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第608行： − 2013年，托比·泰瑞尔在对盖亚假说的书评中总结道：“我认为盖亚假说是一条死胡同。然而，它的研究产生了许多新的和发人深省的问题。在拒绝盖亚假说的同时，我们也能欣赏到洛夫洛克的独创性和广博的视野，认识到他大胆的概念有助于激发许多关于地球的新思想，并倡导一种研究地球的整体方法。”在其他地方，他提出了自己的结论：“盖亚假说并不是在精确地描述我们的世界在运转。”这种说法需要被理解为是指盖亚假说的“强大”和“温和”形式，生物群遵循的原则是使地球处于最佳状态（强度5）或有利于生命（强度4），或者它作为一种内稳态机制（强度3）。后者是洛夫洛克所提倡的盖亚假说的“最弱”形式。泰瑞尔拒绝了。然而，他发现盖亚假说的两种较弱的形式：共同进化德盖亚假说和有影响力的盖亚假说，它们断言生命的进化和环境之间有密切的联系，生物学影响物理和化学环境，这两种说法都是可信的，但在这个意义上使用“盖亚假说”一词是没有用的，两种形式已经被自然选择和适应过程所接受和解释 +
→Criticism in the 21st century21世纪的批评
In a 2013 book-length evaluation of the Gaia hypothesis considering modern evidence from across the various relevant disciplines, Toby Tyrrell concluded that: "I believe Gaia is a dead end. Its study has, however, generated many new and thought provoking questions. While rejecting Gaia, we can at the same time appreciate Lovelock's originality and breadth of vision, and recognise that his audacious concept has helped to stimulate many new ideas about the Earth, and to champion a holistic approach to studying it".<ref>{{citation |last=Tyrrell |first=Toby |authorlink= |date= 2013|title= On Gaia: A Critical Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9959.html |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=209 |isbn=9780691121581 |accessdate= }}</ref> Elsewhere he presents his conclusion "The Gaia hypothesis is not an accurate picture of how our world works".<ref>{{Citation |last= Tyrrell |first = Toby |title =Gaia: the verdict is… |journal = New Scientist |volume = 220 |issue = 2940 |pages = 30–31 |date= 26 October 2013 |doi=10.1016/s0262-4079(13)62532-4}}</ref> This statement needs to be understood as referring to the "strong" and "moderate" forms of Gaia—that the biota obeys a principle that works to make Earth optimal (strength 5) or favourable for life (strength 4) or that it works as a homeostatic mechanism (strength 3). The latter is the "weakest" form of Gaia that Lovelock has advocated. Tyrrell rejects it. However, he finds that the two weaker forms of Gaia—Coeveolutionary Gaia and Influential Gaia, which assert that there are close links between the evolution of life and the environment and that biology affects the physical and chemical environment—are both credible, but that it is not useful to use the term "Gaia" in this sense and that those two forms were already accepted and explained by the processes of natural selection and adaptation.<ref>{{citation |last=Tyrrell |first=Toby |authorlink= |date= 2013|title= On Gaia: A Critical Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9959.html |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=208 |isbn=9780691121581 |accessdate= }}</ref>
In a 2013 book-length evaluation of the Gaia hypothesis considering modern evidence from across the various relevant disciplines, Toby Tyrrell concluded that: "I believe Gaia is a dead end. Its study has, however, generated many new and thought provoking questions. While rejecting Gaia, we can at the same time appreciate Lovelock's originality and breadth of vision, and recognise that his audacious concept has helped to stimulate many new ideas about the Earth, and to champion a holistic approach to studying it".<ref>{{citation |last=Tyrrell |first=Toby |authorlink= |date= 2013|title= On Gaia: A Critical Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9959.html |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=209 |isbn=9780691121581 |accessdate= }}</ref> Elsewhere he presents his conclusion "The Gaia hypothesis is not an accurate picture of how our world works".<ref>{{Citation |last= Tyrrell |first = Toby |title =Gaia: the verdict is… |journal = New Scientist |volume = 220 |issue = 2940 |pages = 30–31 |date= 26 October 2013 |doi=10.1016/s0262-4079(13)62532-4}}</ref> This statement needs to be understood as referring to the "strong" and "moderate" forms of Gaia—that the biota obeys a principle that works to make Earth optimal (strength 5) or favourable for life (strength 4) or that it works as a homeostatic mechanism (strength 3). The latter is the "weakest" form of Gaia that Lovelock has advocated. Tyrrell rejects it. However, he finds that the two weaker forms of Gaia—Coeveolutionary Gaia and Influential Gaia, which assert that there are close links between the evolution of life and the environment and that biology affects the physical and chemical environment—are both credible, but that it is not useful to use the term "Gaia" in this sense and that those two forms were already accepted and explained by the processes of natural selection and adaptation.<ref>{{citation |last=Tyrrell |first=Toby |authorlink= |date= 2013|title= On Gaia: A Critical Investigation of the Relationship between Life and Earth |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9959.html |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=208 |isbn=9780691121581 |accessdate= }}</ref>
2013年，托比·泰瑞尔在一本书中对盖亚假说总结道：“我认为盖亚假说是一条死胡同。然而，它的研究产生了许多新的和发人深省的问题。在拒绝盖亚假说的同时，我们也能欣赏到洛夫洛克的独创性和广博的视野，认识到他大胆的概念有助于激发许多关于地球的新思想，并倡导一种研究地球的整体方法。”在其他地方，他提出了自己的结论：“盖亚假说并不能精确地描述我们世界的运转机制。”这种说法需要被理解为是指盖亚假说的“强大”和“温和”形式，生物群遵循的原则是使地球处于最佳状态（强度5）或有利于生命（强度4），或者它作为一种内稳态机制（强度3）。后者是洛夫洛克所提倡的盖亚假说的“最弱”形式。泰瑞尔拒绝了。然而，他发现盖亚假说的两种较弱的形式：共同进化德盖亚假说和有影响力的盖亚假说，它们断言生命的进化和环境之间有密切的联系，生物学影响物理和化学环境，这两种说法都是可信的，但在这个意义上使用“盖亚假说”一词是没有用的，两种形式已经被自然选择和适应过程所接受和解释
Category:Cybernetics
Category:Cybernetics