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第1行： − {{short description|American political scientist, economist, sociologist, and psychologist}} − {{For|the Indiana Pacers' owner|Herbert Simon (real estate)}} − {{Infobox scientist − − {{Infobox scientist − − {信息盒科学家 − − | birth_name = Herbert Alexander Simon − − | birth_name = Herbert Alexander Simon − − 出生名字 = 赫伯特·西蒙 − − | name = Herbert Simon − − | name = Herbert Simon − − 名字: 赫伯特 · 西蒙 − − | image = Herbert simon red complete.jpg − − | image = Herbert simon red complete.jpg − − 图片来源: Herbert simon red complete.jpg − − | birth_date = {{birth date|1916|6|15|mf=y}} − − | birth_date = − − 出生日期 − − | birth_place = [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]], U.S. − − | birth_place = Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. − − 出生地: 美国威斯康星州密尔沃基。 − − | death_date = {{death date and age|2001|2|9|1916|6|15|mf=y}} − − | death_date = − − 死亡日期 − − | death_place = [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S. − − | death_place = Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. − − 死亡地点: 美国宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡。 − − | citizenship = United States − − | citizenship = United States − − | 公民身份 = 美国 − − | spouse = {{marriage|Dorothea Isabel Pye<ref name=DorotheaSObit>{{cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/postgazette/obituary.aspx?n=dorothea-isabel-pye-simon&pid=447980|title=Dorothea Simon Obituary - Pittsburgh, PA - Post-Gazette.com|work=Post-Gazette.com|accessdate=8 August 2015}}</ref>|1939}} − − | spouse = − − 配偶 = − − | children = 3 − − | children = 3 − − | children = 3 − − | field = [[Economics]]<br/>[[Artificial intelligence]]<br />[[Computer science]]<br />[[Political science]] − − | field = Economics<br/>Artificial intelligence<br />Computer science<br />Political science − − 人工智能计算机科学政治科学 − − | work_institutions = [[Carnegie Mellon University]] − − | work_institutions = Carnegie Mellon University − − 工作机构 = 卡内基梅隆大学 − − | education = [[University of Chicago]]<br />(B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1943) − − | education = University of Chicago<br />(B.A., 1936; Ph.D., 1943) − − | education = 芝加哥大学(b.a. ，1936; ph.d. ，1943) − − | doctoral_advisor = [[Henry Schultz]] − − | doctoral_advisor = Henry Schultz − − 博士生导师: 亨利 · 舒尔茨 − − | academic_advisors = [[Rudolf Carnap]]<br />[[Nicholas Rashevsky]]<br />[[Harold Lasswell]]<br />[[Charles Merriam]]<ref name=nobelAutoBiog>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1978/simon-bio.html Herbert Simon, "Autobiography"], in ''Nobel Lectures, Economics 1969–1980'', Editor Assar Lindbeck, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1992.</ref><br />[[John R. Commons]]<ref>Forest, Joelle, "John R. Commons and Herbert A. Simon on the Concept of Rationality", ''Journal of Economic Issues'' Vol. XXXV, 3 (2001), pp. 591–605</ref> − − | academic_advisors = Rudolf Carnap<br />Nicholas Rashevsky<br />Harold Lasswell<br />Charles Merriam<br />John R. Commons − − | 学术顾问 = 鲁道夫 · 卡纳普尼古拉斯 · 拉舍夫斯基哈罗德 · 拉斯韦尔查尔斯 · 梅里亚姆约翰 · r · 共享 − − | doctoral_students = [[Edward Feigenbaum]]<br />[[Allen Newell]]<br />[[Richard Waldinger]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aigp.eecs.umich.edu/researcher/show/171 |title=Herbert Alexander Simon |publisher=AI Genealogy Project |accessdate=2012-03-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430020221/http://aigp.eecs.umich.edu/researcher/show/171 |archivedate=2012-04-30 }}</ref><br />[[John Muth]]<br />[[William F. Pounds]]<br />David Bree<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~dbree/ | title=Prof. David S. Bree's homepage, The University of Manchester}}</ref> − − | doctoral_students = Edward Feigenbaum<br />Allen Newell<br />Richard Waldinger<br />John Muth<br />William F. Pounds<br />David Bree − − 博士生 | 爱德华·费根鲍姆 | 艾伦 · 纽厄尔 Richard Waldinger John Muth 威廉 · f · 磅 − − | notable_students = − − | notable_students = − − 值得注意的学生 − − | influences = [[Richard T. Ely]], [[John R. Commons]], [[Henry George]], [[Chester Barnard]], [[Charles Merriam]] − − | influences = Richard T. Ely, John R. Commons, Henry George, Chester Barnard, Charles Merriam − − 作者: Richard t. Ely，John r. Commons，Henry George，Chester Barnard，Charles Merriam − − | influenced = [[Daniel Kahneman]], [[Amos Tversky]], [[Gerd Gigerenzer]], [[James March]], [[Allen Newell]], [[Philip E. Tetlock]], [[Richard Thaler]], [[John Muth]], [[Oliver E. Williamson]], [[Massimo Egidi]], [[Vela Velupillai]], [[Ha Joon Chang]], [[William C. Wimsatt]], [[Alok Bhargava]], [[Nassim Nicholas Taleb]] − − | influenced = Daniel Kahneman, Amos Tversky, Gerd Gigerenzer, James March, Allen Newell, Philip E. Tetlock, Richard Thaler, John Muth, Oliver E. Williamson, Massimo Egidi, Vela Velupillai, Ha Joon Chang, William C. Wimsatt, Alok Bhargava, Nassim Nicholas Taleb − − 2010年，奥利弗·威廉姆森的纳西姆·尼可拉斯·塔雷伯是2010年10月21日 − − | known_for = [[Bounded rationality]]<br />[[Satisficing]]<br />[[Information Processing Language]]<br />[[Logic Theorist]]<br />[[General Problem Solver]] − − | known_for = Bounded rationality<br />Satisficing<br />Information Processing Language<br />Logic Theorist<br />General Problem Solver − − 信息处理语言逻辑理论家 < br/> 有限理性一般问题解决器 − − | prizes = {{Plainlist| − − | prizes = {{Plainlist| − − | prizes = {{Plainlist| − − * [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences]] <small>(1967)</small> − − * [[Turing Award]] <small>(1975)</small> − − * [[Nobel Prize in Economics]] <small>(1978)</small> − − * [[National Medal of Science]] <small>(1986)</small> − − * [[Harold Pender Award]] <small>(1987)</small> − − * [[John von Neumann Theory Prize|von Neumann Theory Prize]] <small>(1988)</small> − − * [[APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology]] <small>(1969)</small> − − * [[ACM Fellow]] <small>(1994)</small> − − * [[IJCAI Award for Research Excellence]] <small>(1995)</small>}} − − }} − − }} − − }} − − − − '''Herbert Alexander Simon''' (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American [[economist]], [[political scientist]] and [[Cognitive psychology|cognitive psychologist]], whose primary research interest was [[decision-making]] within organizations and is best known for the theories of "[[bounded rationality]]" and "[[satisficing]]".<ref name="econ">{{cite news|title=Guru: Herbert Simon|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13350892|accessdate=13 February 2018|work=The Economist|date=20 March 2009}}</ref> He received the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize in Economics]] in 1978 and the [[Turing Award]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1978/simon/biographical/ |website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref><ref name = amturing>{{cite web|first = Hunter |last = Heyck |title=Herbert A. Simon - A.M. Turing Award Laureate |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/simon_1031467.cfm |website= amturing.acm.org}}</ref> His research was noted for its interdisciplinary nature and spanned across the fields of [[cognitive science]], [[computer science]], [[public administration]], [[management]], and [[political science]].