − − − − ===Ecological humanities=== − − ===Ecological humanities=== − − 生态人文学科 − − {{Main article|Ecological humanities}} − − − − Ecological humanities aims to bridge the divides between the sciences and the humanities, and between [[Western culture|Western]], [[Eastern culture|Eastern]] and [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous]] ways of knowing nature. Like ecocentric political theory, the ecological humanities are characterised by a connectivity ontology and a commitment to two fundamental axioms relating to the need to submit to [[Ecology|ecological]] laws and to see humanity as part of a larger living system. − − Ecological humanities aims to bridge the divides between the sciences and the humanities, and between Western, Eastern and Indigenous ways of knowing nature. Like ecocentric political theory, the ecological humanities are characterised by a connectivity ontology and a commitment to two fundamental axioms relating to the need to submit to ecological laws and to see humanity as part of a larger living system. − − 生态人文旨在弥合科学与人文之间的沟壑，弥合西方、东方和'''<font color="#ff8000">本土 Indigenous</font>'''对自然的认识方式。就像生态中心的政治理论一样，生态人文学科的特点是将本体论和对两个基本公理，即必须服从生态法则，并将人类视为更大的生命系统的一部分，的承诺连接起来。 − − − − − − ===Ecosystem ecology=== − − ===Ecosystem ecology=== − − 生态系统生态学 − − − − − − [[File:Ecoecolfigure1.jpg|thumb|right|A [[riparian forest]] in the [[White Mountains (New Hampshire)|White Mountains]], [[New Hampshire]] (USA)]] − − A [[riparian forest in the White Mountains, New Hampshire (USA)]] − − [[新罕布什尔州怀特山脉的河岸森林] − − {{Main article|Ecosystem ecology}} − − − − Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of [[Life|biotic]] and [[abiotic]] components of [[ecosystem]]s and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This [[science]] examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as [[chemical]]s, [[bedrock]], [[soil]], [[plant]]s, and [[animal]]s. Ecosystem ecology examines physical and biological structure and examines how these ecosystem characteristics interact. − − Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals. Ecosystem ecology examines physical and biological structure and examines how these ecosystem characteristics interact. − − 生态系统生态学是生态系统的'''<font color="#ff8000">生物 Biotic</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">非生物 Abiotic</font>'''组成部分及其在生态系统框架内的相互作用的综合研究。它主要研究生态系统是如何工作的，并将其与'''<font color="#ff8000">化学物质 Chemical</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">基岩 Bedrock</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">土壤 Soil</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000">植物 Plant</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">动物 Animal</font>'''等组成部分联系起来。生态系统生态学研究物理和生物结构以及这些生态系统特征是如何相互作用的。 − − − − − − The relationship between systems ecology and ecosystem ecology is complex. Much of systems ecology can be considered a subset of ecosystem ecology. Ecosystem ecology also utilizes methods that have little to do with the holistic approach of systems ecology. However, systems ecology more actively considers external influences such as economics that usually fall outside the bounds of ecosystem ecology. Whereas ecosystem ecology can be defined as the scientific study of ecosystems, systems ecology is more of a particular approach to the study of ecological systems and phenomena that interact with these systems. − − The relationship between systems ecology and ecosystem ecology is complex. Much of systems ecology can be considered a subset of ecosystem ecology. Ecosystem ecology also utilizes methods that have little to do with the holistic approach of systems ecology. However, systems ecology more actively considers external influences such as economics that usually fall outside the bounds of ecosystem ecology. Whereas ecosystem ecology can be defined as the scientific study of ecosystems, systems ecology is more of a particular approach to the study of ecological systems and phenomena that interact with these systems. + + − + − + − ===Industrial ecology===+ − + − 工业生态学+ − + − {{Main article|Industrial ecology}}+ − + − + − + − Industrial ecology is the study of [[industrial process]]es as linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new processes.+ − + − Industrial ecology is the study of industrial processes as linear (open loop) systems, in which resource and capital investments move through the system to become waste, to a closed loop system where wastes become inputs for new processes.