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第284行： − − − Active inference has been used to address a range of issues in [[cognitive neuroscience]], brain function and neuropsychiatry, including: action observation,<ref>Friston, K., Mattout, J. & Kilner, J., (2011). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Action%20understanding%20and%20active%20inference.pdf Action understanding and active inference]. Biol Cybern., 104, 137–160.</ref> mirror neurons,<ref>Kilner, J. M., Friston, K. J. & Frith, C. D., (2007). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Predictive%20coding%20an%20account%20of%20the%20mirror%20neuron%20system.pdf Predictive coding: an account of the mirror neuron system]. Cogn Process., 8(3), pp. 159–66.</ref> saccades and visual search,<ref>Friston, K., Adams, R. A., Perrinet, L. & Breakspear, M., (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Perceptions%20as%20hypotheses%20saccades%20as%20experiments.pdf Perceptions as hypotheses: saccades as experiments]. Front Psychol., 3, 151.</ref><ref>Mirza, M., Adams, R., Mathys, C., Friston, K. (2018). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190429 Human visual exploration reduces uncertainty about the sensed world]. PLoS One, 13(1): e0190429 </ref> eye movements,<ref>Perrinet L, Adams R, Friston, K. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00422-014-0620-8.pdf Active inference, eye movements and oculomotor delays]. Biological Cybernetics, 108(6):777-801, 2014.</ref> sleep,<ref>Hobson, J. A. & Friston, K. J., (2012). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008212000706 Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations]. Prog Neurobiol, 98(1), pp. 82–98.</ref> illusions,<ref>Brown, H., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Free-energy%20and%20illusions%20the%20Cornsweet%20effect.pdf Free-energy and illusions: the cornsweet effect]. Front Psychol , 3, 43.</ref> attention,<ref name="Feldman" /> action selection,<ref name="Friston_a" /> consciousness,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rudrauf|first1=David|last2=Bennequin|first2=Daniel|last3=Granic|first3=Isabela|last4=Landini|first4=Gregory|last5=Friston|first5=Karl|last6=Williford|first6=Kenneth|date=2017-09-07|title=A mathematical model of embodied consciousness|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=428|pages=106–131|doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.032|pmid=28554611|issn=0022-5193|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057795/1/DR_et_al_A_math_model_of_embodied_consciousness_JTBiol_final_revision_for_submission.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Projective Consciousness Model and Phenomenal Selfhood|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|volume = 9|pages = 2571|last1=K|first1=Williford|last2=D|first2=Bennequin|date=2018-12-17|language=en|pmid=30618988|pmc = 6304424|last3=K|first3=Friston|last4=D|first4=Rudrauf|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02571}}</ref> hysteria<ref>Edwards, M. J., Adams, R. A., Brown, H., Pareés, I., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/A%20Bayesian%20account%20of%20hysteria.pdf A Bayesian account of 'hysteria']. Brain , 135(Pt 11):3495–512.</ref> and psychosis.<ref>Adams RA, Perrinet LU, Friston K. (2012). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047502 Smooth pursuit and visual occlusion: active inference and oculomotor control in schizophrenia]. PLoS One. , 12;7(10):e47502</ref> Explanations of action in active inference often depend on the idea that the brain has 'stubborn predictions' which it cannot update, leading to actions that cause these predictions to come true.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yon|first1=Daniel|last2=Lange|first2=Floris P. de|last3=Press|first3=Clare|date=2019-01-01|title=The Predictive Brain as a Stubborn Scientist|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(18)30239-0|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|language=English|volume=23|issue=1|pages=6–8|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.003|issn=1364-6613|pmid=30429054|s2cid=53280000}}</ref>
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=== Active inference and cognitive neuroscience 主动推理与认知神经科学===
=== Active inference and cognitive neuroscience 主动推理与认知神经科学===
主动推理已被用于解决[[认知神经科学]]、脑功能和神经精神病学的一系列问题，包括：行动观察，<ref>Friston, K., Mattout, J. & Kilner, J., (2011). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Action%20understanding%20and%20active%20inference.pdf Action understanding and active inference]. Biol Cybern., 104, 137–160.</ref>镜像神经元，<ref>Kilner, J. M., Friston, K. J. & Frith, C. D., (2007). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Predictive%20coding%20an%20account%20of%20the%20mirror%20neuron%20system.pdf Predictive coding: an account of the mirror neuron system]. Cogn Process., 8(3), pp. 159–66.</ref> 扫视和视觉搜索，<ref>Friston, K., Adams, R. A., Perrinet, L. & Breakspear, M., (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Perceptions%20as%20hypotheses%20saccades%20as%20experiments.pdf Perceptions as hypotheses: saccades as experiments]. Front Psychol., 3, 151.</ref><ref>Mirza, M., Adams, R., Mathys, C., Friston, K. (2018). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190429 Human visual exploration reduces uncertainty about the sensed world]. PLoS One, 13(1): e0190429 </ref> 眼球运动，<ref>Perrinet L, Adams R, Friston, K. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00422-014-0620-8.pdf Active inference, eye movements and oculomotor delays]. Biological Cybernetics, 108(6):777-801, 2014.</ref> 睡眠，<ref>Hobson, J. A. & Friston, K. J., (2012). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008212000706 Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations]. Prog Neurobiol, 98(1), pp. 82–98.