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赫伯特·西蒙是一位美国经济学家、政治科学家、认知心理学家、和计算机科学家，他的主要研究兴趣是组织内部的决策，他最著名的理论是“'''有限理性（Bounded Rationality）'''”和“'''满足（Satisficing）'''”<ref name="econ">{{cite news|title=Guru: Herbert Simon|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13350892|accessdate=13 February 2018|work=The Economist|date=20 March 2009}}</ref>。他分别于1975年获得图灵奖，和1978年获得诺贝尔经济学奖<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1978/simon/biographical/ |website=NobelPrize.org}}<ref name = amturing>{{cite web|first = Hunter |last = Heyck |title=Herbert A. Simon - A.M. Turing Award Laureate |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/simon_1031467.cfm |website= amturing.acm.org}}</ref>。他的研究以其跨学科性质而著称，跨越了认知科学、计算机科学、公共管理、管理和政治科学等领域<ref name=edward2001>{{cite journal |title=Herbert A. Simon, 1916-2001 |last1=Edward Feigenbaum |date=2001 |journal=Science |volume=291 |issue=5511 |pages=2107 |quote=Studies and models of decision-making are the themes that unify most of Simon's contributions.|doi=10.1126/science.1060171 |s2cid=180480666 |author1-link=Edward Feigenbaum }}</ref> 。从1949年到2001年，他职业生涯的大部分时间都在卡内基梅隆大学度过。<ref>{{cite book|last=Simon|first=Herbert A.|title=Nobel Lectures, Economics 1969–1980|year=1978|publisher=[[World Scientific|World Scientific Publishing Co.]]|location= Singapore|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1978/simon-facts.html|editor=Assar Lindbeck|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref>

赫伯特·西蒙是一位美国经济学家、政治科学家、认知心理学家、和计算机科学家，他的主要研究兴趣是组织内部的决策，他最著名的理论是“'''有限理性（Bounded Rationality）'''”和“'''满足（Satisficing）'''”<ref name="econ">{{cite news|title=Guru: Herbert Simon|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13350892|accessdate=13 February 2018|work=The Economist|date=20 March 2009}}</ref>。他分别于1975年获得图灵奖，和1978年获得诺贝尔经济学奖<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1978/simon/biographical/ |website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref><ref name = amturing>{{cite web|first = Hunter |last = Heyck |title=Herbert A. Simon - A.M. Turing Award Laureate |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/simon_1031467.cfm |website= amturing.acm.org}}</ref>。他的研究以其跨学科性质而著称，跨越了认知科学、计算机科学、公共管理、管理和政治科学等领域<ref name=edward2001>{{cite journal |title=Herbert A. Simon, 1916-2001 |last1=Edward Feigenbaum |date=2001 |journal=Science |volume=291 |issue=5511 |pages=2107 |quote=Studies and models of decision-making are the themes that unify most of Simon's contributions.|doi=10.1126/science.1060171 |s2cid=180480666 |author1-link=Edward Feigenbaum }}</ref> 。从1949年到2001年，他职业生涯的大部分时间都在卡内基梅隆大学度过。<ref>{{cite book|last=Simon|first=Herbert A.|title=Nobel Lectures, Economics 1969–1980|year=1978|publisher=[[World Scientific|World Scientific Publishing Co.]]|location= Singapore|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1978/simon-facts.html|editor=Assar Lindbeck|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref>

值得注意的是，西蒙是几个现代科学领域的先驱之一，如人工智能、信息处理、决策、问题解决、组织理论和复杂系统。他也是最早分析复杂性结构，并提出'''优先连接（Preferential Attachment）'''机制来解释幂律分布的人之一。<ref name=simon>Simon, H. A., 1955, ''Biometrika'' 42, 425.</ref><ref>B. Mandelbrot, "A Note on a Class of Skew Distribution Functions, Analysis and Critique of a Paper by H. Simon", ''Information and Control'', 2 (1959), p. 90</ref>

值得注意的是，西蒙是几个现代科学领域的先驱之一，如人工智能、信息处理、决策、问题解决、组织理论和复杂系统。他也是最早分析复杂性结构，并提出'''优先连接（Preferential Attachment）'''机制来解释幂律分布的人之一。<ref name=simon>Simon, H. A., 1955, ''Biometrika'' 42, 425.</ref><ref>B. Mandelbrot, "A Note on a Class of Skew Distribution Functions, Analysis and Critique of a Paper by H. Simon", ''Information and Control'', 2 (1959), p. 90</ref>