+ − − 工业生态学研究作为线性(开放式循环)系统的'''<font color="#ff8000">工业过程 Industrial Process</font>'''，其中资源和资本投资的流动通过该系统变成废料，接着进入一个封闭式循环系统，废料便成为新一次过程的投入。 − − − − − − ==See also== − − − − 参见 − − {{Portal|Earth sciences|Ecology|Geography|Systems science}} − − − − − − − − {{div col}} − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − * [[Energy Systems Language]] 能源系统语言 − − − − − − − − * [[Holon (philosophy)]] 整体单元（哲学） − − − − * [[Holistic management]] 整体管理 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − {{div col end}} − − + − − − − − − ==References== − − 参考资料 − + − + − − − − − − ==Literature== − − 文学 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − + − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − + − + − − − − ==External links== − − ==External links== − − 外部链接 − − {{Commonscat}} − − − − :Organisations − − Organisations − − 机构 − − *[http://www.ecology.su.se/ Systems Ecology Department] at the Stockholm University. − − − − *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080603214448/http://www.falw.vu.nl/Onderzoeksinstituten/index.cfm/home_subsection.cfm/subsectionid/55B99586-E22B-4B5C-89C65764F35DDB54 Systems Ecology Department] at the University of Amsterdam. − − − − *[http://www.esf.edu/efb/hall/se/ Systems ecology Lab] at SUNY-ESF. − − − − *[http://www.ees.ufl.edu/homepp/brown/syseco/ Systems Ecology program] at the University of Florida − − − − *[http://www.dbs.umt.edu/systemsecology/ Systems Ecology program] at the University of Montana − − − − *[http://www.sysecol.ethz.ch/ Terrestrial Systems Ecology] of ETH Zürich. − − − − − − − − {{modelling ecosystems|expanded=other}} − − − − {{Systems}} − − − − {{Environmental science}} − − − − {{Environmental social science}} − − − − − − − − {{DEFAULTSORT:Systems Ecology}} − − − − − − − − − − Category:Environmental science − − 类别: 环境科学 − − [[Category:Environmental social science]] − − Category:Environmental social science − − 类别: 环境社会科学 − − + − Category:Formal sciences+ − − 类别: 正规科学 − − − − Ecology − − 生态学 − − − − Category:Subfields of ecology − − 分类: 生态学的子领域 − − <noinclude> − − <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Systems ecology]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[系统生态学/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> − − [[Category:待整理页面]]
无编辑摘要
此词条暂由小竹凉翻译，未经人工审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{short description|A holistic approach to the study of ecological systems}}
此词条暂由小竹凉翻译，未经人工审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。{{short description|A holistic approach to the study of ecological systems}}
[[File:Genomics GTL Program Payoffs.jpg|right|thumb|300px|生态系统中CO<sub>2</sub>的生态学分析]]
'''系统生态学 Systems Ecology'''是一个跨学科的生态学领域，是'''<font color="#ff8000">地球系统科学 Earth System Science</font>'''的一个子集，它采用整体的方法研究生态学中的系统，尤其是生态系统。<ref>{{cite book |title=Systems ecology|last=Shugart, Herman H. (Herman Henry), 1944-|last2=O'Neill, R. V. (Robert V.), 1940-|isbn=0-87933-347-2|oclc=4664585}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Ecosystems, systems ecology, and systems ecologists.|last=Van Dyne, George M., 1932-|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Health Physics Divisions|date=1966|oclc=4247138}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Fundamental processes in ecology : an earth systems approach|last=Wilkinson, David M., 1963-|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2006|isbn=0-19-856846-0|oclc=67383832}}</ref>系统生态学可以看作是[[一般系统理论]]在生态学中的应用。系统生态学方法的核心思想是，生态系统是一个具有突显特性的复杂系统。系统生态学侧重于，生物的系统和生态的系统之间或内部的相互作用和交换，尤其关注人类干预对生态系统功能的影响。它使用并扩展了[[热力学]]中的概念，同时开发了其他复杂系统的宏观描述。
==概览==
依照R.L.Kitching所说，系统生态学寻求生物的系统和生态的系统内部，以及它们之间的相互作用和交换的'''<font color="#ff8000">整体的 Holistic</font>'''观点。系统生态学家意识到，任何生态系统的功能都可能从根本上受到人类经济学的影响。他们因此采取了额外的跨学科步骤，将经济学纳入'''<font color="#ff8000">生态经济 Ecological-economic</font>'''系统的考虑。返回文章页面风筝:<ref>{{cite book |title=Systems ecology : an introduction to ecological modelling|last=Kitching, R. L. (Roger Laurence), 1945-|publisher=University of Queensland Press|page=9|date=1983|isbn=0-7022-1813-8|oclc=8845946}}</ref>
'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统 Ecosystem</font>'''中CO<sub>2</sub>的生态学分析
* ''Systems ecology can be defined as the approach to the study of ecology of organisms using the techniques and philosophy of systems analysis: that is, the methods and tools developed, largely in engineering, for studying, characterizing and making predictions about complex entities, that is, systems.''
