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第1行： − 此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共422，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。+ 第15行：
第15行： − 生成科学是研究自然世界及其复杂行为的一个领域。它探索了“根据确定性和有限的规则和参数，再现或类似于自然和社会现象的行为，产生明显出乎意料和无限的行为”的方法。通过建立这种相互作用的模型，它可以表明系统中存在着在现实世界中没有被注意到的属性。一个研究领域的例子是意外后果在社会过程中是如何产生的。+ 第23行：
第23行： − 生成科学经常在几个层面上探索自然现象。自组织自然系统是自然界研究的中心课题。一般来说，复杂系统的研究被归入了“一般系统理论”的范畴，尤其是卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非，Anatol Rapoport，Ralph Gerard 和 Kenneth Boulding。+ − 第35行：
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第40行： − 来自飞机机翼的尖涡中的湍流。研究系统产生湍流的临界点对混沌理论很重要，例如苏联物理学家 Lev Landau 分析了湍流的 Landau-Hopf 理论。后来 David Ruelle 和 Floris Takens 针对 Landau 预测，湍流可以通过一个奇怪的吸引子发展，这是混沌理论的一个主要概念+ 第53行：
第52行： − 像鸟群一样的群体行为的自然现象可以用简单的人工规则在单个单元中建模，用群体智能而不是任何集中控制+ − 第66行：
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第75行： − 生成科学中与认知科学相关的最有影响力的进展之一来自诺姆 · 乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)(1957)对生成文法的发展，该理论将语言生成与语义内容分开，从而揭示了关于人类语言的重要问题。也是在20世纪50年代早期，麻省理工学院的心理学家，包括库尔特 · 勒温、雅各布 · 列维 · 莫雷诺和弗里茨 · 海德尔，为后来发展成为社会网络分析的群体动力学研究奠定了基础。+ − + + − + − 第93行：
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此词条暂由Henry翻译。
{{short description|Study of how complex behaviour can be generated by deterministic and finite rules and parameters}}
{{short description|Study of how complex behaviour can be generated by deterministic and finite rules and parameters}}
Generative science is an area of research that explores the natural world and its complex behaviours. It explores ways "to generate apparently unanticipated and infinite behaviour based on deterministic and finite rules and parameters reproducing or resembling the behavior of natural and social phenomena". By modelling such interactions, it can suggest that properties exist in the system that had not been noticed in the real world situation. An example field of study is how unintended consequences arise in social processes.
Generative science is an area of research that explores the natural world and its complex behaviours. It explores ways "to generate apparently unanticipated and infinite behaviour based on deterministic and finite rules and parameters reproducing or resembling the behavior of natural and social phenomena". By modelling such interactions, it can suggest that properties exist in the system that had not been noticed in the real world situation. An example field of study is how unintended consequences arise in social processes.
生成科学是探索自然世界及其复杂行为的研究领域。它探索了“基于再现或类似自然和社会现象行为的确定性和有限性规则和参数，产生明显出乎意料和无限的行为”的方法。通过对这种相互作用进行建模，它可以表明系统中存在着在现实世界中没有注意到的特性。研究领域的一个例子是研究社会过程中如何产生出乎意料的结果。
Generative sciences often explore natural phenomena at several levels of organization. Self-organizing natural systems are a central subject, studied both theoretically and by simulation experiments. The study of complex systems in general has been grouped under the heading of "general systems theory", particularly by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Anatol Rapoport, Ralph Gerard, and Kenneth Boulding.
Generative sciences often explore natural phenomena at several levels of organization. Self-organizing natural systems are a central subject, studied both theoretically and by simulation experiments. The study of complex systems in general has been grouped under the heading of "general systems theory", particularly by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Anatol Rapoport, Ralph Gerard, and Kenneth Boulding.
