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== Legacy 学术遗产 ==

== Legacy 学术遗产 ==

[[文件:Charles Robert Darwin by John Collier.jpg|缩略图|右|达尔文是一位杰出的学者，1881年，他仍在致力于他对进化思想的贡献，这对许多科学领域都产生了巨大影响。此肖像是约翰·科利尔John Collier为伦敦国家肖像画廊所作的副本。]]

[[文件:Charles Robert Darwin by John Collier.jpg|缩略图|右|达尔文是一位杰出的学者，1881年，他仍在致力于他对进化思想的贡献，这对许多科学领域都产生了巨大影响。此肖像是约翰•科利尔John Collier为伦敦国家肖像画廊所作的副本。]]

By the time of his death, Darwin and his colleagues had convinced most scientists that evolution as descent with modification was correct, and he was regarded as a great scientist who had revolutionised ideas. In June 1909, though few at that time agreed with his view that "natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification", he was honoured by more than 400 officials and scientists from across the world who met in Cambridge to commemorate his centenary and the fiftieth anniversary of On the Origin of Species.[172] Around the beginning of the 20th century, a period that has been called "the eclipse of Darwinism", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms, which eventually proved untenable. Ronald Fisher, an English statistician, finally united Mendelian genetics with natural selection, in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.[173] He gave the theory a mathematical footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution, thus founding the basis for population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis, with J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright, which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory.

By the time of his death, Darwin and his colleagues had convinced most scientists that evolution as descent with modification was correct, and he was regarded as a great scientist who had revolutionised ideas. In June 1909, though few at that time agreed with his view that "natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification", he was honoured by more than 400 officials and scientists from across the world who met in Cambridge to commemorate his centenary and the fiftieth anniversary of On the Origin of Species.[172] Around the beginning of the 20th century, a period that has been called "the eclipse of Darwinism", scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms, which eventually proved untenable. Ronald Fisher, an English statistician, finally united Mendelian genetics with natural selection, in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.[173] He gave the theory a mathematical footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution, thus founding the basis for population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis, with J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright, which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory.

在他去世前，达尔文和他的同事已经说服了大多数科学家，进化作为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 后代渐变Descent with modification</font>'''这一概念是准确无误的。他也因彻底改变了人们固有的生物进化理念被认为是伟大的科学家。1909年6月，尽管当时很少有人同意“自然选择是主要但非排他性的后代渐变手段”这一观点，但达尔文受到了世界各地400多名官员和科学家的赞同，他们甚至在剑桥为他举行仪式来纪念他的百年诞辰和《物种起源》出版五十周年。大约在20世纪初，即所谓的“达尔文主义消亡”时期，科学家们提出了各种能替代自然选择的进化机制，但最终均被证明站不住脚。英国统计学家罗纳德·费舍尔Ronald Fisher在1918年至1930年的著作《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 自然选择的遗传学理论The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection </font>'''》，终于将孟德尔遗传学与自然选择结合起来。他为该理论提供了数学基础，并引起广泛的科学共识，即自然选择是进化的基本机制，从而为人类遗传学和现代进化综合奠定了基础。霍尔丹Haldane和塞沃尔·赖特Sewall Wright为现代辩论和对该理论的完善设定了参考框架。

在他去世前，达尔文和他的同事已经说服了大多数科学家，进化作为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 后代渐变Descent with modification</font>'''这一概念是准确无误的。他也因彻底改变了人们固有的生物进化理念被认为是伟大的科学家。1909年6月，尽管当时很少有人同意“自然选择是主要但非排他性的后代渐变手段”这一观点，但达尔文受到了世界各地400多名官员和科学家的赞同，他们甚至在剑桥为他举行仪式来纪念他的百年诞辰和《物种起源》出版五十周年。大约在20世纪初，即所谓的“达尔文主义消亡”时期，科学家们提出了各种能替代自然选择的进化机制，但最终均被证明站不住脚。英国统计学家罗纳德•费舍尔Ronald Fisher在1918年至1930年的著作《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 自然选择的遗传学理论The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection </font>'''》，终于将孟德尔遗传学与自然选择结合起来。他为该理论提供了数学基础，并引起广泛的科学共识，即自然选择是进化的基本机制，从而为人类遗传学和现代进化综合奠定了基础。霍尔丹Haldane和塞沃尔•赖特Sewall Wright为现代辩论和对该理论的完善设定了参考框架。