''系统生态学可以被定义为使用系统分析的技术和哲学研究生物体生态学的方法: 也就是说，方法和工具的开发，主要是在工程，研究，表征和预测复杂的实体，也就是系统。''
'''<font color="#ff8000">系统生态学 Systems Ecology</font>'''是一个'''<font color="#ff8000">跨学科的 Interdisciplinary</font>''' '''<font color="#ff8000">生态学 Ecology</font>'''领域，是'''<font color="#ff8000">地球系统科学 Earth System Science</font>'''的一个子集，它采用整体的方法研究生态学中的系统，尤其是生态系统。系统生态学可以看作是'''<font color="#ff8000">一般系统理论 General System Theroy</font>'''在生态学中的应用。系统生态学方法的核心思想是，生态系统是一个具有'''<font color="#ff8000">突显特性 Emergent Properties</font>'''的复杂系统。系统生态学侧重于，生物的系统和生态的系统之间或内部的相互作用和交换，尤其关注人类干预对生态系统功能的影响。它使用并扩展了'''<font color="#ff8000">热力学 Thermodynamics</font>'''中的概念，同时开发了其他复杂系统的宏观描述。
* ''In any study of an ecological system, an essential early procedure is to draw a diagram of the system of interest ... diagrams indicate the system's '''boundaries''' by a solid line. Within these boundaries, series of components are isolated which have been chosen to represent that portion of the world in which the systems analyst is interested ... If there are no connections across the systems' boundaries with the surrounding '''systems environments''', the systems are described as ''closed''. Ecological work, however, deals almost exclusively with ''open'' systems.''
''在任何一个生态系统的研究中，一个基本的早期步骤是绘制一个关注系统的图表... 图表用实线表示系统的边界。在这些边界内，一系列的组件被隔离，这些组件被选择来代表系统分析师感兴趣的那部分世界...如果系统的边界与周围的'''系统环境'''之间没有连接，那么系统就被描述为封闭的。然而，生态学工作几乎只涉及开放系统。''<ref>{{cite book |title=Systems ecology : an introduction to ecological modelling|last=Kitching, R. L. (Roger Laurence), 1945-|publisher=University of Queensland Press|page=11|date=1983|isbn=0-7022-1813-8|oclc=8845946}}</ref>
作为一种科学探究方式，系统生态学的一个核心特征就是'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of Energetics</font>'''在任何尺度的所有系统中的普遍应用。这个观点最著名的支持者是Howard T. Odum，他有时被认为是生态系统生态学之父。在这种方法中，能量学原理构成了'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统原理 Ecosystem Principles</font>'''。通过从一个系统到另一个系统的形式进行类比推理，系统生态学家可以看到生态系统原理以类似的方式，跨越系统的尺度边界而发挥作用。H.t.Odum 通常将'''<font color="#ff8000">能源系统语言 Energy Systems Language</font>'''作为制作系统图和流程图的一个工具。
