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第10行： − {{For|the oldest life forms| Earliest known life forms}}+ − {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<!-- publication dates use dmy but archive and access dates use ymd as allowed by MOSDATE --> − + − < ! ——发布日期使用 dmy，但是归档和访问日期使用 mosdate -- > 允许的 ymd − + − [[File:Champagne vent white smokers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[earliest known life forms|earliest known life-forms]] on [[Earth]] are putative fossilized [[microorganism]]s, found in [[Hydrothermal vent|hydrothermal vent precipitates]], that may have lived as early as 4.28 Gya (billion years ago), relatively soon after the [[ocean]]s [[Origin of water on Earth#Water in the development of Earth|formed 4.41 Gya]], and not long after the [[Age of the Earth|formation of the Earth]] 4.54 Gya.<ref name="NAT-20170301" /><ref name="NYT-20170301" />]] − The earliest known life-forms on Earth are putative fossilized microorganisms, found in hydrothermal vent precipitates, that may have lived as early as 4.28 Gya (billion years ago), relatively soon after the oceans formed 4.41 Gya, and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 Gya.+ − 地球上已知最早的生命形式是在热液喷口沉淀物中发现的假定化石微生物，它们可能早在42.8亿年前就已活着，相对而言，是在44.1亿年前海洋形成的不久之后，以及是45.4亿年前地球形成的不长时间后。 − In [[evolutionary biology]], '''abiogenesis''', or informally the '''origin of life''' (OoL),<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Oparin| first1 = Aleksandr Ivanovich| author-link1 = Alexander Oparin| translator1-last = Morgulis| translator1-first = Sergius| year = 1938| title = The Origin of Life| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv8psJCtI0gC| series = Phoenix Edition Series| edition = 2| location = Mineola, New York| publisher = Courier Corporation| publication-date = 2003| isbn = 978-0486495224| access-date = 2018-06-16}}</ref><ref name=Pereto /><ref name="AST-20151218">Compare: {{cite journal |author= Scharf, Caleb |title= A Strategy for Origins of Life Research |date= 18 December 2015 |journal= [[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |volume= 15 |issue= 12 |pages= 1031–1042 |doi= 10.1089/ast.2015.1113 |display-authors= etal |pmid= 26684503 |pmc= 4683543|bibcode= 2015AsBio..15.1031S | quote = What do we mean by the origins of life (OoL)? [...] Since the early 20th century the phrase OoL has been used to refer to the events that occurred during the transition from non-living to living systems on Earth, i.e., the origin of terrestrial biology (Oparin, 1924; Haldane, 1929). The term has largely replaced earlier concepts such as abiogenesis (Kamminga, 1980; Fry, 2000).}}</ref>{{efn|Also occasionally called biopoiesis (Bernal, 1960, p. 30)}} is the [[natural]] process by which [[life]] has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple [[organic compound]]s.<ref name=Oparin>{{harvnb|Oparin|1953|p=vi}}</ref><ref name=Pereto>{{cite journal|last= Peretó |first= Juli |year= 2005 |title= Controversies on the origin of life |url= http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |journal= [[International Microbiology]] |volume= 8 |issue= 1 |pages= 23–31 |pmid= 15906258 |accessdate= 2015-06-01 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150824074726/http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |archivedate= 24 August 2015 |quote = Ever since the historical contributions by Aleksandr I. Oparin, in the 1920s, the intellectual challenge of the origin of life enigma has unfolded based on the assumption that life originated on Earth through physicochemical processes that can be supposed, comprehended, and simulated; that is, there were neither miracles nor spontaneous generations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Warmflash |first1= David |last2= Warmflash |first2= Benjamin |date= November 2005 |title= Did Life Come from Another World? |journal= [[Scientific American]] |volume= 293 |issue= 5 |pages= 64–71 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican1105-64|pmid= 16318028 |bibcode= 2005SciAm.293e..64W | quote = According to the conventional hypothesis, the earliest living cells emerged as a result of chemical evolution on our planet billions of years ago in a process called abiogenesis.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yarus|2010|p=47}}</ref> While the details of this process are still unknown, the prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but an evolutionary process of increasing complexity that involved molecular [[self-replication]], [[self-assembly]], [[autocatalysis]], and the emergence of [[cell membrane]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.biocommunication.at/pdf/publications/biosystems_2016.pdf |title=Crucial steps to life: From chemical reactions to code using agents|journal=Biosystems|volume=140|pages=49–57|doi=10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.12.007|pmid=26723230|year=2016|last1=Witzany|first1=Guenther}}</ref><ref name="AB-20141208">{{cite web |last= Howell |first= Elizabeth |title= How Did Life Become Complex, And Could It Happen Beyond Earth? |url= https://www.astrobio.net/origin-and-evolution-of-life/life-become-complex-happen-beyond-earth/ |date= 8 December 2014 |work= [[Astrobiology Magazine]] |accessdate= 14 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20150420">{{Cite book |last= Tirard |first= Stephane |title= Abiogenesis – Definition|date= 20 April 2015 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_2-4 |journal= Encyclopedia of Astrobiology|pages= 1 | quote = Thomas Huxley (1825–1895) used the term abiogenesis in an important text published in 1870. He strictly made the difference between spontaneous generation, which he did not accept, and the possibility of the evolution of matter from inert to living, without any influence of life. [...] Since the end of the nineteenth century, evolutive abiogenesis means increasing complexity and evolution of matter from inert to living state in the abiotic context of evolution of primitive Earth. |isbn= 978-3-642-27833-4 }}</ref> Although the occurrence of abiogenesis is uncontroversial among scientists, its possible mechanisms are poorly understood. There are several principles and hypotheses for {{em|how}} abiogenesis could have occurred.