更改

| 光的偏振

| 光的偏振

==Physical implementations==

==Physical implementations物理实现==

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Any [[two-state quantum system|two-level quantum-mechanical system]] can be used as a qubit. Multilevel systems can be used as well, if they possess two states that can be effectively decoupled from the rest (e.g., ground state and first excited state of a nonlinear oscillator). There are various proposals. Several physical implementations that approximate two-level systems to various degrees were successfully realized. Similarly to a classical bit where the state of a transistor in a processor, the magnetization of a surface in a [[hard disk]] and the presence of current in a cable can all be used to represent bits in the same computer, an eventual quantum computer is likely to use various combinations of qubits in its design.

Any [[two-state quantum system|two-level quantum-mechanical system]] can be used as a qubit. Multilevel systems can be used as well, if they possess two states that can be effectively decoupled from the rest (e.g., ground state and first excited state of a nonlinear oscillator). There are various proposals. Several physical implementations that approximate two-level systems to various degrees were successfully realized. Similarly to a classical bit where the state of a transistor in a processor, the magnetization of a surface in a [[hard disk]] and the presence of current in a cable can all be used to represent bits in the same computer, an eventual quantum computer is likely to use various combinations of qubits in its design.

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The following is an incomplete list of physical implementations of qubits, and the choices of basis are by convention only.

The following is an incomplete list of physical implementations of qubits, and the choices of basis are by convention only.

| Fock state

| Fock state

| [[charge (physics)|Charge]]

| [[charge (physics)|Charge]]

| Superconducting charge qubit

| Superconducting charge qubit

| No electron

| No electron

| Charge

| Charge

| One electron

| One electron

| Uncharged superconducting island (Q=0)

| Uncharged superconducting island (Q=0)

| [[Atomic nucleus|Nucleus]]

| [[Atomic nucleus|Nucleus]]

 

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|-

| [[Nuclear spin]] addressed through [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR]]

| [[Nuclear spin]] addressed through [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|NMR]]

| Superconducting flux qubit

| Superconducting flux qubit

| Energy

| Energy

 

| Non-abelian anyons

| Non-abelian anyons

 

| Non-abelian anyons

| Non-abelian anyons

 

| Ground state

| Ground state

 

| Braiding of Excitations

| Braiding of Excitations

| 编织激发

| 编织激发

| First excited state

| First excited state

 

| Depends on specific topological system

| Depends on specific topological system

| Singly charged [[quantum dot]] pair

| Singly charged [[quantum dot]] pair

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| Electron localization

| Electron localization

 

|van der Waals heterostructure

|van der Waals heterostructure

| Electron on left dot

| Electron on left dot

|Charge

|Charge

| Electron on right dot

| Electron on right dot

|Electron on bottom sheet

|Electron on bottom sheet

| [[Quantum dot]]

| [[Quantum dot]]

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In a paper entitled "Solid-state quantum memory using the ³¹P nuclear spin", published in the October 23, 2008, issue of the journal Nature, a team of scientists from the U.K. and U.S. reported the first relatively long (1.75 seconds) and coherent transfer of a superposition state in an electron spin "processing" qubit to a nuclear spin "memory" qubit. This event can be considered the first relatively consistent quantum data storage, a vital step towards the development of quantum computing. Recently, a modification of similar systems (using charged rather than neutral donors) has dramatically extended this time, to 3 hours at very low temperatures and 39 minutes at room temperature. Room temperature preparation of a qubit based on electron spins instead of nuclear spin was also demonstrated by a team of scientists from Switzerland and Australia.

In a paper entitled "Solid-state quantum memory using the ³¹P nuclear spin", published in the October 23, 2008, issue of the journal Nature, a team of scientists from the U.K. and U.S. reported the first relatively long (1.75 seconds) and coherent transfer of a superposition state in an electron spin "processing" qubit to a nuclear spin "memory" qubit. This event can be considered the first relatively consistent quantum data storage, a vital step towards the development of quantum computing. Recently, a modification of similar systems (using charged rather than neutral donors) has dramatically extended this time, to 3 hours at very low temperatures and 39 minutes at room temperature. Room temperature preparation of a qubit based on electron spins instead of nuclear spin was also demonstrated by a team of scientists from Switzerland and Australia.

在《自然》杂志2008年10月23日发表的一篇题为“使用 < sup > 31 </sup > p 核自旋的固态量子存储器”的论文中，一组来自英国和美国的科学家报告了第一个相对较长(1.75秒)的电子自旋中叠加态的“处理”量子位到核自旋“存储器”量子位的相干转移。这次事件可以被认为是第一次相对一致的量子数据存储，是量子计算发展的重要一步。最近，一种类似系统的改进(使用带电的而不是中性的捐赠者)已经戏剧性地延长了这个时间，在极低温度下3小时，在室温下39分钟。来自瑞士和澳大利亚的一组科学家也演示了基于电子自旋而不是核自旋的量子比特的室温准备。

在《自然》杂志2008年10月23日发表的一篇题为“使用 ³¹P 核自旋的固态量子存储器”的论文中，一组来自英国和美国的科学家报告了第一个相对较长(1.75秒)的电子自旋中叠加态的“处理”量子位到核自旋“存储器”量子位的相干转移。这次事件可以被认为是第一次相对一致的量子数据存储，是量子计算发展的重要一步。最近，一种类似系统的改进(使用带电的而不是中性的捐赠者)已经戏剧性地延长了这个时间，在极低温度下3小时，在室温下39分钟。来自瑞士和澳大利亚的一组科学家也演示了基于电子自旋而不是核自旋的量子比特的室温准备。

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| [[Topological order|Gapped topological system]]

| [[Topological order|Gapped topological system]]

 

| Non-abelian [[anyon]]s

| Non-abelian [[anyon]]s

| [[Braid group|Braiding of Excitations]]

|[[van der Waals heterostructure]]

 

 

 

|[[van der Waals heterostructure]]<ref>

|范德华异质结构

<ref>

{{cite journal

{{cite journal

|Electron localization

|Electron localization

 

|Charge

|Charge

 

Category:Quantum computing

Category:Quantum computing

|Electron on bottom sheet

|Electron on bottom sheet

 

Category:Quantum information science

Category:Quantum information science