− | In his exposition of his scheme of closed system equilibrium thermodynamics, C. Carathéodory initially postulates that experiment reveals that a definite number of real variables define the states that are the points of the manifold of equilibria.<ref name="Caratheodory" /> In the words of Prigogine and Defay (1945): "It is a matter of experience that when we have specified a certain number of macroscopic properties of a system, then all the other properties are fixed."<ref>Prigogine, I., Defay, R. (1950/1954), p. 1.</ref><ref>Silbey, R.J., [[Robert A. Alberty|Alberty, R.A.]], Bawendi, M.G. (1955/2005), p. 4.</ref> As noted above, according to A. Münster, the number of variables needed to define a thermodynamic equilibrium is the least for any state of a given isolated system. As noted above, J.G. Kirkwood and I. Oppenheim point out that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium may be defined by a special subclass of intensive variables, with a definite number of members in that subclass.
| + | 在他关于封闭系统平衡态热力学方案的论述中,C.Carathéodory 最初假定实验揭示了一定数量的实变量定义了作为平衡态流形点的状态。<ref name="Caratheodory" />用 Prigogine 和 Defay (1945)的话说: “这是一个经验问题,当我们确定了一个系统一定数量的宏观属性时,那么所有其他属性都是固定的”。<ref>Prigogine, I., Defay, R. (1950/1954), p. 1.</ref><ref>Silbey, R.J., [[Robert A. Alberty|Alberty, R.A.]], Bawendi, M.G. (1955/2005), p. 4.</ref> 如上所述,A. Münster认为,定义热力学平衡所需的变量数量相对于给定孤立系统的任何状态来说都是最少的。如上所述,J.G. Kirkwood 和 I. Oppenheim 指出,热力学平衡状态可以由一个特殊子类的强度变量来定义,该子类中有一定数量的成员。 |
− | If the thermodynamic equilibrium lies in an external force field, it is only the temperature that can in general be expected to be spatially uniform. Intensive variables other than temperature will in general be non-uniform if the external force field is non-zero. In such a case, in general, additional variables are needed to describe the spatial non-uniformity.
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