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rethinking evolution: the revolution that's hiding in plain sight |last=Levinson |first=Gene |publisher=World Scientific |year=2020 |isbn=978-1786347268 |url=https://rethinkingevolution.com/}}</ref>+ − In evolutionary biology, abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life (OoL), is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. While the details of this process are still unknown, the prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but an evolutionary process of increasing complexity that involved molecular self-replication, self-assembly, autocatalysis, and the emergence of cell membranes. Although the occurrence of abiogenesis is uncontroversial among scientists, its possible mechanisms are poorly understood. There are several principles and hypotheses for abiogenesis could have occurred. − 在进化生物学中，自然发生，或通俗地称为生命起源（OoL），是生命从非生命物质（如简单的有机化合物）中产生的自然过程。 虽然这一过程的细节仍未可知，但主流的科学假说认为，从非生命实体到生命实体的转变不是一个单一的事件，而是一个复杂度逐渐增加的进化过程，其中包括分子的自复制、自组装、自催化和细胞膜的出现。虽然自然发生的发生在科学家中是没有争议的，但其可能的机制我们却不甚了解。关于自然发生如何发生，有几种原理和假说。+ − <!--Please do not change the lead sentence without first discussing on the talk page.--> − The study of abiogenesis aims to determine how pre-life [[chemical reaction]]s gave rise to life under conditions strikingly different from those on Earth today.<ref>{{harvnb|Voet|Voet|2004|p=29}}</ref> It primarily uses tools from [[biology]], [[chemistry]], and [[geophysics]],<ref name="Dyson 1999">{{harvnb|Dyson|1999}}</ref> with more recent approaches attempting a synthesis of all three:<ref>{{cite book |author= Davies, Paul |date= 1998 |title= The Fifth Miracle, Search for the origin and meaning of life |publisher= Penguin}}{{page needed|date=February 2017}}</ref> more specifically, [[astrobiology]], [[biochemistry]], [[biophysics]], [[geochemistry]], [[molecular biology]], [[oceanography]] and [[paleontology]]. Life functions through the specialized chemistry of [[carbon]] and [[water]] and builds largely upon four key families of chemicals: [[lipids]] (cell membranes), [[carbohydrates]] (sugars, cellulose), [[amino acid]]s (protein metabolism), and [[nucleic acids]] (DNA and RNA). Any successful theory of abiogenesis must explain the origins and interactions of these classes of molecules.<ref>{{cite book |author1= Ward, Peter|author2= Kirschvink, Joe |date= 2015 |title= A New History of Life: the radical discoveries about the origins and evolution of life on earth |publisher= Bloomsbury Press |pages= 39–40 |isbn= 978-1608199105}}</ref> Many approaches to abiogenesis investigate how [[Self-replication|self-replicating]] [[molecule]]s, or their components, came into existence. Researchers generally think that current life descends from an [[RNA world]],<ref name="RNA" /> although other self-replicating molecules may have preceded RNA.<ref name="Robertson2012" /><ref name="Cech2012" />+ − The study of abiogenesis aims to determine how pre-life chemical reactions gave rise to life under conditions strikingly different from those on Earth today. It primarily uses tools from biology, chemistry, and geophysics, with more recent approaches attempting a synthesis of all three: more specifically, astrobiology, biochemistry, biophysics, geochemistry, molecular biology, oceanography and paleontology. Life functions through the specialized chemistry of carbon and water and builds largely upon four key families of chemicals: lipids (cell membranes), carbohydrates (sugars, cellulose), amino acids (protein metabolism), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Any successful theory of abiogenesis must explain the origins and interactions of these classes of molecules. Many approaches to abiogenesis investigate how self-replicating molecules, or their components, came into existence. Researchers generally think that current life descends from an RNA world, although other self-replicating molecules may have preceded RNA. − 对自然发生的研究旨在确定生命前的化学反应是如何在与今天地球上截然不同的条件下产生生命的。它主要使用生物学、化学和地球物理学的工具，最近的研究方法试图将这三者综合起来：更具体地说，就是天体生物学、生物化学、生物物理学、地球化学、分子生物学、海洋学和古生物学。生命的功能是通过碳和水的特定化学作用来实现的，并主要建立在四个关键的化学物质家族之上：脂类（细胞膜）、碳水化合物（糖类、纤维素）、氨基酸（蛋白质代谢）和核酸（DNA和RNA）。任何成功的自然发生理论都必须解释这些类别分子的起源和相互作用。许多自然发生的方法都在研究自我复制的分子或它们的组成部分是如何产生的。研究者普遍认为，目前的生命是从RNA世界中诞生的，尽管在RNA之前可能还有其他自我复制分子。+ − [[File:Miller-Urey experiment JP.png|thumb|'''Miller–Urey experiment''' Synthesis of small organic molecules in a mixture of simple gases that is placed in a thermal gradient by heating (left) and cooling (right) the mixture at the same time, a mixture that is also subject to electrical discharges]] − Miller–Urey experiment Synthesis of small organic molecules in a mixture of simple gases that is placed in a thermal gradient by heating (left) and cooling (right) the mixture at the same time, a mixture that is also subject to electrical discharges+ − 米勒-乌雷Miller–Urey实验 在简单气体混合物中合成有机小分子，通过同时加热（左）和冷却（右）将混合物置于热梯度中，这种混合物也会受到放电的作用+ − The classic 1952 [[Miller–Urey experiment]] and similar research demonstrated that most amino acids, the chemical constituents of the [[protein]]s used in all living organisms, can be synthesized from [[inorganic compound]]s under conditions intended to replicate those of the [[History of Earth|early Earth]]. Scientists have proposed various external sources of energy that may have triggered these reactions, including [[lightning]] and [[radiation]]. Other approaches ("metabolism-first" hypotheses) focus on understanding how [[catalysis]] in chemical systems on the early Earth might have provided the [[Precursor (chemistry)|precursor molecules]] necessary for self-replication.