作为一种科学探究方式，系统生态学的一个核心特征就是'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of Energetics</font>'''在任何尺度的所有系统中的普遍应用。这个观点最著名的支持者是Howard T. Odum，他有时被认为是生态系统生态学之父。在这种方法中，能量学原理构成了'''<font color="#ff8000">生态系统原理 Ecosystem Principles</font>'''。通过从一个系统到另一个系统的形式进行类比推理，系统生态学家可以看到生态系统原理以类似的方式，跨越系统的尺度边界而发挥作用。H.t.Odum 通常将'''<font color="#ff8000">能源系统语言 Energy Systems Language</font>'''作为制作系统图和流程图的一个工具。
原理中的第四条，'''<font color="#ff8000">最大功率效率原理 Principle of Maximum Power Efficiency</font>'''，在生态系统的分析和综合的过程中中占据中心地位。第四项原理认为，当环境负荷与系统内部阻力相匹配时，系统功能将发生于进化最有利的改变。环境负荷与内阻的匹配性越差，系统离可持续稳定状态越远。因此，系统生态学家像电子工程师一样，在生态工程中从事匹配电阻和阻抗的工作。
==密切相关的领域==
===深层生态学 Deep ecology===
密切相关的领域
===Deep ecology===
深层生态学
Deep ecology is an ideology whose metaphysical underpinnings are deeply concerned with the science of ecology. The term was coined by [[Arne Næss|Arne Naess]], a Norwegian philosopher, [[Gandhi]]an scholar, and [[environmental activist]]. He argues that the prevailing approach to [[environmental management]] is [[anthropocentric]], and that the natural environment is not only "more complex than we imagine, it is more complex than we can imagine."<ref>A statement attributed to British biologist [[J.B.S. Haldane]]</ref> Naess formulated deep ecology in 1973 at an environmental conference in Budapest.
'''深层生态学'''是一种与生态学密切相关的形而上学的基础意识形态。这个术语是由一位挪威哲学家、甘地学者，同时也是环境活动家——Arne Naess创造的。他认为，目前流行的环境管理方法是'''<font color="#ff8000">以人类为中心的 Anthropocentric</font>'''，自然环境不仅“比我们想象的更复杂，而是比我们能想象到的更复杂”Naess 于1973年在布达佩斯的一次环境会议上提出了深层生态学的概念。
Joanna Macy、John Seed和其他人将Naess的论点发展成他们称为经验性深层生态学的一个分支。他们之所以作出这些努力，是因为他们认为需要发展“生态自我” ，将人的自我视为包括个人在内的生命系统的一个组成部分。他们试图超越'''<font color="#ff8000">利他主义 Altruism</font>'''，以超越人类沙文主义的'''<font color="#ff8000">生物学的平等 Biospherical Equality</font>'''为基础，实现更深层次的自我利益。
Joanna Macy、John Seed和其他人将Naess的论点发展成他们称为经验性深层生态学的一个分支。他们之所以作出这些努力，是因为他们认为需要发展“生态自我” ，将人的自我视为包括个人在内的生命系统的一个组成部分。他们试图超越'''<font color="#ff8000">利他主义 Altruism</font>'''，以超越人类沙文主义的'''<font color="#ff8000">生物学的平等 Biospherical Equality</font>'''为基础，实现更深层次的自我利益。
地球系统工程与管理(ESEM)是一门用于分析、设计、工程和管理'''<font color="#ff8000">复杂环境系统 Complex Environmental Systems</font>'''的学科。它广泛涉及多个学科领域，包括人类学、工程学、'''<font color="#ff8000">环境科学 Environmental Science</font>'''、伦理学和哲学。ESEM 的核心是“以具有高度整合性并且道德的方式，合理地设计并管理人与自然的耦合系统”
===地球系统工程与管理 Earth systems engineering and management===