<ref name=edward2001>{{cite journal |title=Herbert A. Simon, 1916-2001 |last1=Edward Feigenbaum |date=2001 |journal=Science |volume=291 |issue=5511 |pages=2107 |quote=Studies and models of decision-making are the themes that unify most of Simon's contributions.|doi=10.1126/science.1060171 |s2cid=180480666 |author1-link=Edward Feigenbaum }}</ref> He was at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] for most of his career, from 1949 to 2001.<ref>{{cite book|last=Simon|first=Herbert A.|title=Nobel Lectures, Economics 1969–1980|year=1978|publisher=[[World Scientific|World Scientific Publishing Co.]]|location= Singapore|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1978/simon-facts.html|editor=Assar Lindbeck|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> − − Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American economist, political scientist and cognitive psychologist, whose primary research interest was decision-making within organizations and is best known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satisficing". He received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978 and the Turing Award in 1975. His research was noted for its interdisciplinary nature and spanned across the fields of cognitive science, computer science, public administration, management, and political science. He was at Carnegie Mellon University for most of his career, from 1949 to 2001. − − 赫伯特·西蒙是一位美国经济学家、政治科学家和认知心理学家，他的主要研究兴趣是组织内部的决策，他最著名的理论是“有限理性”和“满足”。他于1978年获得诺贝尔经济学奖，1975年获得图灵奖。他的研究以其跨学科性质而著称，跨越了认知科学、计算机科学、公共管理、管理和政治科学等领域。从1949年到2001年，他职业生涯的大部分时间都在卡内基梅隆大学。 − − − − Notably, Simon was among the pioneers of several modern-day scientific domains such as [[artificial intelligence]], [[information processing]], [[decision-making]], [[problem-solving]], [[organization theory]], and [[complex systems]]. He was among the earliest to analyze the architecture of complexity and to propose a [[preferential attachment]] mechanism to explain [[power law]] distributions.<ref name=simon>Simon, H. A., 1955, ''Biometrika'' 42, 425.</ref><ref>B. Mandelbrot, "A Note on a Class of Skew Distribution Functions, Analysis and Critique of a Paper by H. Simon", ''Information and Control'', 2 (1959), p. 90</ref> − − Notably, Simon was among the pioneers of several modern-day scientific domains such as artificial intelligence, information processing, decision-making, problem-solving, organization theory, and complex systems. He was among the earliest to analyze the architecture of complexity and to propose a preferential attachment mechanism to explain power law distributions. − − 值得注意的是，西蒙是几个现代科学领域的先驱之一，如人工智能、信息处理、决策、解决问题、组织理论和复杂系统。他是最早分析复杂性结构并提出优先连接机制来解释幂律分布的人之一。 + + − Herbert Alexander Simon was born in [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]] on June 15, 1916. Simon's father, Arthur Simon (1881–1948), was a [[Jewish]]<ref>''Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America'' by Hunter Crowther-Heyck, (JHU 2005), page 25.</ref> electrical engineer who came to the United States from [[Germany]] in 1903 after earning his engineering degree at [[Technische Hochschule|Technische Hochschule Darmstadt]].<ref>Simon 1991, p.3, 23</ref> An inventor, Arthur also was an independent patent attorney.<ref>Simon 1991 p. 20</ref> Simon's mother, Edna Marguerite Merkel (1888-1969), was an accomplished pianist whose ancestors came from [[Prague]] and [[Cologne]].<ref name="Simon 1991 p.3">Simon 1991 p.3</ref> Simon's European ancestors were piano makers, [[goldsmith]]s, and [[vintner]]s. Like his father, Simon's mother also came from a family with Jewish, Lutheran, and Catholic backgrounds.<ref name="Simon 1991 p.3"/> + − − Herbert Alexander Simon was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on June 15, 1916. Simon's father, Arthur Simon (1881–1948), was a Jewish electrical engineer who came to the United States from Germany in 1903 after earning his engineering degree at Technische Hochschule Darmstadt. An inventor, Arthur also was an independent patent attorney. Simon's mother, Edna Marguerite Merkel (1888-1969), was an accomplished pianist whose ancestors came from Prague and Cologne. Simon's European ancestors were piano makers, goldsmiths, and vintners. Like his father, Simon's mother also came from a family with Jewish, Lutheran, and Catholic backgrounds. Unlike most children, Simon's family introduced him to the idea that human behavior could be studied scientifically; his mother's younger brother, Harold Merkel (1892-1922), who studied economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison under John R. Commons, became one of his earliest influences. Through Harold's books on economics and psychology, Simon discovered social science. Among his earliest influences, Simon cited Norman Angell for his book The Great Illusion and Henry George for his book Progress and Poverty. While attending high school, Simon joined the debate team, where he argued "from conviction, rather than cussedness" in favor of George's single tax. − − 赫伯特·西蒙于1916年6月15日出生于威斯康星州的密尔沃基。西蒙的父亲，Arthur Simon (1881-1948) ，是一位犹太电气工程师，1903年从德国来到美国，在达姆施塔特慕尼黑工业大学获得工程学位。作为一名发明家，亚瑟也是一名独立的专利律师。西蒙的母亲埃德娜 · 玛格丽特 · 默克尔(Edna Marguerite Merkel，1888-1969)是一位杰出的钢琴家，她的祖先来自布拉格和科隆。西蒙的欧洲祖先是钢琴制造商、金匠和酒商。和他的父亲一样，西蒙的母亲也来自一个有着犹太、路德教和天主教背景的家庭。与大多数孩子不同，Simon 的家人向他介绍了人类行为可以被科学研究的观点; 他母亲的弟弟 Harold Merkel (1892-1922) ，在 John r. Commons 的威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校学习经济学，成为了他最早的影响力之一。通过哈罗德关于经济学和心理学的书，西蒙发现了社会科学。在他最早的影响中，西蒙引用了诺曼 · 安吉尔的《大幻觉》和亨利 · 乔治的《进步与贫穷》。上高中的时候，西蒙加入了辩论队，在辩论队里，他辩称“出于信念，而不是胡闹” ，支持乔治的单一税。 − − In 1933, Simon entered the University of Chicago, and, following his early influences, decided to study social science and mathematics. Simon was interested in studying biology but chose not to pursue the field because of his "color-blindness and awkwardness in the laboratory". At an early age, Simon learned he was color blind and discovered the external world is not the same as the perceived world. While in college, Simon focused on political science and economics. Simon's most important mentor was Henry Schultz, an econometrician and mathematical economist. After enrolling in a course on "Measuring Municipal Governments," Simon became a research assistant for Clarence Ridley, and the two co-authored Measuring Municipal Activities: A Survey of Suggested Criteria for Appraising Administration in 1938. Simon's studies led him to the field of organizational decision-making, which became the subject of his doctoral dissertation.