生成科学经常在组织的几个层次上探索自然现象。自组织自然系统是一个重要的研究课题，无论是理论研究还是仿真实验都是如此。一般来说，复杂系统的研究被归在“一般系统理论”的课题下，代表人物有路德维希·冯·贝尔塔兰菲、阿纳托尔·拉波波特、拉尔夫·杰拉德和肯尼斯·博尔丁。
==Scientific and philosophical origins==
==Scientific and philosophical origins科学哲学渊源==
[[File:Airplane vortex edit.jpg|thumb|[[Turbulence]] in the [[Wingtip vortices|tip vortex]] from an [[airplane]] wing. Studies of the critical point beyond which a system creates turbulence were important for [[chaos theory]], analyzed for example by the [[Soviet physicists|Soviet physicist]] [[Lev Landau]] who developed the [[Landau-Hopf theory of turbulence]]. [[David Ruelle]] and [[Floris Takens]] later predicted, against Landau, that [[fluid turbulence]] could develop through a [[strange attractor]], a main concept of chaos theory.]]
[[File:Airplane vortex edit.jpg|thumb|[[Turbulence]] in the [[Wingtip vortices|tip vortex]] from an [[airplane]] wing. Studies of the critical point beyond which a system creates turbulence were important for [[chaos theory]], analyzed for example by the [[Soviet physicists|Soviet physicist]] [[Lev Landau]] who developed the [[Landau-Hopf theory of turbulence]]. [[David Ruelle]] and [[Floris Takens]] later predicted, against Landau, that [[fluid turbulence]] could develop through a [[strange attractor]], a main concept of chaos theory.]]
[[Turbulence in the tip vortex from an airplane wing. Studies of the critical point beyond which a system creates turbulence were important for chaos theory, analyzed for example by the Soviet physicist Lev Landau who developed the Landau-Hopf theory of turbulence. David Ruelle and Floris Takens later predicted, against Landau, that fluid turbulence could develop through a strange attractor, a main concept of chaos theory.]]
[[Turbulence in the tip vortex from an airplane wing. Studies of the critical point beyond which a system creates turbulence were important for chaos theory, analyzed for example by the Soviet physicist Lev Landau who developed the Landau-Hopf theory of turbulence. David Ruelle and Floris Takens later predicted, against Landau, that fluid turbulence could develop through a strange attractor, a main concept of chaos theory.]]
飞机机翼顶端涡流中的湍流。关于系统产生湍流的临界点的研究对于混沌理论非常重要，例如，苏联物理学家Lev Landau开发了Landau-Hopf湍流理论。大卫·鲁埃尔和弗洛里斯·塔肯斯后来预言，流体湍流可能通过一个奇怪的吸引子发展，而这个吸引子是混沌理论的主要概念。
[[File:Forest of synthetic pyramidal dendrites grown using Cajal's laws of neuronal branching.png|thumb|200px|[[Computer simulation]] of the branching architecture of the [[dendrite]]s of [[pyramidal neuron]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Hermann Cuntz | doi = 10.1371/image.pcbi.v06.i08 | title = PLoS Computational Biology Issue Image | Vol. 6(8) August 2010 | journal = PLOS Computational Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = ev06.ei08 | year = 2010 | pmid = | pmc = | doi-access = free }}</ref>]]
[[File:Forest of synthetic pyramidal dendrites grown using Cajal's laws of neuronal branching.png|thumb|200px|[[Computer simulation]] of the branching architecture of the [[dendrite]]s of [[pyramidal neuron]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Hermann Cuntz | doi = 10.1371/image.pcbi.v06.i08 | title = PLoS Computational Biology Issue Image | Vol. 6(8) August 2010 | journal = PLOS Computational Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = ev06.ei08 | year = 2010 | pmid = | pmc = | doi-access = free }}</ref>]]
The natural phenomenon of herd behaviour as in a flock of birds can be modelled artificially using simple rules in individual units, with [[swarm intelligence rather than any centralized control.]]
The natural phenomenon of herd behaviour as in a flock of birds can be modelled artificially using simple rules in individual units, with [[swarm intelligence rather than any centralized control.]]