==早期生活==

==早期生活==

==教育经历==

==教育经历==

1933年，西蒙进入芝加哥大学学习。在他早期所受到的影响下，他决定学习社会科学和数学。西蒙对生物学很感兴趣，但由于“色盲和实验室里的笨拙” ，他选择了不从事这一领域的研究。西蒙很小的时候就知道自己是色盲，并且发现外部世界和感知的世界是不一样的。在大学期间，西蒙专注于政治科学和经济学。西蒙最重要的导师是亨利 · 舒尔茨，一位计量经济学家和数学经济学家。在报名参加了“测量市政府”的课程后，西蒙成为了克拉伦斯·里德利的研究助理，两人合著了《测量市政活动: 1938年评估行政管理建议标准调查》。这项研究引导他进入组织决策领域，也成为了他博士论文的主题。

1933年，西蒙进入芝加哥大学学习。在他早期所受到的影响下，他决定学习社会科学和数学。西蒙对生物学很感兴趣，但由于“色盲和实验室里的笨拙” ，他选择了不从事这一领域的研究。西蒙很小的时候就知道自己是色盲，并且发现外部世界和感知的世界是不一样的。在大学期间，西蒙专注于政治科学和经济学。西蒙最重要的导师是亨利 · 舒尔茨，一位计量经济学家和数学经济学家。在报名参加了“测量市政府”的课程后，西蒙成为了克拉伦斯·里德利的研究助理，两人合著了《测量市政活动: 1938年评估行政管理建议标准调查》。这项研究引导他进入组织决策领域，也成为了他博士论文的主题。1943年，西蒙在芝加哥大学获得政治科学博士学位(Ph.D in Political Science)。

 

==任职经历==

==任职经历==

At the [[Cowles Commission]], Simon's main goal was to link economic theory to mathematics and statistics. His main contributions were to the fields of [[general equilibrium]] and [[econometrics]]. He was greatly influenced by the marginalist debate that began in the 1930s. The popular work of the time argued that it was not apparent empirically that entrepreneurs needed to follow the marginalist principles of profit-maximization/cost-minimization in running organizations. The argument went on to note that profit maximization was not accomplished, in part, because of the lack of complete information. In decision-making, Simon believed that agents face uncertainty about the future and costs in acquiring information in the present. These factors limit the extent to which agents may make a fully rational decision, thus they possess only "[[bounded rationality]]" and must make decisions by "[[satisficing]]", or choosing that which might not be optimal, but which will make them happy enough. Bounded rationality is a central theme in behavioral economics. It is concerned with the ways in which the actual decision making process influences decision. Theories of bounded rationality relax one or more assumptions of standard [[Expected utility hypothesis|expected utility theory]].

At the [[Cowles Commission]], Simon's main goal was to link economic theory to mathematics and statistics. His main contributions were to the fields of [[general equilibrium]] and [[econometrics]]. He was greatly influenced by the marginalist debate that began in the 1930s. The popular work of the time argued that it was not apparent empirically that entrepreneurs needed to follow the marginalist principles of profit-maximization/cost-minimization in running organizations. The argument went on to note that profit maximization was not accomplished, in part, because of the lack of complete information. In decision-making, Simon believed that agents face uncertainty about the future and costs in acquiring information in the present. These factors limit the extent to which agents may make a fully rational decision, thus they possess only "[[bounded rationality]]" and must make decisions by "[[satisficing]]", or choosing that which might not be optimal, but which will make them happy enough. Bounded rationality is a central theme in behavioral economics. It is concerned with the ways in which the actual decision making process influences decision. Theories of bounded rationality relax one or more assumptions of standard [[Expected utility hypothesis|expected utility theory]].

Further, Simon emphasized that psychologists invoke a "procedural" definition of rationality, whereas economists employ a "substantive" definition. Gustavos Barros argued that the procedural rationality concept does not have a significant presence in the economics field and has never had nearly as much weight as the concept of bounded rationality.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barros|first1=Gustavo|title=Herbert A. Simon and the Concept of Rationality: Boundaries and Procedures|journal=Brazilian Journal of Political Economy|date=2010|volume=30|issue=3|pages=455–472|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rep/v30n3/a06v30n3.pdf|doi=10.1590/S0101-31572010000300006|s2cid=8481653}}</ref> However, in an earlier article, Bhargava (1997) noted the importance of Simon's arguments and emphasized that there are several applications of the "procedural" definition of rationality in econometric analyses of data on health. In particular, economists should employ "auxiliary assumptions" that reflect the knowledge in the relevant biomedical fields, and guide the specification of econometric models for health outcomes.