+ − − 1933年，西蒙进入芝加哥大学学习，在他早期的影响下，他决定学习社会科学和数学。西蒙对生物学很感兴趣，但由于“色盲和实验室里的笨拙” ，他选择了不从事这一领域的研究。西蒙很小的时候就知道自己是色盲，并且发现外部世界和感知的世界是不一样的。在大学期间，西蒙专注于政治科学和经济学。西蒙最重要的导师是亨利 · 舒尔茨，一位计量经济学家和数学经济学家。在报名参加了“测量市政府”的课程后，西蒙成为了克拉伦斯 · 里德利的研究助理，两人合著了《测量市政活动: 1938年评估行政管理建议标准调查》。的研究引导他进入组织决策领域，这也成为了他博士论文的主题。 − + − − In 1933, Simon entered the [[University of Chicago]], and, following his early influences, decided to study social science and mathematics. Simon was interested in studying biology but chose not to pursue the field because of his "color-blindness and awkwardness in the laboratory".<ref>Simon 1991 p. 39</ref> At an early age, Simon learned he was color blind and discovered the external world is not the same as the perceived world. While in college, Simon focused on [[political science]] and [[economics]]. Simon's most important mentor was [[Henry Schultz]], an [[Econometrics|econometrician]] and [[mathematical economist]].<ref name=nobelAutoBiog/> Simon received both his B.A. (1936) and his Ph.D. (1943) in political science from the University of Chicago, where he studied under [[Harold Lasswell]], [[Nicolas Rashevsky]], [[Rudolf Carnap]], Henry Schultz, and [[Charles Edward Merriam]].<ref>Augier & March 2001</ref> After enrolling in a course on "Measuring Municipal Governments," Simon became a research assistant for Clarence Ridley, and the two co-authored ''Measuring Municipal Activities: A Survey of Suggested Criteria for Appraising Administration'' in 1938.<ref>Simon 1991 p. 64</ref> Simon's studies led him to the field of [[Organizational behavior|organizational]] [[decision-making]], which became the subject of his doctoral dissertation. − − − − After graduating with his undergraduate degree, Simon obtained a research assistantship in municipal administration which turned into a directorship at the University of California, Berkeley. − − 本科毕业后，西蒙获得了市政管理研究助理职位，并在加州大学伯克利分校担任管理者。 − − After graduating with his undergraduate degree, Simon obtained a research assistantship in municipal administration which turned into a directorship at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. − − From 1942 to 1949, Simon was a professor of political science and also served as department chairman at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. There, he began participating in the seminars held by the staff of the Cowles Commission who at that time included Trygve Haavelmo, Jacob Marschak, and Tjalling Koopmans. He thus began an in-depth study of economics in the area of institutionalism. Marschak brought Simon in to assist in the study he was currently undertaking with Sam Schurr of the "prospective economic effects of atomic energy". − − 从1942年到1949年，西蒙是一名政治学教授，同时也是芝加哥伊利诺理工学院的系主任。在那里，他开始参加考尔斯委员会工作人员举办的研讨会，这些工作人员当时包括 Trygve Haavelmo，Jacob Marschak 和特亚林·科普曼斯。于是，他开始了在制度主义领域对经济学的深入研究。马沙克请西蒙来协助他目前正在与山姆 · 舒尔进行的“原子能的未来经济效应”研究。 − − − − From 1942 to 1949, Simon was a professor of political science and also served as department chairman at [[Illinois Institute of Technology]] in [[Chicago]]. There, he began participating in the seminars held by the staff of the [[Cowles Commission]] who at that time included [[Trygve Haavelmo]], [[Jacob Marschak]], and [[Tjalling Koopmans]]. He thus began an in-depth study of economics in the area of [[Institutional economics|institutionalism]]. Marschak brought Simon in to assist in the study he was currently undertaking with [[Sam Schurr]] of the "prospective economic effects of [[atomic energy]]".<ref name="nobel autobio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1978/simon-bio.html|title=Herbert A. Simon – Biographical|website=nobelprize.org|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> − − From 1949 to 2001, Simon was a faculty at Carnegie Mellon. In 1949, Simon became a professor of administration and chairman of the Department of Industrial Management at Carnegie Tech (later to become Carnegie Mellon University). Simon later also taught psychology and computer science in the same university,). − − 从1949年到2001年，西蒙在卡内基梅隆大学任教。1949年，Simon 成为卡内基理工学院的行政学教授和工业管理系主任(后来成为卡内基梅隆大学)。西蒙后来还在同一所大学教授心理学和计算机科学。 − − − − From 1949 to 2001, Simon was a faculty at [[Carnegie Mellon]]. In 1949, Simon became a professor of administration and chairman of the Department of Industrial Management at [[Carnegie Tech]] (later to become [[Carnegie Mellon University]]). Simon later also<ref>Simon 1991 p. 136</ref> taught [[psychology]] and [[computer science]] in the same university,<ref name="nobel autobio" /> (occasionally visiting other universities<ref>[http://philosophy.princeton.edu/about/faculty-1949 "Princeton University, Department Of Philosophy, Faculty Since 1949"], at philosophy.princeton.edu accessed 2014-Oct-13</ref>). − + + − Seeking to replace the highly simplified classical approach to economic modeling, Simon became best known for his theory of corporate decision in his book Administrative Behavior. In this book he based his concepts with an approach that recognized multiple factors that contribute to decision making. His organization and administration interest allowed him to not only serve three times as a university department chairman, but he also played a big part in the creation of the Economic Cooperation Administration in 1948; administrative team that administered aid to the Marshall Plan for the U.S. government, serving on President Lyndon Johnson's Science Advisory Committee, and also the National Academy of Science.+ − − 为了取代高度简化的经典经济模型方法，Simon 在他的著作《管理行为》中以他的公司决策理论而闻名。在这本书中，他将自己的概念建立在一种方法之上，这种方法可以识别出多种有助于决策制定的因素。他在组织和行政方面的兴趣使他不仅三次担任大学系主任，而且在1948年经济合作署的成立中发挥了重要作用; 他的行政团队为美国政府管理对马歇尔计划的援助，并在林登 · 约翰逊总统的科学咨询委员会和国家科学院任职。 − − ===Publications=== − − Seeking to replace the highly simplified classical approach to economic modeling, Simon became best known for his theory of corporate decision in his book ''Administrative Behavior''. In this book he based his concepts with an approach that recognized multiple factors that contribute to decision making. His organization and administration interest allowed him to not only serve three times as a university department chairman, but he also played a big part in the creation of the [[Economic Cooperation Administration]] in 1948; administrative team that administered aid to the [[Marshall Plan]] for the U.S. government, serving on President [[Lyndon Johnson]]'s Science Advisory Committee, and also the [[National Academy of Science]].<ref name="nobel autobio"/> Simon has made a great number of contributions to both economic analysis and applications. Because of this, his work can be found in a number of economic literary works, making contributions to areas such as mathematical economics including theorem, human rationality, behavioral study of firms, theory of casual ordering, and the analysis of the [[parameter identification problem]] in econometrics.<ref>{{cite journal | author = William J. Baumol | year = 1979 | title = On The Contributions of Herbert A. Simon to Economics | jstor =343945 | journal = The Scandinavian Journal of Economics | volume = 81 | issue = 1| pages = 655 | doi=10.2307/3439459| author-link = William Baumol }}</ref> − − 第450行：