</ref>幻觉，<ref>Brown, H., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Free-energy%20and%20illusions%20the%20Cornsweet%20effect.pdf Free-energy and illusions: the cornsweet effect]. Front Psychol , 3, 43.</ref> 注意，<ref name="Feldman" /> 动作选择，<ref name="Friston_a" /> 意识，<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rudrauf|first1=David|last2=Bennequin|first2=Daniel|last3=Granic|first3=Isabela|last4=Landini|first4=Gregory|last5=Friston|first5=Karl|last6=Williford|first6=Kenneth|date=2017-09-07|title=A mathematical model of embodied consciousness|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=428|pages=106–131|doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.032|pmid=28554611|issn=0022-5193|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057795/1/DR_et_al_A_math_model_of_embodied_consciousness_JTBiol_final_revision_for_submission.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Projective Consciousness Model and Phenomenal Selfhood|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|volume = 9|pages = 2571|last1=K|first1=Williford|last2=D|first2=Bennequin|date=2018-12-17|language=en|pmid=30618988|pmc = 6304424|last3=K|first3=Friston|last4=D|first4=Rudrauf|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02571}}</ref> hysteria<ref>Edwards, M. J., Adams, R. A., Brown, H., Pareés, I., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/A%20Bayesian%20account%20of%20hysteria.pdf A Bayesian account of 'hysteria']. Brain , 135(Pt 11):3495–512.</ref> 还有精神病。<ref>Adams RA, Perrinet LU, Friston K. (2012). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047502 Smooth pursuit and visual occlusion: active inference and oculomotor control in schizophrenia]. PLoS One. , 12;7(10):e47502</ref> 对主动推理中行为的解释常常依赖于这样一种观点，即大脑有“顽固的预测”，它无法更新，从而导致使这些预测成真的行为。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yon|first1=Daniel|last2=Lange|first2=Floris P. de|last3=Press|first3=Clare|date=2019-01-01|title=The Predictive Brain as a Stubborn Scientist|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(18)30239-0|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|language=English|volume=23|issue=1|pages=6–8|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.003|issn=1364-6613|pmid=30429054|s2cid=53280000}}</ref>
主动推理已被用于解决[[认知神经科学]]、脑功能和神经精神病学的一系列问题，包括：行动观察，<ref>Friston, K., Mattout, J. & Kilner, J., (2011). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Action%20understanding%20and%20active%20inference.pdf Action understanding and active inference]. Biol Cybern., 104, 137–160.</ref>镜像神经元，<ref>Kilner, J. M., Friston, K. J. & Frith, C. D., (2007). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Predictive%20coding%20an%20account%20of%20the%20mirror%20neuron%20system.pdf Predictive coding: an account of the mirror neuron system]. Cogn Process., 8(3), pp. 159–66.</ref> 扫视和视觉搜索，<ref>Friston, K., Adams, R. A., Perrinet, L. & Breakspear, M., (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Perceptions%20as%20hypotheses%20saccades%20as%20experiments.pdf Perceptions as hypotheses: saccades as experiments]. Front Psychol., 3, 151.</ref><ref>Mirza, M., Adams, R., Mathys, C., Friston, K. (2018). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190429 Human visual exploration reduces uncertainty about the sensed world]. PLoS One, 13(1): e0190429 </ref> 眼球运动，<ref>Perrinet L, Adams R, Friston, K. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00422-014-0620-8.pdf Active inference, eye movements and oculomotor delays]. Biological Cybernetics, 108(6):777-801, 2014.</ref> 睡眠，<ref>Hobson, J. A. & Friston, K. J., (2012). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008212000706 Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations]. Prog Neurobiol, 98(1), pp. 82–98.</ref>幻觉，<ref>Brown, H., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Free-energy%20and%20illusions%20the%20Cornsweet%20effect.pdf Free-energy and illusions: the cornsweet effect]. Front Psychol , 3, 43.</ref> 注意，<ref name="Feldman" /> 动作选择，<ref name="Friston_a" /> 意识，<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rudrauf|first1=David|last2=Bennequin|first2=Daniel|last3=Granic|first3=Isabela|last4=Landini|first4=Gregory|last5=Friston|first5=Karl|last6=Williford|first6=Kenneth|date=2017-09-07|title=A mathematical model of embodied consciousness|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=428|pages=106–131|doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.032|pmid=28554611|issn=0022-5193|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057795/1/DR_et_al_A_math_model_of_embodied_consciousness_JTBiol_final_revision_for_submission.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Projective Consciousness Model and Phenomenal Selfhood|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|volume = 9|pages = 2571|last1=K|first1=Williford|last2=D|first2=Bennequin|date=2018-12-17|language=en|pmid=30618988|pmc = 6304424|last3=K|first3=Friston|last4=D|first4=Rudrauf|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02571}}</ref> hysteria<ref>Edwards, M. J., Adams, R. A., Brown, H., Pareés, I., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/A%20Bayesian%20account%20of%20hysteria.pdf A Bayesian account of 'hysteria']. Brain , 135(Pt 11):3495–512.</ref> 还有精神病。<ref>Adams RA, Perrinet LU, Friston K. (2012). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047502 Smooth pursuit and visual occlusion: active inference and oculomotor control in schizophrenia]. PLoS One. , 12;7(10):e47502</ref> 对主动推理中行为的解释常常依赖于这样一种观点，即大脑有“顽固的预测”，它无法更新，从而导致使这些预测成真的行为。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yon|first1=Daniel|last2=Lange|first2=Floris P. de|last3=Press|first3=Clare|date=2019-01-01|title=The Predictive Brain as a Stubborn Scientist|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(18)30239-0|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|language=English|volume=23|issue=1|pages=6–8|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.003|issn=1364-6613|pmid=30429054|s2cid=53280000}}</ref>