<ref name="Ralser 2014">{{cite journal |last1= Keller |first1= Markus A. |last2= Turchyn |first2= Alexandra V. |last3= Ralser |first3= Markus |date= 25 March 2014 |title= Non‐enzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway‐like reactions in a plausible Archean ocean |journal= [[Molecular Systems Biology]] |volume= 10 |issue= 725 |page= 725 |doi= 10.1002/msb.20145228 |pmc= 4023395 |pmid= 24771084}}</ref> − The classic 1952 Miller–Urey experiment and similar research demonstrated that most amino acids, the chemical constituents of the proteins used in all living organisms, can be synthesized from inorganic compounds under conditions intended to replicate those of the early Earth. Scientists have proposed various external sources of energy that may have triggered these reactions, including lightning and radiation. Other approaches ("metabolism-first" hypotheses) focus on understanding how catalysis in chemical systems on the early Earth might have provided the precursor molecules necessary for self-replication.+ − 1952年经典的Miller-Urey实验和类似的研究表明，大多数氨基酸，即所有生物体中使用的蛋白质的化学成分，可以在旨在复制早期地球的条件下从无机化合物中合成。科学家们提出了各种可能引发这些反应的外部能量来源，包括闪电和辐射。其他方法（“新陈代谢优先”假说）则侧重于了解早期地球化学系统中的催化作用如何提供自复制所需的前体分子。 − The alternative [[panspermia hypothesis]]<ref name="USRA-2010">{{cite conference|last=Rampelotto|first=Pabulo Henrique|date=26 April 2010|title=Panspermia: A Promising Field of Research|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/abscicon2010/pdf/5224.pdf|url-status=live|conference=Astrobiology Science Conference 2010|location=Houston, TX|publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]]|page=5224|bibcode=2010LPICo1538.5224R|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327005016/http://www.lpi.usra.edu//meetings/abscicon2010/pdf/5224.pdf|archivedate=27 March 2016|accessdate=2014-12-03|conference-url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/abscicon2010/}} Conference held at League City, TX</ref> speculates that [[Microorganism|microscopic life]] arose outside Earth by unknown mechanisms, and spread to the early Earth on [[space dust]]<ref name="ARX-20171106">{{cite journal |last= Berera |first= Arjun |title= Space dust collisions as a planetary escape mechanism |journal= Astrobiology |date= 6 November 2017 |arxiv= 1711.01895 |bibcode= 2017AsBio..17.1274B |doi= 10.1089/ast.2017.1662 |pmid= 29148823 |volume= 17 |issue= 12 |pages= 1274–1282|s2cid= 126012488 }}</ref> and [[meteoroid]]s.<ref name="SA-20180110">{{cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=Queenie H.S.|date=10 January 2018|title=Organic matter in extraterrestrial water-bearing salt crystals|journal=[[Science Advances]]|volume=4|page=eaao3521|bibcode=2018SciA....4O3521C|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aao3521|pmc=5770164|pmid=29349297|number=1, eaao3521}}</ref> It is known that complex [[List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules|organic molecules]] occur in the [[Solar System]] and in [[interstellar space]], and these molecules may have provided [[Precursor (chemistry)|starting material]] for the development of life on Earth.<ref name="Ehrenfreund2010" /><ref name="Science 2015">{{cite news|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/chemistry/2015/04/organic-molecules-found-circling-nearby-star?rss=1|title=Organic molecules found circling nearby star|last=Perkins|first=Sid|date=8 April 2015|work=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|accessdate=2015-06-02|publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|location=Washington, DC|type=News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2015/04/meteorites-may-have-delivered-chemicals-started-life-earth|title=Chemicals formed on meteorites may have started life on Earth|last=King|first=Anthony|date=14 April 2015|work=[[Chemistry World]]|accessdate=2015-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417142723/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2015/04/meteorites-may-have-delivered-chemicals-started-life-earth|archivedate=17 April 2015|url-status=live|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|location=London|type=News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Saladino|first1=Raffaele|last2=Carota|first2=Eleonora|last3=Botta|first3=Giorgia|last4=Kapralov|first4=Mikhail|last5=Timoshenko|first5=Gennady N.|last6=Rozanov|first6=Alexei Y.|last7=Krasavin|first7=Eugene|last8=Di Mauro|first8=Ernesto|display-authors=3|date=13 April 2015|title=Meteorite-catalyzed syntheses of nucleosides and of other prebiotic compounds from formamide under proton irradiation|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]]|volume=112|issue=21|pages=E2746–E2755|bibcode=2015PNAS..112E2746S|doi=10.1073/pnas.1422225112|pmc=4450408|pmid=25870268}}</ref>+ − The alternative panspermia hypothesis speculates that microscopic life arose outside Earth by unknown mechanisms, and spread to the early Earth on space dust and meteoroids. It is known that complex organic molecules occur in the Solar System and in interstellar space, and these molecules may have provided starting material for the development of life on Earth. − 另一种有生源论假说推测，微生物通过未知的机制在地球以外产生，并通过太空尘埃和流星体传播到早期地球。众所周知，太阳系和星际空间中存在复杂的有机分子，这些分子可能为地球上生命的发展提供了起始物质。