第239行： − − Simon was a prolific writer and authored 27 books and almost a thousand papers. As of 2016, Simon was the most cited person in artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology on Google Scholar. With almost a thousand highly cited publications, he was one of the most influential social scientists of the twentieth century. − − 西蒙是一位多产的作家，著有27本书和近1000篇论文。2016年，西蒙在谷歌学术搜索中成为人工智能和认知心理学领域被引用次数最多的人。拥有近一千篇被高度引用的著作，他是二十世纪最有影响力的社会科学家之一。 第474行：
第259行： − − - 2nd ed. in 1981, MIT Press. As stated in the Preface, the second edition provided the author an opportunity "to amend and expand [his] thesis and to apply it to several additional fields" beyond organization theory, economics, management science, and psychology that were covered in the previous edition. − − - 第二版。1981年，麻省理工学院出版社。正如前言所述，第二版为作者提供了一个机会，”修正和扩展[他的]论文，并将其应用于”组织理论、经济学、管理科学和心理学之外的其他几个领域” ，这些在前一版中都有涉及。 − − − − - 3rd ed. in 1996, MIT Press. − − - 第三版。1996年，麻省理工学院出版社。 第494行：
第269行： − − - Vol. 3. in 1997, MIT Press. His papers on economics since the publication of Vols. 1 and 2 in 1982. The papers grouped under the category "The Structure of Complex Systems"– dealing with issues such as causal ordering, decomposability, aggregation of variables, model abstraction– are of general interest in systems modelling, not just in economics. − − - 第一卷。3.1997年，麻省理工学院出版社。沃尔斯出版以来的经济学论文。1982年的1和2。在”复杂系统的结构”类别下分组的论文——处理因果顺序、可分解性、变量集合、模型抽象等问题——不仅在经济学中，而且在系统建模方面都引起了普遍的兴趣。 − − 第515行：
第284行： − + − − He received many top-level honors in life, including becoming a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1959;<ref>[http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterS.pdf American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2012 Book of Members/ChapterS, amacad.org]</ref> election as a [[Member of the National Academy of Sciences]] in 1967;<ref>[http://nas.nasonline.org/site/Dir/1715450020?pg=rslts National Academy of Sciences]. Nas.nasonline.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.</ref> [[APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology]] (1969); the [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]'s [[Turing Award]] for making "basic contributions to artificial intelligence, the psychology of human [[cognition]], and list processing" (1975); the [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics]] "for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations" (1978); the [[National Medal of Science]] (1986); the [[American Psychological Association|APA]]'s [[APA Award for Lifetime Contributions to Psychology|Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology]] (1993); [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] fellow (1994); and [[IJCAI Award for Research Excellence]] (1995). + + − + − + − – Reprinted in 1982, In: H.A. Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality, Volume 1, Economic Analysis and Public Policy, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 235–44.+ − - 1982年再版，载于: h.a。有限理性模型，第一卷，《经济分析与公共政策》 ，麻省理工学院出版社，235-44。+ − + − + + + − ===Selected publications===+ − Simon was a prolific writer and authored 27 books and almost a thousand papers. As of 2016, Simon was the most cited person in [[artificial intelligence]] and [[cognitive psychology]] on [[Google Scholar]].<ref>https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9d7rMrkAAAAJ</ref> With almost a thousand highly cited publications, he was one of the most influential social scientists of the twentieth century.+ − − − − 第552行：
第319行： − − Simon married Dorothea Pye in 1938. Their marriage lasted 63 years until his death. In January 2001, Simon underwent surgery at UPMC Presbyterian to remove a cancerous tumor in his abdomen. Although the surgery was successful, Simon later succumbed to the complications that followed. They had three children, Katherine, Peter, and Barbara. His wife died in 2002. and Richard Rappaport. Rappaport also painted Simon's commissioned portrait at Carnegie Mellon University. He was also a keen mountain climber. As a testament to his wide interests, he at one point taught an undergraduate course on the French Revolution. − − 西蒙于1938年与多萝西娅 · 派伊结婚。他们的婚姻持续了63年，直到他去世。2001年1月，西蒙在 UPMC 长老会医院接受了手术，切除了他腹部的一个癌症肿瘤。虽然手术很成功，但西蒙后来还是死于随之而来的并发症。他们有三个孩子，凯瑟琳、彼得和芭芭拉。他的妻子在2002年去世了，还有理查德 · 拉帕波特。拉帕波特还在卡内基梅隆大学画了西蒙的肖像画。他还是一个热衷于登山的人。为了证明自己的广泛兴趣，他曾经教过一门关于法国大革命的本科课程。 第581行：
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第375行： − − − − ==Personal life and interests== − − Simon married Dorothea Pye in 1938. Their marriage lasted 63 years until his death. In January 2001, Simon underwent surgery at [[UPMC Presbyterian]] to remove a cancerous tumor in his abdomen. Although the surgery was successful, Simon later succumbed to the complications that followed. They had three children, Katherine, Peter, and Barbara. His wife died in 2002.<ref name=DorotheaSObit/> − − − − From 1950 to 1955, Simon studied mathematical economics and during this time, together with [[David Hawkins (philosopher)|David Hawkins]], discovered and proved the [[Hawkins–Simon theorem]] on the "conditions for the existence of positive solution vectors for input-output matrices". He also developed theorems on near-decomposability and aggregation. Having begun to apply these theorems to organizations, by 1954 Simon determined that the best way to study problem-solving was to simulate it with computer programs, which led to his interest in computer simulation of human cognition. Founded during the 1950s, he was among the first members of the [[Society for General Systems Research]].{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} − − − − Simon had a keen interest in the arts, as he was a pianist. He was a friend of [[Robert Lepper]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warhol.org/whats_on/pdfs/PR_Robert_Lepper_Artist_Teacher.pdf |title=PR_Robert_Lepper_Artist_Teacher.pdf |accessdate=2008-05-31 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626151911/http://www.warhol.org/whats_on/pdfs/PR_Robert_Lepper_Artist_Teacher.pdf |archivedate=June 26, 2006 }}</ref> and Richard Rappaport.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://search.library.cmu.edu/client/default/q$003dlepper$0026rw$003d0$0026d$003dent$00253A$00252F$00252FSD_ILS$00252F1380$00252FSD_ILS$00253A1380888$00253AILS$00253A3$00253A636$0026tt$003dDIRECT$0026|title=Home - Carnegie Mellon University Libraries|accessdate=8 August 2015}}</ref> Rappaport also painted Simon's commissioned portrait at [[Carnegie Mellon University]].<ref name="nobel autobio" /> He was also a keen [[mountain climber]]. As a testament to his wide interests, he at one point taught an undergraduate course on the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="econ"/> − − + − + 第641行：