During Darwin's lifetime, many geographical features were given his name. An expanse of water adjoining the Beagle Channel was named Darwin Sound by Robert FitzRoy after Darwin's prompt action, along with two or three of the men, saved them from being marooned on a nearby shore when a collapsing glacier caused a large wave that would have swept away their boats,[174] and the nearby Mount Darwin in the Andes was named in celebration of Darwin's 25th birthday.[175] When the Beagle was surveying Australia in 1839, Darwin's friend John Lort Stokes sighted a natural harbour which the ship's captain Wickham named Port Darwin: a nearby settlement was renamed Darwin in 1911, and it became the capital city of Australia's Northern Territory.

During Darwin's lifetime, many geographical features were given his name. An expanse of water adjoining the Beagle Channel was named Darwin Sound by Robert FitzRoy after Darwin's prompt action, along with two or three of the men, saved them from being marooned on a nearby shore when a collapsing glacier caused a large wave that would have swept away their boats,[174] and the nearby Mount Darwin in the Andes was named in celebration of Darwin's 25th birthday.[175] When the Beagle was surveying Australia in 1839, Darwin's friend John Lort Stokes sighted a natural harbour which the ship's captain Wickham named Port Darwin: a nearby settlement was renamed Darwin in 1911, and it became the capital city of Australia's Northern Territory.

达尔文在世时，许多地理特征都以他的名字命名。在比格海峡Beagle Channel旁的一片广阔水域，曾发生冰川坍塌，达尔文当即与一起同行的两三个人采取行动，使他们的船免于被因坍塌的冰川造成的海浪冲走，从而避免了他们被困在附近的海岸。后来罗伯特·菲茨·罗伊Robert FitzRoy就将这片水域命名为达尔文海峡Darwin Sound。为了庆祝达尔文诞辰25周年，附近的安第斯山脉也被命名为达尔文山。当猎犬号在1839年对澳大利亚进行勘测时，达尔文的朋友约翰·洛特·斯托克斯John Lort Stokes看到了一个天然海港，船长威克汉姆Wickham将其命名为达尔文港：而附近的一个定居点于1911年更名为达尔文，后来它成为了澳大利亚北领地的首府。

达尔文在世时，许多地理特征都以他的名字命名。在比格海峡Beagle Channel旁的一片广阔水域，曾发生冰川坍塌，达尔文当即与一起同行的两三个人采取行动，使他们的船免于被因坍塌的冰川造成的海浪冲走，从而避免了他们被困在附近的海岸。后来罗伯特•菲茨•罗伊Robert FitzRoy就将这片水域命名为达尔文海峡Darwin Sound。为了庆祝达尔文诞辰25周年，附近的安第斯山脉也被命名为达尔文山。当猎犬号在1839年对澳大利亚进行勘测时，达尔文的朋友约翰•洛特•斯托克斯John Lort Stokes看到了一个天然海港，船长威克汉姆Wickham将其命名为达尔文港：而附近的一个定居点于1911年更名为达尔文，后来它成为了澳大利亚北领地的首府。

Stephen Heard identified 389 species that have been named after Darwin,[177] and there are at least 9 genera.[178] In one example, the group of tanagers related to those Darwin found in the Galápagos Islands became popularly known as "Darwin's finches" in 1947, fostering inaccurate legends about their significance to his work.

Stephen Heard identified 389 species that have been named after Darwin,[177] and there are at least 9 genera.[178] In one example, the group of tanagers related to those Darwin found in the Galápagos Islands became popularly known as "Darwin's finches" in 1947, fostering inaccurate legends about their significance to his work.

斯蒂芬·希德Stephen Heard确定了至少9个属389个以达尔文命名的物种。例如，与达尔文在加拉帕戈斯群岛中的发现有关的唐纳雀，在1947年被广泛称为“达尔文雀”。据不准确传闻，这是为了纪念这群雀类对达尔文研究工作的意义。

斯蒂芬•希德Stephen Heard确定了至少9个属389个以达尔文命名的物种。例如，与达尔文在加拉帕戈斯群岛中的发现有关的唐纳雀，在1947年被广泛称为“达尔文雀”。据不准确传闻，这是为了纪念这群雀类对达尔文研究工作的意义。