地球系统工程与管理 Earth systems engineering and management（ESEM）是一门用于分析、设计、工程和管理复杂环境系统学科。它广泛涉及多个学科领域，包括人类学、工程学、环境科学、伦理学和哲学。ESEM 的核心是“以具有高度整合性并且道德的方式，合理地设计并管理人与自然的耦合系统”
===Ecological economics===
===生态经济学 Ecological economics===
生态经济学是学术研究中，研究人类经济和自然生态系统之间动态和空间相互依存关系的一个跨学科领域。生态经济学把自然科学和社会科学的不同学科联系在一起，尤其是在广泛的领域之间。顾名思义，这个领域会由具有经济学和生态学相关背景的研究人员组成。生态经济学产生的一个重要动因是对传统(主流)环境资源经济学的假设和方法的批判。
===生态能量学 Ecological energetics===
生态能量学是对生态系统中能量流动的定量研究。它旨在揭示描述这种能量流通过营养或生态网络时的能量利用水平的倾向的原理。在系统生态学中，生态系统能量流动原理或“生态系统规律”（即:生态能量学原理）被认为在形式上类似于'''<font color="#ff8000">能量学原理 Principles of Energetics</font>'''。
===生态人文学科===
生态人文旨在弥合科学与人文之间的沟壑，弥合西方、东方和本土对自然的认识方式。就像生态中心的政治理论一样，生态人文学科的特点是将本体论和对两个基本公理，即必须服从生态法则，并将人类视为更大的生命系统的一部分，的承诺连接起来。
===生态系统生态学 Ecosystem ecology===
[[File:Ecoecolfigure1.jpg|thumb|right|美国新罕布什尔州怀特山脉的河岸森林]]
生态系统生态学是生态系统的生物和非生物组成部分及其在生态系统框架内的相互作用的综合研究。它主要研究生态系统是如何工作的，并将其与化学物质、基岩、土壤、植物和动物等组成部分联系起来。生态系统生态学研究物理和生物结构以及这些生态系统特征是如何相互作用的。
系统生态学和生态系统生态学之间的关系是复杂的。许多系统生态学可以被认为是生态系统生态学的一个子集。生态系统生态学也使用了一些与系统生态学的整体方法无关的方法。然而，系统生态学更积极地考虑外部影响，比如经济学，它通常超出了生态系统生态学的范围。生态系统生态学可以被定义为生态系统的科学研究，而系统生态学更多算是采用某种特殊的方法来研究生态系统和与这些系统相互作用的现象。
系统生态学和生态系统生态学之间的关系是复杂的。许多系统生态学可以被认为是生态系统生态学的一个子集。生态系统生态学也使用了一些与系统生态学的整体方法无关的方法。然而，系统生态学更积极地考虑外部影响，比如经济学，它通常超出了生态系统生态学的范围。生态系统生态学可以被定义为生态系统的科学研究，而系统生态学更多算是采用某种特殊的方法来研究生态系统和与这些系统相互作用的现象。
===工业生态学===
工业生态学研究作为线性（开放式循环）系统的工业过程，其中资源和资本投资的流动通过该系统变成废料，接着进入一个封闭式循环系统，废料便成为新一次过程的投入。
===Industrial ecology===
==另见==
* [[农业生态学 Agroecology]]
* [[地球系统科学 Earth system science]]
* [[生态系统生态学 Ecosystem ecology]]
* [[生态素养 Ecological literacy]]
* [[能值 Emergy]]
* [[能量学 Energetics]]
* [[科学中的整体论 Holism in science]]
* [[景观生态学 Landscape ecology]]
* [[反还原论 Antireductionism]]
* [[生物符号学 Biosemiotics]]
* [[生态符号学 Ecosemiotics]]
* [[社会生态系统代谢多尺度综合评估 MuSIASEM]]
==See also==
* [[Agroecology]] 农业生态学
* [[Earth system science]] 地球系统科学
* [[Ecosystem ecology]] 生态系统生态学
* [[Ecological literacy]] 生态素养
* [[Emergy]] 能值
* [[Energetics]] 能量学
* [[Holism in science]] 科学中的整体论
* [[Landscape ecology]] 景观生态学
* [[Antireductionism]] 反还原论
* [[Biosemiotics]] 生物符号学
* [[Ecosemiotics]] 生态符号学
* [[MuSIASEM]] 社会生态系统代谢多尺度综合评估
==参考文献==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
==文学==
* Gregory Bateson, ''Steps to an Ecology of Mind'', 2000.
==Literature==
* [[Gregory Bateson]], ''Steps to an Ecology of Mind'', 2000.