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第404行： − − − − ==Further reading== − − * {{cite journal | last1 = Bhargava | first1 = Alok | year = 1997 | title = Editor's introduction: Analysis of data on health | url = | journal = Journal of Econometrics | volume = 77 | issue = | pages = 1–4 | doi=10.1016/s0304-4076(96)01803-9}} − − * Courtois, P.J., 1977. ''Decomposability: queueing and computer system applications''. New York: Academic Press. Courtois was influenced by the work of Simon and [[Albert Ando]] on hierarchical nearly-decomposable systems in economic modelling as a criterion for computer systems design, and in this book he presents the mathematical theory of these nearly-decomposable systems in more detail than Simon and Ando do in their original papers. − − * Frantz, R., and Marsh, L. (Eds.) (2016). ''[http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137442499 Minds, Models and Milieux: Commemorating the Centennial of the Birth of Herbert Simon]''. 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Simon] − − Category:American atheists − − 类别: 美国无神论者 − − * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180714185803/http://diva.library.cmu.edu/Simon/ Full-text digital archive of Herbert Simon papers] − − Category:American business theorists − − 范畴: 美国商业理论家 − − * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120209080433/http://shelf1.library.cmu.edu/IMLS/MindModels/index.html Mind Models] online Artificial Intelligence exhibit − − Category:American people of German descent − − 类别: 德裔美国人 − − * [http://werdet.atspace.com/bin/simonntation-speech.html pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations] − − Category:American people of German-Jewish descent − − 类别: 德裔犹太裔美国人 − − * [http://www.philsci.com History of Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Science] BOOK VIII: Herbert Simon, Paul Thagard and Others on Discovery Systems – with free downloads for public use. − − Category:American psychologists − − 分类: 美国心理学家 − − * {{cite journal |author=Simon, H.A. |author-mask=1 |title=The Architecture of Complexity |journal=American Philosophical Society |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=467–482 |date=12 December 1962 |jstor=985254 |url=http://www.ecoplexity.org/files/uploads/Simon.pdf |access-date=23 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310150418/http://ecoplexity.org/files/uploads/Simon.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} − − Category:American social scientists − − 类别: 美国社会科学家 − − * [https://ideas.repec.org/e/psi29.html IDEAS/RePEc] − − Category:American sociologists − − 分类: 美国社会学家 − − * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Herbert Alexander Simon (1901–1985) |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Simon.html |encyclopedia=[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |edition=2nd |series=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |publisher=[[Liberty Fund]] |year=2008 }} − − <!-- Organization theorists --> − − < ! -- 组织理论家 > − − * [https://www.informs.org/content/view/full/271830 Biography of Herbert A. 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赫伯特·西蒙是一位美国经济学家、政治科学家、认知心理学家、和计算机科学家，他的主要研究兴趣是组织内部的决策，他最著名的理论是“'''有限理性（Bounded Rationality）'''”和“'''满足（Satisficing）'''”<ref name="econ">{{cite news|title=Guru: Herbert Simon|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13350892|accessdate=13 February 2018|work=The Economist|date=20 March 2009}}</ref>。他分别于1975年获得图灵奖，和1978年获得诺贝尔经济学奖<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1978/simon/biographical/ |website=NobelPrize.org}}<ref name = amturing>{{cite web|first = Hunter |last = Heyck |title=Herbert A. Simon - A.M. Turing Award Laureate |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/simon_1031467.cfm |website= amturing.acm.org}}</ref>。他的研究以其跨学科性质而著称，跨越了认知科学、计算机科学、公共管理、管理和政治科学等领域<ref name=edward2001>{{cite journal |title=Herbert A. Simon, 1916-2001 |last1=Edward Feigenbaum |date=2001 |journal=Science |volume=291 |issue=5511 |pages=2107 |quote=Studies and models of decision-making are the themes that unify most of Simon's contributions.|doi=10.1126/science.1060171 |s2cid=180480666 |author1-link=Edward Feigenbaum }}</ref> 。从1949年到2001年，他职业生涯的大部分时间都在卡内基梅隆大学度过。<ref>{{cite book|last=Simon|first=Herbert A.|title=Nobel Lectures, Economics 1969–1980|year=1978|publisher=[[World Scientific|World Scientific Publishing Co.]]|location= Singapore|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1978/simon-facts.html|editor=Assar Lindbeck|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref>
值得注意的是，西蒙是几个现代科学领域的先驱之一，如人工智能、信息处理、决策、问题解决、组织理论和复杂系统。他也是最早分析复杂性结构，并提出'''优先连接（Preferential Attachment）'''机制来解释幂律分布的人之一。<ref name=simon>Simon, H. A., 1955, ''Biometrika'' 42, 425.</ref><ref>B. Mandelbrot, "A Note on a Class of Skew Distribution Functions, Analysis and Critique of a Paper by H. Simon", ''Information and Control'', 2 (1959), p. 90</ref>
==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
赫伯特·亚历山大·西蒙（Herbert Alexander Simon）于1916年6月15日出生于威斯康星州的密尔沃基。西蒙的父亲，亚瑟·西蒙 (1881-1948) ，是一位犹太电气工程师，在慕尼黑工业大学获得工程学位，1903年从德国来到美国<ref>''Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America'' by Hunter Crowther-Heyck, (JHU 2005), page 25.</ref>。作为一名发明家，亚瑟也是一名独立的专利律师。西蒙的母亲埃德娜 · 玛格丽特 · 默克尔(Edna Marguerite Merkel，1888-1969)是一位杰出的钢琴家，她的祖先来自布拉格和科隆。西蒙的欧洲祖先是钢琴制造商、金匠和酒商。和他的父亲一样，西蒙的母亲也来自一个有着犹太、路德教和天主教背景的家庭。与大多数孩子不同，赫伯特·西蒙的家人向他介绍了人类行为可以被科学研究的观点。通过哈罗德关于经济学和心理学的书，西蒙了解到了社会科学。在他最早的影响中，西蒙引用了诺曼 · 安吉尔的《大幻觉》和亨利 · 乔治的《进步与贫穷》<ref name="Simon 1991 p.3"/> 。
Simon attended [[Milwaukee Public Schools]], where he developed an interest in science and established himself as an atheist. While attending middle school, Simon wrote a letter to "the editor of the ''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|Milwaukee Journal]]'' defending the civil liberties of atheists".<ref>{{cite book|title=Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America|author=Hunter Crowther-Heyck|publisher=JHU Press|year=2005|isbn=9780801880254|page=22|quote=His secular, scientific values came well before he was old enough to make such calculating career decisions. For example, while still in middle school, Simon wrote a letter to the editor of the ''Milwaukee Journal'' defending the civil liberties of atheists, and by high school, he was "certain" that he was "religiously an atheist", a conviction that never wavered.}}</ref> Unlike most children, Simon's family introduced him to the idea that human behavior could be studied scientifically; his mother's younger brother, Harold Merkel (1892-1922), who studied economics at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] under [[John R. Commons]], became one of his earliest influences. Through Harold's books on economics and psychology, Simon discovered social science. Among his earliest influences, Simon cited [[Norman Angell]] for his book ''[[The Great Illusion]]'' and [[Henry George]] for his book ''[[Progress and Poverty]]''. While attending high school, Simon joined the debate team, where he argued "from conviction, rather than cussedness" in favor of George's [[Georgism|single tax]].<ref name="Velupillai, Kumaraswamy 2000">Velupillai, Kumaraswamy. ''Computable Economics: The Arne Ryde Memorial Lectures''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.</ref>
