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The mathematical character of information metabolism is twofold. Receptors, acting as inputs for the metabolized signals, operate analogically to analog electronic devices. The processing of signals in the remaining part of the nervous system is binary (the response of a neuron may be twofold: null – no response, or 1 – when the action potential is released). Due to these characteristics, organisms may be considered analogous to digital systems.[4][7]
The mathematical character of information metabolism is twofold. Receptors, acting as inputs for the metabolized signals, operate analogically to analog electronic devices. The processing of signals in the remaining part of the nervous system is binary (the response of a neuron may be twofold: null – no response, or 1 – when the action potential is released). Due to these characteristics, organisms may be considered analogous to digital systems.[4][7]
==Reception==
Kępiński's books are regarded as classics of Polish psychiatric and philosophical literature.<ref name ="ryn1">{{cite web|last1=Ryn|first1=Zdzisław|title=Mistrz Antoni Kępiński|url=http://www.psychiatria.pl/artykul/mistrz-antoni-kepinski/776|website=psychiatria.pl|accessdate=1 May 2017}}</ref> Because of the interest in his work, his most important books have been reissued several times (recently in 2012-2015 by Wydawictwo Literackie <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wydawnictwoliterackie.pl/autorzy/768/Antoni-Kepinski|title=Antoni Kępiński|first=Wydawnictwo|last=Literackie|website=www.wydawnictwoliterackie.pl}}</ref>).
Kępiński's work was evaluated by the reviewers as insightful, comprehensive and unique.<ref name="brzezicki2014">{{cite book|last1=Brzezicki|first1=Eugeniusz|editor1-last=Kępiński|editor1-first=Antoni|title=Schizophrenia (in Polish)|date=2014|publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie|chapter=Foreword}}</ref> Nevertheless, his concept of information metabolism has been criticized as controversial by some scholars.<ref name="ceklarz2018">{{cite journal|last1=Ceklarz|first1=Jan|title=Revision of Antoni Kępiński’s concept of information metabolism (in Polish)|journal=Psychiatr. Pol.|date=2018|volume=52|issue=1|pages=165–173|doi=10.12740/PP/65751|url=http://www.psychiatriapolska.pl/uploads/images/PP_1_2018/165Ceklarz_PsychiatrPol2018v52i1.pdf|pmid=29704423}}</ref> The controversy was related with the fact that some elements of the theory cannot be verified by the [[scientific method]] because it is hard to design appropriate experiments.<ref name="ceklarz2018" /> In response to these objections, psychiatrist Jacek Bomba pointed out that information metabolism was never meant to be a scientific theory, but rather an [[anthropology|anthropological]] model, which accurately integrates the findings of [[neurophysiology]], [[psychology]], [[social science]] and [[medicine]].<ref name="ceklarz2018" />
Philosopher Jakub Zawiła-Niedźwiecki noted that current reading of Kępiński has to correct for his work mostly being pre-scientific from before the [[evidence-based medicine]], modern [[philosophy of the mind]] and [[cognitive psychology]] era.<ref name="zawila2018">{{cite web|last1=Zawiła-Niedźwiecki|first1=Jakub|title=Kępiński, philosophy of mind, an inquiry into some limits of patient’s autonomy|url=https://www.academia.edu/20222967/Kępiński_philosophy_of_mind_an_inquiry_into_some_limits_of_patient_s_autonomy|website=academia.edu|accessdate=25 March 2018}}</ref> He enlisted two Kępiński's propositions that are currently considered incorrect i.e. the proposition that information metabolism has its control center ([[homunculus argument|the homunculus argument]]) and the view that brain is only used in 30%. Nevertheless, as noted by Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, these concepts were not central in Kępiński's theory and can be safely rejected. He also reminded that Kępiński was sceptical about methods that lacked strong scientific basis, e.g. [[psychoanalysis]], and rejected magical thinking in general.<ref name="zawila2018" />
During his life, Kępiński mentioned that his model of information metabolism is not complete.<ref name="struzik1987">{{cite journal|last1=Struzik|first1=Tadeusz|title=Kepiński's Information Metabolism, Carnot's Principle and Information Theory|journal=International Journal of Neuroscience|date=1987|volume=36|issue=1–2|pages=105-111|doi=10.3109/00207458709002144|pmid=3654085}}</ref> The work upon it was interrupted by his illness and death. Some researchers took his work and developed their own theories based on it. Kokoszka used the conception of information metabolism as the basis of his model of the states of consciousness.<ref name="kokoszka2007"/> Struzik proposed that information metabolism theory may be used as an extension to [[Léon Brillouin|Brillouin]]'s [[Negentropy#Brillouin's_negentropy_principle_of_information|negentropy principle of information]].<ref name="struzik1987"/> Inspired by Kępiński's work and [[Psychological types|Jungian typology]], [[Aušra Augustinavičiūtė|Augustinavičiūtė]] proposed her theory of information metabolism in human mind and society, known as [[Socionics]].<ref name="pietrak2018"/>
==See also==
*[[Autopoiesis]]
*[[Information]]
*[[Negentropy]]
*[[Socionics]]
*''[[What is life?]]'', a 1944 science book
==参考文献==
==参考文献==
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