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第40行： − Benoit B.[n 1] Mandelbrot[n 2] (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-born French-American mathematician and polymath with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as "the art of roughness" of physical phenomena and "the uncontrolled element in life".[5][6][7] He referred to himself as a "fractalist"[8] and is recognized for his contribution to the field of fractal geometry, which included coining the word "fractal", as well as developing a theory of "roughness and self-similarity" in nature.+ − − − − − − In 1936, while he was a child, Mandelbrot's family emigrated to France from [[Warsaw]], Poland. After [[World War II]] ended, Mandelbrot studied mathematics, graduating from universities in Paris and the United States and receiving a master's degree in [[aeronautics]] from the [[California Institute of Technology]]. He spent most of his career in both the United States and France, having [[Multiple citizenship|dual]] [[French nationality law|French]] and [[United States nationality law#Dual citizenship|American]] citizenship. In 1958, he began a 35-year career at [[IBM]], where he became an [[IBM Fellow]], and periodically took leaves of absence to teach at [[Harvard University]]. At Harvard, following the publication of his study of U.S. commodity markets in relation to cotton futures, he taught economics and applied sciences. − − In 1936, while he was a child, Mandelbrot's family emigrated to France from Warsaw, Poland. After World War II ended, Mandelbrot studied mathematics, graduating from universities in Paris and the United States and receiving a master's degree in aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology. He spent most of his career in both the United States and France, having dual French and American citizenship. In 1958, he began a 35-year career at IBM, where he became an IBM Fellow, and periodically took leaves of absence to teach at Harvard University. At Harvard, following the publication of his study of U.S. commodity markets in relation to cotton futures, he taught economics and applied sciences.
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伯努瓦 曼德布洛特（1924年11月20日至2010年10月14日）是波兰裔法国裔美国数学家和博学家，对实用科学有着广泛的研究。他热衷于研究物理现象的“粗糙艺术”和“生活中不受控制的元素”，并且将自己称为“分形主义者”，因其对分形几何学领域的贡献而受到认可，其中包括创造了“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 分形Fractal</font>'''”一词，并发展了自然界中的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 粗糙度Roughness</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 自相似性Self-similarity </font>'''”理论。
伯努瓦 曼德布洛特（1924年11月20日至2010年10月14日）是波兰裔法国裔美国数学家和博学家，对实用科学有着广泛的兴趣。他将其称为物理现象的“粗糙艺术”和“生活中不受控制的元素”。他称自己为“分形主义者”，并因其对分形几何学领域的贡献而受到认可，其中包括创造了“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 分形Fractal</font>'''”一词，并发展了自然界中的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 粗糙度Roughness</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 自相似性Self-similarity </font>'''”理论。
1936年，当曼德布罗特还是个孩子时，一家人从波兰华沙移民到了法国。第二次世界大战结束后，曼德布洛特学习了数学，从巴黎和美国的大学毕业，并获得了加州理工学院的航空硕士学位。他的职业生涯大部分时间都是在美国和法国度过，拥有法国和美国双重国籍。1958年，他在IBM开始了35年的职业生涯，并在那里成为了IBM院士，定期请假到哈佛大学任教。在哈佛大学发表关于棉花期货的美国商品市场研究之后，他开始教授经济学和应用科学。
1936年，当曼德布罗特还是个孩子时，一家人从波兰华沙移民到了法国。第二次世界大战结束后，曼德布洛特学习了数学，从巴黎和美国的大学毕业，并获得了加州理工学院的航空硕士学位。他的职业生涯大部分时间都是在美国和法国度过，拥有法国和美国双重国籍。1958年，他在IBM开始了35年的职业生涯，并在那里成为了IBM院士，定期请假到哈佛大学任教。在哈佛大学发表关于棉花期货的美国商品市场研究之后，他开始教授经济学和应用科学。