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第930行：
第930行： − 达尔文的名气和声望使他的名字经常与思想及运动联系在一起，这些思想及运动有时与他的著作仅具有间接关系，有时却与他的评论直接背道而驰。+ 第938行：
第938行： − 托马斯·马尔萨斯认为，上帝命令人口增长超过资源供给，是为了使人类更有生产力地工作，并在束缚家庭方面表现出克制。这在1830年代用于证明工作场所和自由放任经济学的合理性。那时，进化论被认为具有社会意义，赫伯特·斯宾塞Herbert Spencer在1851年的著作《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会静力学Social Statics </font>'''》中以拉马克进化论为基础，阐述了人类自由和个人自由的思想。+ 第946行：
第946行： − 《物种起源》在1859年出版后不久，批评家们嘲笑他将生存斗争描述为当时英国工业资本主义的马尔萨斯主义辩护。后来达尔文主义一词开始用于进化思想，包括斯宾塞Spencer的“适者生存”作为自由市场的进步，以及恩斯特·海克尔Ernst Haeckel的人类发展多元论。作家利用自然选择来主张各种经常相互矛盾的意识形态，例如放任自由 “狗吃狗”的资本主义，殖民主义和帝国主义。然而，达尔文的整体自然观包括了“一个人对另一个人的依赖”。因此，和平主义者，社会主义者，自由社会改革者和无政府主义者（例如彼得·克罗波特金Peter Kropotkin）都强调了合作对于物种内部斗争的价值。达尔文本人坚称，社会政策不应仅仅以斗争和自然选择的观念为指导。+ 第954行：
第954行： − 1880年代后期，优生运动发展了生物遗传学的思想，并为他们的思想提供了科学依据，从而吸引了达尔文主义的某些观念。在英国，大多数人赞同达尔文对自愿改善的谨慎态度，并试图鼓励那些具有“积极优生”特征的人。在“达尔文主义的消亡”期间，孟德尔遗传学为优生学提供了科学基础。在美国，加拿大和澳大利亚，反向优生学开始除去“笨拙”的一代，并使之变成主流。美国的优生拥护者甚至颁布了强制性绝育法，随后又引入了其他几个国家。不过随后，纳粹优生学使该领域声名狼藉。+ 第962行：
第962行： − +
→Evolutionary social movements 社会进化论运动
Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments.
Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments.
达尔文的名气和声望使他的名字经常与思想及运动联系在一起。这些思想及运动有时与他的著作仅具有间接关系，有时甚至与他的观点直接背道而驰。
Thomas Malthus had argued that population growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to work productively and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify workhouses and laissez-faire economics.[204] Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and Herbert Spencer's 1851 book Social Statics based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory.
Thomas Malthus had argued that population growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to work productively and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify workhouses and laissez-faire economics.[204] Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and Herbert Spencer's 1851 book Social Statics based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory.
托马斯·马尔萨斯认为，上帝放任人口增长超过资源供给，是为了使人类更有生产力地工作，并抑制了家庭的组建。这在1830年代被用于证明工作场所和自由放任经济学的合理性。当时，进化论被认为具有社会意义，赫伯特·斯宾塞Herbert Spencer在其1851年的著作《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会静力学Social Statics </font>'''》中以拉马克进化论为基础，阐述了人类自由和个人自由的思想。
Soon after the Origin was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term Darwinism was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "survival of the fittest" as free-market progress, and Ernst Haeckel's polygenistic ideas of human development. Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat-dog capitalism, colonialism and imperialism. However, Darwin's holistic view of nature included "dependence of one being on another"; thus pacifists, socialists, liberal social reformers and anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species.[206] Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature.
Soon after the Origin was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term Darwinism was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "survival of the fittest" as free-market progress, and Ernst Haeckel's polygenistic ideas of human development. Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat-dog capitalism, colonialism and imperialism. However, Darwin's holistic view of nature included "dependence of one being on another"; thus pacifists, socialists, liberal social reformers and anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species.[206] Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature.
《物种起源》在1859年出版后不久，批评家们嘲笑达尔文对生存斗争的描述是在为当时英国工业资本主义的马尔萨斯主义辩护。后来达尔文主义一词开始用于进化思想，包括斯宾塞Spencer的“适者生存”思想和自由市场的进步，以及恩斯特·海克尔Ernst Haeckel的人类发展多元论。作家利用自然选择来主张各种经常相互矛盾的意识形态，例如放任自由 “狗吃狗”的资本主义，殖民主义和帝国主义。然而，达尔文的整体自然观包括了“一个人对另一个人的依赖”。因此，和平主义者，社会主义者，自由社会改革者和无政府主义者（例如彼得·克罗波特金Peter Kropotkin）都强调了合作对于物种内部斗争的价值。达尔文本人坚称，社会政策不应仅仅以斗争和自然选择的观念为指导。
After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". During the "Eclipse of Darwinism", a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by Mendelian genetics. Negative eugenics to remove the "feebleminded" were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and eugenics in the United States introduced compulsory sterilisation laws, followed by several other countries. Subsequently, Nazi eugenics brought the field into disrepute.
After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". During the "Eclipse of Darwinism", a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by Mendelian genetics. Negative eugenics to remove the "feebleminded" were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and eugenics in the United States introduced compulsory sterilisation laws, followed by several other countries. Subsequently, Nazi eugenics brought the field into disrepute.
1880年代后期，优生运动发展了生物遗传学的思想，并吸收了达尔文主义的某些观念从而为他们的思想提供了科学依据。在英国，大多数人赞同达尔文对自愿改善的谨慎态度，并试图鼓励那些具有“积极优生”思想特征的人。在“达尔文主义的消亡”期间，孟德尔遗传学为优生学提供了科学基础。在美国，加拿大和澳大利亚，反向优生学开始除去“笨拙”的一代，并使之成为生育思想的主流。美国的优生拥护者甚至颁布了强制性绝育法，随后该法案又被其他几个国家引入。不过后来，纳粹优生学使该领域声名狼藉。
The term "Social Darwinism" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution.
The term "Social Darwinism" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution.
“社会达尔文主义”一词在1890年代左右很少使用，但在1940年代作为贬义词而流行，由理查德·霍夫施塔特Richard Hofstadter用来抨击自由放任的保守主义派，像是威廉·格雷厄姆·萨姆纳William Graham Sumner一样反对改革和社会主义的人。从那时起，它就被那些反对者滥用，因为他们认为进化论会导致严重的道德后果。
“社会达尔文主义”一词在1890年代左右很少使用，但在1940年代作为贬义词而流行，由理查德·霍夫施塔特Richard Hofstadter用来抨击自由放任的保守主义派，像是威廉·格雷厄姆·萨姆纳William Graham Sumner一样反对改革和社会主义的人。从那时起，它就被那些认为进化论会导致严重的道德后果的反对者滥用。
== Works 著作 ==
== Works 著作 ==