Further, Simon emphasized that psychologists invoke a "procedural" definition of rationality, whereas economists employ a "substantive" definition. Gustavos Barros argued that the procedural rationality concept does not have a significant presence in the economics field and has never had nearly as much weight as the concept of bounded rationality.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barros|first1=Gustavo|title=Herbert A. Simon and the Concept of Rationality: Boundaries and Procedures|journal=Brazilian Journal of Political Economy|date=2010|volume=30|issue=3|pages=455–472|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rep/v30n3/a06v30n3.pdf|doi=10.1590/S0101-31572010000300006|s2cid=8481653}}</ref> However, in an earlier article, Bhargava (1997) noted the importance of Simon's arguments and emphasized that there are several applications of the "procedural" definition of rationality in econometric analyses of data on health. In particular, economists should employ "auxiliary assumptions" that reflect the knowledge in the relevant biomedical fields, and guide the specification of econometric models for health outcomes.

Simon was also known for his research on [[industrial organization]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Marc H.|last2=Lemken|first2=Russell K.|date=2019|title=An Empirical Assessment of the Influence of March and Simon's Organizations: The Realized Contribution and Unfulfilled Promise of a Masterpiece|journal=Journal of Management Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1537–1569|doi=10.1111/joms.12527|issn=1467-6486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilden|first1=Ralf|last2=Hohberger|first2=Jan|last3=Devinney|first3=Timothy M.|last4=Lumineau|first4=Fabrice|date=2019|title=60 Years of March and Simon's Organizations: An Empirical Examination of its Impact and Influence on Subsequent Research|journal=Journal of Management Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1570–1604|doi=10.1111/joms.12531|issn=1467-6486|doi-access=free}}</ref> He determined that the internal organization of firms and the external business decisions thereof, did not conform to the [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical theories]] of "rational" decision-making. Simon wrote many articles on the topic over the course of his life, mainly focusing on the issue of decision-making within the behavior of what he termed "[[bounded rationality]]". "Rational behavior, in economics, means that individuals maximize their utility function under the constraints they face (e.g., their budget constraint, limited choices, ...) in pursuit of their self-interest. This is reflected in the theory of [[subjective expected utility]]. The term, [[bounded rationality]], is used to designate rational choice that takes into account the cognitive limitations of both knowledge and cognitive capacity. Bounded rationality is a central theme in [[behavioral economics]]. It is concerned with the ways in which the actual decision-making process influences decisions. Theories of bounded rationality relax one or more assumptions of standard expected utility theory".{{cite quote|date=September 2013}}

Simon was also known for his research on [[industrial organization]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Marc H.|last2=Lemken|first2=Russell K.|date=2019|title=An Empirical Assessment of the Influence of March and Simon's Organizations: The Realized Contribution and Unfulfilled Promise of a Masterpiece|journal=Journal of Management Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1537–1569|doi=10.1111/joms.12527|issn=1467-6486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilden|first1=Ralf|last2=Hohberger|first2=Jan|last3=Devinney|first3=Timothy M.|last4=Lumineau|first4=Fabrice|date=2019|title=60 Years of March and Simon's Organizations: An Empirical Examination of its Impact and Influence on Subsequent Research|journal=Journal of Management Studies|language=en|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1570–1604|doi=10.1111/joms.12531|issn=1467-6486|doi-access=free}}</ref> He determined that the internal organization of firms and the external business decisions thereof, did not conform to the [[Neoclassical economics|neoclassical theories]] of "rational" decision-making. Simon wrote many articles on the topic over the course of his life, mainly focusing on the issue of decision-making within the behavior of what he termed "[[bounded rationality]]". "Rational behavior, in economics, means that individuals maximize their utility function under the constraints they face (e.g., their budget constraint, limited choices, ...) in pursuit of their self-interest. This is reflected in the theory of [[subjective expected utility]]. The term, [[bounded rationality]], is used to designate rational choice that takes into account the cognitive limitations of both knowledge and cognitive capacity. Bounded rationality is a central theme in [[behavioral economics]]. It is concerned with the ways in which the actual decision-making process influences decisions. Theories of bounded rationality relax one or more assumptions of standard expected utility theory".{{cite quote|date=September 2013}}

Simon determined that the best way to study these areas was through [[computer simulation]]s. As such, he developed an interest in [[computer science]]. Simon's main interests in computer science were in artificial intelligence, [[human–computer interaction]], principles of the organization of humans and machines as information processing systems, the use of computers to study (by modeling) philosophical problems of the nature of intelligence and of [[epistemology]], and the social implications of computer technology.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

Simon determined that the best way to study these areas was through [[computer simulation]]s. As such, he developed an interest in [[computer science]]. Simon's main interests in computer science were in artificial intelligence, [[human–computer interaction]], principles of the organization of humans and machines as information processing systems, the use of computers to study (by modeling) philosophical problems of the nature of intelligence and of [[epistemology]], and the social implications of computer technology.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}