群体行为的自然现象，如鸟群中的行为，可以用简单的个体规则，用群体智能而不是任何集中控制来人工模拟。
**[[Conway's Game of Life]] is a zero-player game based on cellular automata, meaning that the only input is in setting the initial conditions, and the game is to see how the system evolves.<ref>[http://www.bitstorm.org/gameoflife/ John Conway's Game of Life]</ref>
**[[Conway's Game of Life]] is a zero-player game based on cellular automata, meaning that the only input is in setting the initial conditions, and the game is to see how the system evolves.<ref>[http://www.bitstorm.org/gameoflife/ John Conway's Game of Life]</ref>
[Conway's Game of Life]]是一款基于元胞自动机的零人游戏，也就是说，唯一的输入是设置初始条件，游戏就是看系统如何进化
**In 1996 [[Joshua M. Epstein]] and [[Robert Axtell]] wrote the book ''Growing Artificial Societies'' which proposes a set of automaton rules and a system called ''[[Sugarscape]]'' which models a population dependent on resources (called sugar).
**In 1996 [[Joshua M. Epstein]] and [[Robert Axtell]] wrote the book ''Growing Artificial Societies'' which proposes a set of automaton rules and a system called ''[[Sugarscape]]'' which models a population dependent on resources (called sugar).
1996年，[[约书亚M爱泼斯坦]]和[[罗伯特·阿克斯泰尔]]写了一本书《成长中的人工社会》，书中提出了一套自动化规则和一个名为“[[Sugarscape]]”的系统，该系统对依赖资源的人口（称为sugar）进行建模
*[[Artificial neural network]]s attempt to solve problems in the same way that the human brain would, although they are still several orders of magnitude less complex than the human brain and closer to the computing power of a worm. Advances in the understanding of the human brain often stimulate new patterns in neural networks.
*[[Artificial neural network]]s attempt to solve problems in the same way that the human brain would, although they are still several orders of magnitude less complex than the human brain and closer to the computing power of a worm. Advances in the understanding of the human brain often stimulate new patterns in neural networks.
[[人工神经网络]]试图以人脑同样的方式解决问题，尽管它们的复杂程度仍比人脑低几个数量级，更接近蠕虫的计算能力。对人脑的理解的进步经常刺激神经网络的新模式。
One of the most influential advances in the generative sciences as related to cognitive science came from Noam Chomsky's (1957) development of generative grammar, which separated language generation from semantic content, and thereby revealed important questions about human language. It was also in the early 1950s that psychologists at the MIT including Kurt Lewin, Jacob Levy Moreno and Fritz Heider laid the foundations for group dynamics research which later developed into social network analysis.
One of the most influential advances in the generative sciences as related to cognitive science came from Noam Chomsky's (1957) development of generative grammar, which separated language generation from semantic content, and thereby revealed important questions about human language. It was also in the early 1950s that psychologists at the MIT including Kurt Lewin, Jacob Levy Moreno and Fritz Heider laid the foundations for group dynamics research which later developed into social network analysis.
与认知科学相关的生成科学中最具影响力的进展之一来自诺姆·乔斯基（1957）对生成语法的发展，它将语言生成与语义内容分离开来，从而揭示了有关人类语言的重要问题。同样是在20世纪50年代早期，麻省理工学院的心理学家库尔特·勒温、雅各布·利维·莫雷诺和弗里茨·海德为后来发展为社会网络分析的群体动力学研究奠定了基础。
== See also ==
== See also参见 ==
* {{annotated link|Generative systems}}
* {{annotated link|Generative systems}}
生成系统
==References参考==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
==External links外部链接==
* http://www.swarthmore.edu/socsci/tburke1/artsoc.html (Artificial Societies, Virtual Worlds and the Shared Problems and Possibilities of Emergence)
* http://www.swarthmore.edu/socsci/tburke1/artsoc.html (Artificial Societies, Virtual Worlds and the Shared Problems and Possibilities of Emergence)