+ − Earth remains the only place in the [[universe]] known to harbour life,<ref name="NASA-1990">{{cite web |url= https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900013148.pdf |title= Extraterrestrial Life in the Universe |last= Graham |first= Robert W. |date= February 1990 |place= [[Glenn Research Center|Lewis Research Center]], Cleveland, Ohio |publisher= [[NASA]] |type= NASA Technical Memorandum 102363 |accessdate= 2015-06-02 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140903100534/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900013148.pdf |archivedate= 3 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Altermann|2009|p=xvii}}</ref> and [[Earliest known life forms|fossil evidence from the Earth]] informs most studies of abiogenesis. The [[age of the Earth]] is 4.54 Gy (Giga or billion year);<ref name="USGS1997">{{cite web |url= http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html |title= Age of the Earth |date= 9 July 2007 |publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]] |accessdate= 2006-01-10 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html |archivedate= 23 December 2005}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dalrymple|2001|pp= 205–221}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Manhesa |first1= Gérard |last2= Allègre |first2= Claude J. |authorlink2= Claude Allègre |last3= Dupréa |first3= Bernard |last4= Hamelin |first4= Bruno |date= May 1980 |title= Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics |journal= [[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume= 47 |issue= 3 |pages= 370–382 |bibcode= 1980E&PSL..47..370M |doi= 10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2 }}</ref> the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates from at least 3.5 Gya (Gy ago),<ref name="Origin1">{{cite journal |last1= Schopf |first1= J. William |authorlink1= J. William Schopf |last2= Kudryavtsev |first2= Anatoliy B. |last3= Czaja |first3= Andrew D. |last4= Tripathi |first4= Abhishek B. |date= 5 October 2007 |title= Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils |journal= [[Precambrian Research]] |volume= 158 |pages= 141–155 |issue= 3–4 |doi= 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009 |bibcode= 2007PreR..158..141S }}</ref><ref name="Origin2">{{cite journal |last= Schopf |first= J. William |date= 29 June 2006 |title= Fossil evidence of Archaean life |journal= [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |volume= 361 |issue= 1470 |pages= 869–885 |doi= 10.1098/rstb.2006.1834 |pmid= 16754604 |pmc=1578735}}</ref><ref name="RavenJohnson2002">{{harvnb|Raven|Johnson|2002|p=68}}</ref> and possibly as early as the [[Eoarchean]] Era (3.6-4.0 Gya). In 2017 scientists found possible evidence of early life [[Evolutionary history of life#Colonization of land|on land]] in 3.48 Gyo (Gy old) [[geyserite]] and other related mineral deposits (often found around [[hot spring]]s and [[geyser]]s) uncovered in the [[Pilbara Craton]] of [[Western Australia]].<ref name="PO-20170509">{{cite news |author= Staff |title= Oldest evidence of life on land found in 3.48-billion-year-old Australian rocks |url= https://phys.org/news/2017-05-oldest-evidence-life-billion-year-old-australian.html |date= 9 May 2017 |work= [[Phys.org]] |accessdate= 13 May 2017 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170510013721/https://phys.org/news/2017-05-oldest-evidence-life-billion-year-old-australian.html |archivedate= 10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NC-20170509">{{cite journal |last1= Djokic |first1= Tara |last2= Van Kranendonk |first2= Martin J. |last3= Campbell |first3= Kathleen A. |last4= Walter |first4= Malcolm R. |last5= Ward |first5= Colin R. |title= Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Gao hot spring deposits |date= 9 May 2017 |journal= [[Nature Communications]] |doi= 10.1038/ncomms15263 |pmid= 28486437 |pmc= 5436104 |volume= 8 |page= 15263 |bibcode= 2017NatCo...815263D}}</ref><ref name="PNAS-2017">{{cite journal |last1= Schopf |first1= J. William |last2= Kitajima |first2= Kouki |last3= Spicuzza |first3= Michael J. |last4= Kudryavtsev |first4= Anatolly B. |last5= Valley |first5= John W. |title= SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions |date= 2017 |journal= [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|PNAS]] |doi= 10.1073/pnas.1718063115 |pmid= 29255053 |pmc= 5776830 |volume= 115 |issue= 1 |pages= 53–58|bibcode= 2018PNAS..115...53S }}</ref><ref name="WU-20171218">{{cite web |last= Tyrell |first= Kelly April |title= Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago |url= https://news.wisc.edu/oldest-fossils-ever-found-show-life-on-earth-began-before-3-5-billion-years-ago/ |date= 18 December 2017 |work= [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] |accessdate= 18 December 2017 }}</ref> However, a number of discoveries suggest that life may have appeared on Earth even earlier. {{As of | 2017}}, [[Micropaleontology#Microfossils|microfossils]] (fossilised [[microorganism]]s) within [[Hydrothermal vent|hydrothermal-vent precipitates]] dated 3.77 to 4.28 Gya in rocks in [[Quebec]] may harbour the oldest record of life on Earth, suggesting life started soon after [[Origin of water on Earth#Water in the development of Earth|ocean formation 4.4 Gya]] during the [[Hadean]] [[Geologic time scale|Eon]].<ref name="NAT-20170301">{{cite journal |last1= Dodd |first1= Matthew S. |last2= Papineau |first2= Dominic |last3= Grenne |first3= Tor |last4= Slack |first4= John F. |last5= Rittner |first5= Martin |last6= Pirajno |first6= Franco |last7= O'Neil |first7= Jonathan |last8= Little |first8= Crispin T.S. |title= Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates |url= http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date= 1 March 2017 |volume= 543 |issue= 7643 |pages= 60–64 |doi= 10.1038/nature21377 |pmid= 28252057 |accessdate= 2 March 2017 |bibcode= 2017Natur.543...60D |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201821/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ |archivedate= 8 September 2017|doi-access= free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20170301">{{cite news |last= Zimmer |first= Carl |authorlink= Carl Zimmer |title= Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html |date= 1 March 2017 |work= [[The New York Times]] |accessdate= 2 March 2017 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170302042424/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html |archivedate= 2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="BBC-20170301">{{Cite news |last= Ghosh |first= Pallab |title= Earliest evidence of life on Earth found |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39117523 |publisher= [[BBC News]] |date= 1 March 2017 |accessdate= 2 March 2017 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170302002134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39117523 |archivedate= 2 March 2017|work= BBC News }}</ref><ref name="4.3b oldest">{{cite news |last1= Dunham |first1= Will |title= Canadian bacteria-like fossils called oldest evidence of life |url= http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN16858B?sp=true |date= 1 March 2017 |agency= [[Reuters]] |accessdate= 1 March 2017 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170302114728/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN16858B?sp=true |archivedate= 2 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Researchers uncover 'direct evidence' of life on Earth 4 billion years ago|url= http://dw.com/p/2YUnT|accessdate= 5 March 2017|publisher= Deutsche Welle}}</ref> − − Earth remains the only place in the universe known to harbour life, and fossil evidence from the Earth informs most studies of abiogenesis. The age of the Earth is 4.54 Gy (Giga or billion year); the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates from at least 3.5 Gya (Gy ago), and possibly as early as the Eoarchean Era (3.6-4.0 Gya). In 2017 scientists found possible evidence of early life on land in 3.48 Gyo (Gy old) geyserite and other related mineral deposits (often found around hot springs and geysers) uncovered in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia. However, a number of discoveries suggest that life may have appeared on Earth even earlier. As of 2017, microfossils (fossilised microorganisms) within hydrothermal-vent precipitates dated 3.77 to 4.28 Gya in rocks in Quebec may harbour the oldest record of life on Earth, suggesting life started soon after ocean formation 4.4 Gya during the Hadean Eon. − − 地球仍然是宇宙中已知的唯一一个孕育生命的地方，来自地球的化石证据为大多数关于自然发生论的研究提供了信息。地球的年龄是45.5亿年；地球上最早的无可争议的生命证据至少可以追溯到35亿年前，也可能还要追溯到早至始太古代（36-40亿年前之间）。2017年，科学家在西澳大利亚的皮尔巴拉古地台发现的34.8亿岁的硅华和其他相关矿藏(通常在温泉和间歇泉附近发现) 中发现了陆地上早期生命的可能证据。然而，许多发现表明，地球上的生命可能出现得更早。截至2017年，加拿大魁北克省的岩石中37.7亿至42.8亿年前的深海热液喷口沉淀物内的微化石（化石微生物）可能蕴藏着地球上最古老的生命记录，这表明生命在冥古宙44亿年前海洋形成后不久就开始了。 − − The NASA strategy on abiogenesis states that it is necessary to identify interactions, intermediary structures and functions, energy sources, and environmental factors that contributed to the diversity, selection, and replication of evolvable macromolecular systems.<ref name="NASA strategy 2015">{{cite web|url=https://nai.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2015/10/NASA_Astrobiology_Strategy_2015_151008.pdf|title=NASA Astrobiology Strategy|year=2015|work=NASA|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222190306/https://nai.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2015/10/NASA_Astrobiology_Strategy_2015_151008.pdf|archivedate=22 December 2016|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref> Emphasis must continue to map the chemical landscape of potential primordial informational [[polymers]]. The advent of polymers that could replicate, store genetic information, and exhibit properties subject to selection likely was a critical step in the [[emergence]] of prebiotic chemical evolution.<ref name="NASA strategy 2015"/> − − The NASA strategy on abiogenesis states that it is necessary to identify interactions, intermediary structures and functions, energy sources, and environmental factors that contributed to the diversity, selection, and replication of evolvable macromolecular systems. Emphasis must continue to map the chemical landscape of potential primordial informational polymers. The advent of polymers that could replicate, store genetic information, and exhibit properties subject to selection likely was a critical step in the emergence of prebiotic chemical evolution. − − 美国宇航局关于自然发生的战略指出，有必要确定相互作用、中间结构和功能、能量来源和环境因素，这些因素有助于可进化大分子系统的多样性、选择和复制的因素。强调必须继续绘制潜在的原始信息聚合物的化学景观。能够复制、储存遗传信息并表现出受选择的特性的聚合物的出现，很可能是生命起源前化学进化涌现的关键一步。 − − − == Thermodynamics, self-organization, and information: Physics == − − 热力学、自组织和信息：物理 − − ===Thermodynamics principles: Energy and entropy=== − 热力学原理：能量与熵 − − In antiquity it was commonly thought, for instance by Empedocles and Aristotle, that the life of the individuals of some species, and more generally, life itself, could start with high temperature, i.e. implicitly by thermal cycling.<ref>{{cite book|title=In the beginning: Some Greek views on the origins of life and the early state of man |year= 1957|last1= Guthrie|first1= W. K. C.|publisher=Methuen, London}}</ref> − − In antiquity it was commonly thought, for instance by Empedocles and Aristotle, that the life of the individuals of some species, and more generally, life itself, could start with high temperature, i.e. implicitly by thermal cycling. − − 在古代，人们普遍认为，例如恩培多克勒Empedocles和亚里士多德 Aristotle就认为，某些物种个体的生命，更一般地说是生命本身，可以从高温开始，即隐含着热循环。 − − Similarly, it was realized early on that life requires a loss of [[entropy]], or disorder, when molecules organize themselves into living matter. This [[Second law of thermodynamics|Second Law of thermodynamics]] needs to be considered when self-organization of matter to higher complexity happens. Because living organisms are machines,<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Simon| first1 = Michael A. | year = 1971| title = The Matter of Life | edition = 1| location = New Haven and London| publisher = Yale University Press}}</ref> the Second Law applies to life as well. − − Similarly, it was realized early on that life requires a loss of entropy, or disorder, when molecules organize themselves into living matter. This Second Law of thermodynamics needs to be considered when self-organization of matter to higher complexity happens. Because living organisms are machines, the Second Law applies to life as well. − − 同样，人们很早就意识到，当分子将自身组织成生命物质时，生命需要失去熵，或无序。当物质自组织到更高的复杂性时，需要考虑热力学第二定律。因为生物体是机器，第二定律也适用于生命。 − − ====Obtaining free energy ==== − 获得自由能 − Bernal said on the Miller–Urey experiment that < blockquote >it is not enough to explain the formation of such molecules, what is necessary, is a physical-chemical explanation of the origins of these molecules that suggests the presence of suitable sources and sinks for free energy.<ref>{{harvnb|Bernal|1967|p=143}}</ref> − < /blockquote > − − Bernal said on the Miller–Urey experiment that < blockquote >it is not enough to explain the formation of such molecules, what is necessary, is a physical-chemical explanation of the origins of these molecules that suggests the presence of suitable sources and sinks for free energy.< /blockquote > + − < blockquote >仅仅解释这些分子的形成是不够的，需要的是对这些分子的起源作出物理-化学解释，表明存在合适的自由能源和自由能汇。+ − − Multiple sources of energy were available for chemical reactions on the early Earth. For example, heat (such as from [[geothermal energy|geothermal]] processes) is a standard energy source for chemistry. Other examples include sunlight and electrical discharges (lightning), among others.<ref name="Follmann2009" /> In fact, lightning is a plausible energy source for the origin of life, given that just in the tropics lightning strikes about 100 million times a year.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gora|first1=Evan M.|last2=Burchfield|first2=Jeffrey C.|last3=Muller‐Landau|first3=Helene C.|last4=Bitzer|first4=Phillip M.|last5=Yanoviak|first5=Stephen P.|title=Pantropical geography of lightning-caused disturbance and its implications for tropical forests|journal=Global Change Biology|year=2020|language=en|volume=n/a|issue=n/a|pages=5017–5026|doi=10.1111/gcb.15227|pmid=32564481|bibcode=2020GCBio..26.5017G|issn=1365-2486}}</ref>+ − Multiple sources of energy were available for chemical reactions on the early Earth. For example, heat (such as from geothermal processes) is a standard energy source for chemistry. Other examples include sunlight and electrical discharges (lightning), among others. In fact, lightning is a plausible energy source for the origin of life, given that just in the tropics lightning strikes about 100 million times a year. − 早期地球上的化学反应有多种能量来源。例如，热（如来自地热过程）是化学的标准能源。其他的例子还包括阳光和放电（闪电）等。事实上，闪电是生命起源的似乎合理的能量来源，因为仅在热带地区，每年就有大约1亿次的闪电袭击。+ − Computer simulations also suggest that [[cavitation]] in primordial water reservoirs such as breaking sea waves, streams and oceans can potentially lead to the synthesis of biogenic compounds.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.7b00325|pmid= 28979946|pmc= 5620973|title= Cavitation-Induced Synthesis of Biogenic Molecules on Primordial Earth|journal= ACS Central Science|volume= 3|issue= 9|pages= 1041–1049|year= 2017|last1= Kalson|first1= Natan-Haim|last2= Furman|first2= David|last3= Zeiri|first3= Yehuda}}</ref> − Computer simulations also suggest that cavitation in primordial water reservoirs such as breaking sea waves, streams and oceans can potentially lead to the synthesis of biogenic compounds.+ − 计算机模拟还表明，原始水库中的气蚀作用，如破碎的海浪、溪流和海洋，有可能导致生源化合物的合成。+ − Unfavourable reactions can also be driven by highly favourable ones, as in the case of iron-sulfur chemistry. For example, this was probably important for [[carbon fixation]] (the conversion of carbon from its inorganic form to an organic one). Carbon fixation via iron-sulfur chemistry is highly favourable, and occurs at neutral pH and 100C. Iron-sulfur surfaces, which are abundant near hydrothermal vents, are also capable of producing small amounts of amino acids and other biological metabolites. − Unfavourable reactions can also be driven by highly favourable ones, as in the case of iron-sulfur chemistry. For example, this was probably important for carbon fixation (the conversion of carbon from its inorganic form to an organic one). Carbon fixation via iron-sulfur chemistry is highly favourable, and occurs at neutral pH and 100C. Iron-sulfur surfaces, which are abundant near hydrothermal vents, are also capable of producing small amounts of amino acids and other biological metabolites. − 不利的反应也可以由非常有利的反应驱动，如铁硫化学反应。例如，这对碳固定（碳从其无机形式转化为有机形式）可能很重要。通过铁硫化学反应进行的碳固定是非常有利的，在中性pH值和100C时发生。深海热液喷口附近丰富的铁硫表面也能产生少量的氨基酸和其他生物代谢物。+ − ===Self-organization===+ − 自组织 − − 赫尔曼•哈肯Hermann Haken − The discipline of synergetics studies self-organization in physical systems. In his book ''[[Synergetics (Haken)|Synergetics]]''<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Haken| first1= Hermann | title=Synergetics. An Introduction. |year=1978 | publisher=Springer | location= Berlin }}</ref> [[Hermann Haken]] has pointed out that different physical systems can be treated in a similar way. He gives as examples of self-organization several types of lasers, instabilities in fluid dynamics, including convection, and chemical and biochemical oscillations. In his preface he mentions the origin of life, but only in general terms: − The discipline of synergetics studies self-organization in physical systems. In his book Synergetics Hermann Haken has pointed out that different physical systems can be treated in a similar way. He gives as examples of self-organization several types of lasers, instabilities in fluid dynamics, including convection, and chemical and biochemical oscillations. In his preface he mentions the origin of life, but only in general terms: − + 第138行：