Simon attended [[Milwaukee Public Schools]], where he developed an interest in science and established himself as an atheist. While attending middle school, Simon wrote a letter to "the editor of the ''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|Milwaukee Journal]]'' defending the civil liberties of atheists".<ref>{{cite book|title=Herbert A. Simon: The Bounds of Reason in Modern America|author=Hunter Crowther-Heyck|publisher=JHU Press|year=2005|isbn=9780801880254|page=22|quote=His secular, scientific values came well before he was old enough to make such calculating career decisions. For example, while still in middle school, Simon wrote a letter to the editor of the ''Milwaukee Journal'' defending the civil liberties of atheists, and by high school, he was "certain" that he was "religiously an atheist", a conviction that never wavered.}}</ref> Unlike most children, Simon's family introduced him to the idea that human behavior could be studied scientifically; his mother's younger brother, Harold Merkel (1892-1922), who studied economics at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] under [[John R. Commons]], became one of his earliest influences. Through Harold's books on economics and psychology, Simon discovered social science. Among his earliest influences, Simon cited [[Norman Angell]] for his book ''[[The Great Illusion]]'' and [[Henry George]] for his book ''[[Progress and Poverty]]''. While attending high school, Simon joined the debate team, where he argued "from conviction, rather than cussedness" in favor of George's [[Georgism|single tax]].<ref name="Velupillai, Kumaraswamy 2000">Velupillai, Kumaraswamy. ''Computable Economics: The Arne Ryde Memorial Lectures''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.</ref>
1933年，西蒙进入芝加哥大学学习，在他早期所受到的影响下，他决定学习社会科学和数学。西蒙对生物学很感兴趣，但由于“色盲和实验室里的笨拙” ，他选择了不从事这一领域的研究。西蒙很小的时候就知道自己是色盲，并且发现外部世界和感知的世界是不一样的。在大学期间，西蒙专注于政治科学和经济学。西蒙最重要的导师是亨利 · 舒尔茨，一位计量经济学家和数学经济学家。在报名参加了“测量市政府”的课程后，西蒙成为了克拉伦斯 · 里德利的研究助理，两人合著了《测量市政活动: 1938年评估行政管理建议标准调查》。的研究引导他进入组织决策领域，这也成为了他博士论文的主题。
本科毕业后，西蒙获得了市政管理研究助理职位，随后在加州大学伯克利分校担任管理者。
==Career and research==
==Career and research==
从1942年到1949年，西蒙是一名政治学教授，同时也是芝加哥伊利诺理工学院的系主任。在那里，他开始参加考尔斯委员会工作人员举办的研讨会，这些工作人员当时包括雅各布·马沙克，和特亚林·科普曼斯。于是，他开始了在制度主义（Institutionalism）经济学的深入研究。马沙克请西蒙来协助他当时正在与山姆 · 舒尔进行的“原子能的未来经济效应”研究<ref name="nobel autobio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1978/simon-bio.html|title=Herbert A. Simon – Biographical|website=nobelprize.org|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>。
1949年，西蒙成为卡内基理工学院(卡内基梅隆大学的前身)的行政学教授和工业管理系主任。西蒙后来还在同一所大学教授心理学和计算机科学。从1949年到2001年，西蒙都在在卡内基梅隆大学任教，当然有时候也会访问其他大学和科研机构<ref>[http://philosophy.princeton.edu/about/faculty-1949 "Princeton University, Department Of Philosophy, Faculty Since 1949"], at philosophy.princeton.edu accessed 2014-Oct-13</ref>。
为了取代高度简化的经典经济模型方法，西蒙在他的著作《管理行为（Administrative Behavior）》中以提出了他著名的'''公司决策理论（Theory of Corporate Decision）'''。在这本书中，他提炼出了一系列概念，以及一套可以识别出多种影响决策制定因素的方法。他在组织和行政方面的兴趣使他不仅三次担任大学系主任，而且在1948年经济合作署的成立中发挥了重要作用，也参与了马歇尔计划中管理援助的行政团队，还在林登·约翰逊总统的科学咨询委员会和国家科学院任职<ref name="nobel autobio"/>。
===Decision-making===
===Decision-making===
===Psychology===
===Psychology===
Simon was interested in how humans learn and, with [[Edward Feigenbaum]], he developed the [[EPAM]] (Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer) theory, one of the first theories of [[learning]] to be implemented as a computer program. EPAM was able to explain a large number of phenomena in the field of verbal learning.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Feigenbaum | first1 = E. A. | last2 = Simon | first2 = H. A. | year = 1984 | title = EPAM-like models of recognition and learning | url = | journal = Cognitive Science | volume = 8 | issue = 4| pages = 305–336 | doi=10.1016/s0364-0213(84)80005-1}}</ref> Later versions of the model were applied to [[concept formation]] and the acquisition of [[expertise]]. With [[Fernand Gobet]], he has expanded the EPAM theory into the [[CHREST]] computational model.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gobet | first1 = F. | last2 = Simon | first2 = H. A. | year = 2000 | title = Five seconds or sixty? Presentation time in expert memory | url = http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/811| journal = Cognitive Science | volume = 24 | issue = 4| pages = 651–682 | doi=10.1016/s0364-0213(00)00031-8}}</ref> The theory explains how simple [[chunking (psychology)|chunks]] of information form the building blocks of schemata, which are more complex structures. CHREST has been used predominantly, to simulate aspects of chess expertise.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}
Simon was interested in how humans learn and, with [[Edward Feigenbaum]], he developed the [[EPAM]] (Elementary Perceiver and Memorizer) theory, one of the first theories of [[learning]] to be implemented as a computer program. EPAM was able to explain a large number of phenomena in the field of verbal learning.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Feigenbaum | first1 = E. A. | last2 = Simon | first2 = H. A. | year = 1984 | title = EPAM-like models of recognition and learning | url = | journal = Cognitive Science | volume = 8 | issue = 4| pages = 305–336 | doi=10.1016/s0364-0213(84)80005-1}}</ref> Later versions of the model were applied to [[concept formation]] and the acquisition of [[expertise]]. With [[Fernand Gobet]], he has expanded the EPAM theory into the [[CHREST]] computational model.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gobet | first1 = F. | last2 = Simon | first2 = H. A. | year = 2000 | title = Five seconds or sixty? Presentation time in expert memory | url = http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/811| journal = Cognitive Science | volume = 24 | issue = 4| pages = 651–682 | doi=10.1016/s0364-0213(00)00031-8}}</ref> The theory explains how simple [[chunking (psychology)|chunks]] of information form the building blocks of schemata, which are more complex structures. CHREST has been used predominantly, to simulate aspects of chess expertise.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}
