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第112行： − + − 博弈研究 − Category:Austrian School − 类别: 奥地利学派+ − The concept of spontaneous order is closely related with modern [[game studies]]. As early as the 1940s, historian [[Johan Huizinga]] wrote that "in myth and ritual the great instinctive forces of civilized life have their origin: law and order, commerce and profit, craft and art, poetry, wisdom and science. All are rooted in the primeval soil of play." Following on this in his book ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'', Hayek notably wrote that "a game is indeed a clear instance of a process wherein obedience to common rules by elements pursuing different and even conflicting purposes results in overall order." − --[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】补充翻译：自发秩序的概念与现代博弈论密切相关。早在20世纪40年代，历史学家就写道：“在神话和仪式中，文明生活的巨大内生力量有其根源：法律和秩序、商业和利润、工艺和艺术、诗歌、智慧和科学。所有的一切都植根于博弈的原始土壤。哈耶克在他的著作《致命的自负》中写道：“博弈确实是一个自发秩序作用过程的一个显著例子，在这个过程中，追求不同甚至冲突的目的的元素对共同规则的服从会导致整体秩序的形成。” − Category:Anarchist theory+ − 类别: 无政府主义理论 + − Category:Libertarian theory − 范畴: 自由意志主义理论+ − ===Anarchism=== − 无政府主义 − Category:Pattern formation+ − 类别: 模式形成 − <noinclude>+ − <small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Spontaneous order]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[自发秩序/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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类别: 自我组织
类别: 自我组织
===Game studies===
===博弈研究===
自发秩序的概念与现代[[博弈论]]密切相关。早在20世纪40年代，历史学家就写道：“在神话和仪式中，文明生活的巨大内生力量有其根源：法律和秩序、商业和利润、工艺和艺术、诗歌、智慧和科学。所有的一切都植根于博弈的原始土壤。哈耶克在他的著作《致命的自负》中写道：“博弈确实是一个自发秩序作用过程的一个显著例子，在这个过程中，追求不同甚至冲突的目的的元素对共同规则的服从会导致整体秩序的形成。”
===无政府主义===
Anarchists argue that the state is in fact an artificial creation of the ruling elite, and that true spontaneous order would arise if it was eliminated. Construed by some but not all as the ushering in of organization by anarchist law. In the anarchist view, such spontaneous order would involve the voluntary cooperation of individuals. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, "the work of many symbolic interactionists is largely compatible with the anarchist vision, since it harbours a view of society as spontaneous order."[14]
无政府主义者认为，国家实际上是统治精英人为创造的，如果消灭了它，真正的自发秩序就会出现。这种观点不能说全然不对，因为无政府主义者就是首先在组织中引入法律。在无政府主义者看来，这种自发秩序包括个人的自愿合作。根据《牛津社会学词典》 ，“许多象征性互动主义者的作品在很大程度上符合无政府主义者的愿景，因为它包含了一种社会自发秩序的观点。”<ref>{{cite book |last=Marshall |first=Gordon |title=Oxford Dictionary of Sociology |orig-year=1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsoci00mars/page/19 |edition=2 |year=1998 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |isbn=978-0-19-280081-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsoci00mars/page/19 19–20] |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration }}</ref>
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===最新进展 ===
[[Category:待整理页面]]
自发秩序最突出的代表人物是应该是哈耶克。除了认为经济是一种自发秩序(他称之为“耦合秩序 catallaxy”)之外，他还认为民法和大脑也是一种自发秩序。在《科学共和国》''The Republic of Science''中，Michael Polanyi也认为科学是一种自发秩序，这一理论由Bill Butos和Thomas McQuade在多篇论文中进一步讨论和研究。Gus DiZerega认为民主是政府的自发秩序形式，David Andersson认为在像美国这样的地方宗教也是自发秩序，Troy Camplin认为艺术和文学作品也是自发秩序。Paul Krugman在他的《自组织经济》''The Self-Organizing Economy''一书中也对自发秩序理论做出了贡献，他在书中声称城市是自组织的系统。可信性理论认为，社会制度的可信性是制度内生自组织及其持续性的驱动因素。
The competitions between huge numbers of self-interested individuals will lead to many possible income distributions. Among all possible income distributions, exponential income distribution will occur with the highest probability. Following the natural selection process "survival of the likeliest", the exponential income distribution is most likely to evolve and survive, and hence is called the "Spontaneous Order" by Tao.[3] By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.[25]
大量自私自利的个人之间的竞争将导致许多可能的收入分配。在所有可能的收入分配分布中，指数型收入分配的发生概率最高。遵循“最大生存”的自然选择过程，指数型收入分配最有可能进化和生存，因此被道称为“自发秩序”。[3]通过分析从欧洲到拉丁美洲、北美和亚洲的66个国家和香港特别行政区的家庭收入数据集，Tao 等人发现，对于所有这些国家，绝大多数人口(低收入和中等收入阶层)的收入分布遵循指数分布。[25]
=== 参见 ===
* Anonymous
* Deregulation
* Emergence
* Free price system
* "I, Pencil" by Leonard Read
* Mutual aid
* Natural law
* Natural order
* Revolutionary spontaneity
* Stigmergy
* Tragedy of the commons
* Wu wei (Effortless Action)
== 参考文献 ==