* Kenneth Edmund Ferguson, ''Systems Analysis in Ecology'', WATT, 1966, 276 pp.
* Kenneth Edmund Ferguson, ''Systems Analysis in Ecology'', WATT, 1966, 276 pp.
* Efraim Halfon, ''Theoretical Systems Ecology: Advances and Case Studies'', 1979.
* Efraim Halfon, ''Theoretical Systems Ecology: Advances and Case Studies'', 1979.
* J. W. Haefner, ''Modeling Biological Systems: Principles and Applications'', London., UK, Chapman and Hall 1996, 473 pp.
* J. W. Haefner, ''Modeling Biological Systems: Principles and Applications'', London., UK, Chapman and Hall 1996, 473 pp.
* Richard F Johnston, Peter W Frank, Charles Duncan Michener, ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics'', 1976, 307 pp.
* Richard F Johnston, Peter W Frank, Charles Duncan Michener, ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics'', 1976, 307 pp.
* Jorgensen, Sven E., "Introduction to Systems Ecology", CRC Press, 2012.
* Jorgensen, Sven E., "Introduction to Systems Ecology", CRC Press, 2012.
* R.L. Kitching, ''Systems ecology'', University of Queensland Press, 1983.
* R.L. Kitching, ''Systems ecology'', University of Queensland Press, 1983.
* Howard T. Odum] ''Systems Ecology: An Introduction'', Wiley-Interscience, 1983.
* Howard T. Odum, ''Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology''. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, CO, 1994.
* [[Howard T. Odum]], ''Systems Ecology: An Introduction'', Wiley-Interscience, 1983.
* [[Howard T. Odum]], ''Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology''. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, CO, 1994.
* Friedrich Recknagel, ''Applied Systems Ecology: Approach and Case Studies in Aquatic Ecology'', 1989.
* Friedrich Recknagel, ''Applied Systems Ecology: Approach and Case Studies in Aquatic Ecology'', 1989.
* James. Sanderson & Larry D. Harris, ''Landscape Ecology: A Top-down Approach'', 2000, 246 pp.
* James. Sanderson & Larry D. Harris, ''Landscape Ecology: A Top-down Approach'', 2000, 246 pp.
* Sheldon Smith, ''Human Systems Ecology: Studies in the Integration of Political Economy'', 1989.
* Sheldon Smith, ''Human Systems Ecology: Studies in the Integration of Political Economy'', 1989.
* Shugart, H.H., O’Neil, R.V. (Eds.) ''Systems Ecology'', Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., 1979.
* Shugart, H.H., O’Neil, R.V. (Eds.) ''Systems Ecology'', Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., 1979.
* Van Dyne, George M., ''Ecosystems, Systems Ecology, and Systems Ecologists'', ORNL- 3975. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 1–40, 1966.
* Van Dyne, George M., ''Ecosystems, Systems Ecology, and Systems Ecologists'', ORNL- 3975. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. 1–40, 1966.
* Patten, Bernard C. (editor), "Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology", Volume 1, Academic Press, 1971.
* Patten, Bernard C. (editor), "Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology", Volume 1, Academic Press, 1971.
* Patten, Bernard C. (editor), "Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology", Volume 2, Academic Press, 1972.
* Patten, Bernard C. (editor), "Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology", Volume 2, Academic Press, 1972.
* Patten, Bernard C. (editor), "Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology", Volume 3, Academic Press, 1975.
* Patten, Bernard C. (editor), "Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology", Volume 3, Academic Press, 1975.
* Patten, Bernard C. (editor), "Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology", Volume 4, Academic Press, 1976.
* Patten, Bernard C. (editor), "Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology", Volume 4, Academic Press, 1976.
[[Category:环境科学]]
[[Category:环境社会科学]]
[[Category:Systems ecology| ]]
[[Category:Environmental science]]
[[Category:Formal sciences]]
[[Category:Formal sciences]]
[[Category:生态学]]
[[Category:生态学的子领域]]
[[Category:Systems theory|Ecology]]
[[Category:Subfields of ecology]]