Further, Simon emphasized that psychologists invoke a "procedural" definition of rationality, whereas economists employ a "substantive" definition. Gustavos Barros argued that the procedural rationality concept does not have a significant presence in the economics field and has never had nearly as much weight as the concept of bounded rationality.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barros|first1=Gustavo|title=Herbert A. Simon and the Concept of Rationality: Boundaries and Procedures|journal=Brazilian Journal of Political Economy|date=2010|volume=30|issue=3|pages=455–472|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rep/v30n3/a06v30n3.pdf|doi=10.1590/S0101-31572010000300006|s2cid=8481653}}</ref> However, in an earlier article, Bhargava (1997) noted the importance of Simon's arguments and emphasized that there are several applications of the "procedural" definition of rationality in econometric analyses of data on health. In particular, economists should employ "auxiliary assumptions" that reflect the knowledge in the relevant biomedical fields, and guide the specification of econometric models for health outcomes.
Further, Simon emphasized that psychologists invoke a "procedural" definition of rationality, whereas economists employ a "substantive" definition. Gustavos Barros argued that the procedural rationality concept does not have a significant presence in the economics field and has never had nearly as much weight as the concept of bounded rationality.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barros|first1=Gustavo|title=Herbert A. Simon and the Concept of Rationality: Boundaries and Procedures|journal=Brazilian Journal of Political Economy|date=2010|volume=30|issue=3|pages=455–472|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rep/v30n3/a06v30n3.pdf|doi=10.1590/S0101-31572010000300006|s2cid=8481653}}</ref> However, in an earlier article, Bhargava (1997) noted the importance of Simon's arguments and emphasized that there are several applications of the "procedural" definition of rationality in econometric analyses of data on health. In particular, economists should employ "auxiliary assumptions" that reflect the knowledge in the relevant biomedical fields, and guide the specification of econometric models for health outcomes.
Simon was also known for his research on [[industrial organization]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Marc H.|last2=Lemken|first2=Russell K.|date=2019|title=An Empirical Assessment of the Influence of March and Simon's Organizations: The Realized Contribution and Unfulfilled Promise of a Masterpiece|journal=Journal of Management Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1537–1569|doi=10.1111/joms.12527|issn=1467-6486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilden|first1=Ralf|last2=Hohberger|first2=Jan|last3=Devinney|first3=Timothy M.|last4=Lumineau|first4=Fabrice|date=2019|title=60 Years of March and Simon's Organizations: An Empirical Examination of its Impact and Influence on Subsequent Research|journal=Journal of Management Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1570–1604|doi=10.1111/joms.12531|issn=1467-6486|doi-access=free}}</ref> He determined that the internal organization of firms and the external business decisions thereof, did not conform to the [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical theories]] of "rational" decision-making. Simon wrote many articles on the topic over the course of his life, mainly focusing on the issue of decision-making within the behavior of what he termed "[[bounded rationality]]". "Rational behavior, in economics, means that individuals maximize their utility function under the constraints they face (e.g., their budget constraint, limited choices, ...) in pursuit of their self-interest. This is reflected in the theory of [[subjective expected utility]]. The term, [[bounded rationality]], is used to designate rational choice that takes into account the cognitive limitations of both knowledge and cognitive capacity. Bounded rationality is a central theme in [[behavioral economics]]. It is concerned with the ways in which the actual decision-making process influences decisions. Theories of bounded rationality relax one or more assumptions of standard expected utility theory".{{cite quote|date=September 2013}}
Simon was also known for his research on [[industrial organization]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Marc H.|last2=Lemken|first2=Russell K.|date=2019|title=An Empirical Assessment of the Influence of March and Simon's Organizations: The Realized Contribution and Unfulfilled Promise of a Masterpiece|journal=Journal of Management Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1537–1569|doi=10.1111/joms.12527|issn=1467-6486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilden|first1=Ralf|last2=Hohberger|first2=Jan|last3=Devinney|first3=Timothy M.|last4=Lumineau|first4=Fabrice|date=2019|title=60 Years of March and Simon's Organizations: An Empirical Examination of its Impact and Influence on Subsequent Research|journal=Journal of Management Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1570–1604|doi=10.1111/joms.12531|issn=1467-6486|doi-access=free}}</ref> He determined that the internal organization of firms and the external business decisions thereof, did not conform to the [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical theories]] of "rational" decision-making. Simon wrote many articles on the topic over the course of his life, mainly focusing on the issue of decision-making within the behavior of what he termed "[[bounded rationality]]". "Rational behavior, in economics, means that individuals maximize their utility function under the constraints they face (e.g., their budget constraint, limited choices, ...) in pursuit of their self-interest. This is reflected in the theory of [[subjective expected utility]]. The term, [[bounded rationality]], is used to designate rational choice that takes into account the cognitive limitations of both knowledge and cognitive capacity. Bounded rationality is a central theme in [[behavioral economics]]. It is concerned with the ways in which the actual decision-making process influences decisions. Theories of bounded rationality relax one or more assumptions of standard expected utility theory".{{cite quote|date=September 2013}}
In his youth, Simon took an interest in [[land economics]] and [[Georgism]], an idea known at the time as "single tax".<ref name="Velupillai, Kumaraswamy 2000"/> The system is meant to redistribute unearned [[economic rent]] to the public and improve land use. In 1979, Simon still maintained these ideas and argued that [[land value tax]] should replace taxes on wages.<ref>Simon, Herbert. [http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/batt-h-william_real-explanation-for-the-tax-rebellion-2011.pdf "Letter to the Pittsburgh City Council"], December 13, 1979. Archived in the Herbert A. Simon Collected Papers, Carnegie Mellon University Library. Quote: "It is clearly preferable to impose the additional cost on land by increasing the land tax, rather than to increase the wage tax"</ref>
In his youth, Simon took an interest in [[land economics]] and [[Georgism]], an idea known at the time as "single tax".<ref name="Velupillai, Kumaraswamy 2000"/> The system is meant to redistribute unearned [[economic rent]] to the public and improve land use. In 1979, Simon still maintained these ideas and argued that [[land value tax]] should replace taxes on wages.<ref>Simon, Herbert. [http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/batt-h-william_real-explanation-for-the-tax-rebellion-2011.pdf "Letter to the Pittsburgh City Council"], December 13, 1979. Archived in the Herbert A. Simon Collected Papers, Carnegie Mellon University Library. Quote: "It is clearly preferable to impose the additional cost on land by increasing the land tax, rather than to increase the wage tax"</ref>
Some of Simon's economic research was directed toward understanding technological change in general and the information processing revolution in particular.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}
Some of Simon's economic research was directed toward understanding technological change in general and the information processing revolution in particular.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}
===Awards and honors===
==奖项和荣誉==
西蒙一生获奖诸多，包括但不限于：
* 1959年美国艺术与科学学会院士 <ref>[http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterS.pdf American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2012 Book of Members/ChapterS, amacad.org]</ref>
*Honorary doctorate, [[Lund School of Economics and Management]], 1968.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honorary doctors at Lund School og Economics and Management|url=http://www.lusem.lu.se/research/honorary-doctors|website=Lund University|accessdate=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905005826/http://www.lusem.lu.se/research/honorary-doctors|archive-date=5 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1967年入选国家科学院院士<ref>[http://nas.nasonline.org/site/Dir/1715450020?pg=rslts National Academy of Sciences]. Nas.nasonline.org. Retrieved on 2013-09-23.</ref>
*Honorary degree, [[University of Pavia]], 1988.<ref>[http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2008/10/interview-contrarian-ted-lowi interview with Ted Lowi (subsequent Cornell recipient of an Honorary degree from the University of Pavia), at news.cornell.edu]</ref>
* 1969年APA杰出科学贡献奖
* 1975年ACM图灵奖“为人工智能、人类认知心理学和列表处理做出基本性的贡献”
* 1978年诺贝尔经济学奖“在经济组织的决策过程领域做出了先驱式的研究”(1978)
*Honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D.) degree from [[Harvard University]] in 1990.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
* 1986年国家科学奖章
*Honorary degree, [[University of Buenos Aires]], 1999.<ref>{{cite web|title=Publicaciones, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Boletín Informativo|url=http://www.econ.uba.ar/servicios/publicaciones/boletin/boletin8.htm#53|website=Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas|accessdate=6 June 2015}}</ref>
* 1993年APA终身成就奖
* 1995年IJCAI卓越研究奖
==精选刊物==
赫伯特·西蒙是一个非常高产的写作者。他参与撰写了27本书，和上千篇文章。截至2016年，西蒙是Google Scholar中认知心理学领域获得最多引用的学者。毫无疑问，赫伯特·西蒙是20世纪科学界最有影响力的人物之一。
===书籍===
===Books===
* 1947. ''[[Administrative Behavior]]: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization''.
* 1947. ''[[Administrative Behavior]]: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization''.
* 1969. ''[[The Sciences of the Artificial]]''. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1st edition. Made the idea easy to grasp: "objects (real or symbolic) in the environment of the decision-maker influence choice as much as the intrinsic information-processing capabilities of the decision-maker"; Explained "the principles of modeling complex systems, particularly the human information-processing system that we call the mind."
* 1969. ''[[The Sciences of the Artificial]]''. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1st edition. Made the idea easy to grasp: "objects (real or symbolic) in the environment of the decision-maker influence choice as much as the intrinsic information-processing capabilities of the decision-maker"; Explained "the principles of modeling complex systems, particularly the human information-processing system that we call the mind."
: - 2nd ed. in 1981, MIT Press. As stated in the Preface, the second edition provided the author an opportunity "to amend and expand [his] thesis and to apply it to several additional fields" beyond organization theory, economics, management science, and psychology that were covered in the previous edition.
: - 2nd ed. in 1981, MIT Press. As stated in the Preface, the second edition provided the author an opportunity "to amend and expand [his] thesis and to apply it to several additional fields" beyond organization theory, economics, management science, and psychology that were covered in the previous edition.
* 2008 (posthumously). ''Economics, Bounded Rationality and the Cognitive Revolution''. Edward Elgar Publishing, {{ISBN|1847208967}}. reprint some of his papers not widely read by economists.
* 2008 (posthumously). ''Economics, Bounded Rationality and the Cognitive Revolution''. Edward Elgar Publishing, {{ISBN|1847208967}}. reprint some of his papers not widely read by economists.
===文章===
===Articles===
* 1938 (with Clarence E. Ridley). ''Measuring Municipal Activities: a Survey of Suggested Criteria and Reporting Forms For Appraising Administration''.
* 1938 (with Clarence E. Ridley). ''Measuring Municipal Activities: a Survey of Suggested Criteria and Reporting Forms For Appraising Administration''.
* 2000 (with John R. Anderson and Lynne M. Reder). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100626161414/http://memory.psy.cmu.edu/publications/Applic.MisApp.pdf "Applications and misapplications of cognitive psychology to mathematics education"], ''Texas Education Review'', vol. 1, no. 2, 29–49.
* 2000 (with John R. Anderson and Lynne M. Reder). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100626161414/http://memory.psy.cmu.edu/publications/Applic.MisApp.pdf "Applications and misapplications of cognitive psychology to mathematics education"], ''Texas Education Review'', vol. 1, no. 2, 29–49.
== References ==
== 参考文献 ==
=== Citations ===
=== 引用 ===
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=== Sources ===
=== 来源 ===
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