第80行： − + − + − < /blockquote > − − < /blockquote > − In recent years it has become more and more evident that there exists numerous examples in physical and chemical systems where well organized spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal structures arise out of chaotic states. Furthermore, as in living organisms, the functioning of these systems can be maintained only by a flux of energy (and matter) through them. In contrast to man-made machines, which are devised to exhibit special structures and functionings, these structures develop spontaneously—they are selforganizing. ...+ − − 近年来，越来越明显的是，在物理和化学系统中存在着许多例子，在这些例子中，从混沌状态中产生了组织良好的空间、时间或时空结构。此外，就像在生物体中一样，这些系统的功能只能通过流通它们的能量（和物质）流来维持。与人造机器不同的是，人造机器被设计成表现出特殊的结构和功能，这些结构是自发发展的——它们是自组织的... − + − 多重耗散结构 − This theory postulates that the hallmark of the origin and evolution of life is the microscopic dissipative structuring of [[Biological pigment|organic pigments]] and their proliferation over the entire Earth surface.<ref name="Michaelian, K. 2017" /> Present day life augments the entropy production of Earth in its solar environment by dissipating [[ultraviolet]] and [[Visible spectrum|visible]] [[photon]]s into heat through organic pigments in water. This heat then catalyzes a host of secondary dissipative processes such as the [[water cycle]], [[Ocean current|ocean]] and [[wind]] currents, [[Tropical cyclone|hurricanes]], etc.<ref name="Michaelian, K. 2011"/><ref name="HESS Opinions 'Biological catalysis">{{cite journal |doi=10.5194/hess-16-2629-2012 |title=HESS Opinions 'Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: Life's thermodynamic function' |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=2629–2645 |year=2012 |last1=Michaelian |first1=K |bibcode=2012HESS...16.2629M |arxiv= 0907.0040 }}</ref>+ − This theory postulates that the hallmark of the origin and evolution of life is the microscopic dissipative structuring of organic pigments and their proliferation over the entire Earth surface. Present day life augments the entropy production of Earth in its solar environment by dissipating ultraviolet and visible photons into heat through organic pigments in water. This heat then catalyzes a host of secondary dissipative processes such as the water cycle, ocean and wind currents, hurricanes, etc.+ + − 该理论假设生命起源和进化的标志是有机色素的微观耗散结构及其在整个地球表面的扩散。现今的生命通过将紫外线和可见光子通过水中的有机色素耗散成热能，从而增加了地球在太阳环境中的熵产生。然后这些热量又催化了一系列的二次耗散过程，如水循环、洋流和风流、飓风等。 − ==== Selforganization by dissipative structures====+ − 耗散结构的自组织 − [[File:Ilya Prigogine 1977c.jpg|thumb|upright|Ilya Prigogine 1977c]] − 伊利亚·普里戈金Ilya Prigogine 1977c+ − The 19th-century physicist [[Ludwig Boltzmann]] first recognized that the struggle for existence of living organisms was neither over raw material nor [[energy]], but instead had to do with [[entropy production]] derived from the conversion of the solar [[spectrum]] into [[heat]] by these systems.<ref>Boltzmann, L. (1886) The Second Law of Thermodynamics, in: Ludwig Boltzmann: Theoretical physics and Selected writings, edited by: McGinness, B., D. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1974.</ref> Boltzmann thus realized that living systems, like all [[Reversible process (thermodynamics)|irreversible processes]], were dependent on the [[dissipation]] of a generalized chemical potential for their existence. In his book "What is Life", the 20th-century physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]]<ref>Schrödinger, Erwin (1944) What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. Cambridge University Press</ref> emphasized the importance of Boltzmann's deep insight into the irreversible thermodynamic nature of living systems, suggesting that this was the physics and chemistry behind the origin and evolution of life.+ − The 19th-century physicist Ludwig Boltzmann first recognized that the struggle for existence of living organisms was neither over raw material nor energy, but instead had to do with entropy production derived from the conversion of the solar spectrum into heat by these systems. Boltzmann thus realized that living systems, like all irreversible processes, were dependent on the dissipation of a generalized chemical potential for their existence. In his book "What is Life", the 20th-century physicist Erwin Schrödinger emphasized the importance of Boltzmann's deep insight into the irreversible thermodynamic nature of living systems, suggesting that this was the physics and chemistry behind the origin and evolution of life.+ − − 19世纪的物理学家路德维希-玻尔兹曼Ludwig Boltzmann首先认识到，生物体的生存斗争既不是为了原料，也不是为了能源，而是与这些系统将太阳光谱转化为热能所产生的熵有关。Boltzmann由此认识到，生命系统和所有不可逆的过程一样，其存在依赖于广义化学势的耗散。20世纪物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔 Erwin Schrödinger在其《生命是什么》一书中强调了Boltzmann对生命系统不可逆的热力学本质的深刻洞察，认为这就是生命起源和进化背后的物理学和化学。 − − However, irreversible processes, and much less living systems, could not be conveniently analyzed under this perspective until [[Lars Onsager]],<ref>Onsager, L. (1931) Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes I and II, ''Phys. Rev.'' 37, 405; 38, 2265 (1931)</ref> and later Ilya [[Ilya Prigogine|Prigogine]],<ref>Prigogine, I. (1967) An Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, Wiley, New York</ref> developed an elegant mathematical formalism for treating the "self-organization" of material under a generalized chemical potential. This formalism became known as Classical Irreversible Thermodynamics and Prigogine was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1977 "for his contributions to [[non-equilibrium thermodynamics]], particularly the theory of [[Dissipative system|dissipative structures]]". The analysis by Prigogine showed that if a [[system]] were left to evolve under an imposed external potential, material could spontaneously organize (lower its [[entropy]]) forming what he called "dissipative structures" which would increase the dissipation of the externally imposed potential (augment the global entropy production). Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has since been successfully applied to the analysis of living systems, from the biochemical production of [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dewar | first1 = R | last2 = Juretić | first2 = D. | last3 = Županović | first3 = P. | year = 2006 | title = The functional design of the rotary enzyme ATP synthase is consistent with maximum entropy production | journal = Chem. Phys. Lett. | volume = 430 | issue = 1| pages = 177–182 | doi=10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.095| bibcode = 2006CPL...430..177D }}</ref> to optimizing bacterial metabolic pathways<ref>Unrean, P., Srienc, F. (2011) Metabolic networks evolve towards states of maximum entropy production, Metabolic Engineering 13, 666–673.</ref> to complete ecosystems.<ref>Zotin, A.I. (1984) "Bioenergetic trends of evolutionary progress of organisms", in: ''Thermodynamics and regulation of biological processes'' Lamprecht, I. and Zotin, A.I. (eds.), De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 451–458.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schneider | first1 = E.D. | last2 = Kay | first2 = J.J. | year = 1994 | title = Life as a Manifestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics | journal = Mathematical and Computer Modelling | volume = 19 | issue = 6–8| pages = 25–48 | doi=10.1016/0895-7177(94)90188-0| citeseerx = 10.1.1.36.8381 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Michaelian | first1 = K. | year = 2005 | title = Thermodynamic stability of ecosystems | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 237 | issue = 3| pages = 323–335 | bibcode = 2004APS..MAR.P9015M | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.04.019| pmid = 15978624 }}</ref> − − However, irreversible processes, and much less living systems, could not be conveniently analyzed under this perspective until Lars Onsager, and later Ilya Prigogine, developed an elegant mathematical formalism for treating the "self-organization" of material under a generalized chemical potential. This formalism became known as Classical Irreversible Thermodynamics and Prigogine was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1977 "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures". The analysis by Prigogine showed that if a system were left to evolve under an imposed external potential, material could spontaneously organize (lower its entropy) forming what he called "dissipative structures" which would increase the dissipation of the externally imposed potential (augment the global entropy production). Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has since been successfully applied to the analysis of living systems, from the biochemical production of ATP to optimizing bacterial metabolic pathways to complete ecosystems. − − 然而，不可逆的过程，更不用说生命系统了，在这个角度下无法方便地进行分析，直到拉斯·昂萨格 Lars Onsager和后来的Ilya Prigogine，发展了一种优雅的数学形式体系，用于处理广义化学势下物质的 "自组织"。这个形式体系后来被称为经典不可逆热动力学，1977年Prigogine被授予诺贝尔化学奖，"以表彰他对非平衡热动力学，特别是耗散结构理论的贡献"。Prigogine的分析表明，如果让一个系统在一个强加的外部势下演化，物质可以自发地组织起来（降低其熵），形成他所说的 "耗散结构"，从而增加外部强加势的耗散（增强全局熵的产生）。此后，非平衡热动力学被成功地应用于生命系统的分析，从ATP的生化生产到优化细菌代谢通路以形成完整的生态系统。 − − ==当前的生命，生物发生的结果：生物学 Current life, the result of abiogenesis: biology== − − − − When discussing the origin of life, a definition of life itself is fundamental. The definition is somewhat disagreed upon (although follows the same basic principles) because different biology textbooks define life differently. James Gould: − − When discussing the origin of life, a definition of life itself is fundamental. The definition is somewhat disagreed upon (although follows the same basic principles) because different biology textbooks define life differently. James Gould: 第190行：
第108行： − + − − Most dictionaries define life as the property that distinguishes the living from the dead, and define dead as being deprived of life. These singularly circular and unsatisfactory definitions give us no clue to what we have in common with protozoans and plants. 第198行：
第114行： − − whereas according to Neil Campbell and Jane Reece < blockquote >The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.<ref “Campbell”>{{cite book| last1 = Campbell | first1 = Neil A. | last2 = Reece | first2 = Jane B.| year = 2005| edition = 7 | title = Biology | location= Sn Feancisco | publisher = Benjamin }}</ref>< /blockquote > − − whereas according to Neil Campbell and Jane Reece < blockquote >The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition. − + 第212行：
第124行： − − This difference can also be found in books on the origin of life. John Casti gives a single sentence: 第223行：
第133行： − − Dirk Schulze-Makuch and Louis Irwin spend in contrast the whole first chapter of their book on this subject. − + − 发酵 − [[File:Citric acid cycle.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|Citric acid cycle]] − 柠檬酸循环 − [[File:Metabolism diagram.svg|thumb|Overall diagram of the chemical reactions of metabolism, in which the citric acid cycle can be recognized as the circle just below the middle of the figure 代谢化学反应的整体图，其中柠檬酸循环可以认为是位于图中间下方的圆圈]] [[Albert L. Lehninger|Albert Lehninger]] has stated around 1970 that fermentation, including glycolysis, is a suitable primitive energy source for the origin of life.<ref name="Lehninger">{{cite book| last1 = Lehninger | first1 = Albert L. | year = 1970| title = Biochemistry. The Molecular Basis of Cell Structure and Function | location= New York | publisher = Worth | page = 313}}</ref> + + − + − − 阿尔伯特·莱宁格Albert Lehninger曾在1970年左右指出，包括糖酵解在内的发酵过程是生命起源一种合适的原始能量来源。 第246行：
第150行： − − Fermentation involves glycolysis, which, rather inefficiently, transduces the chemical energy of sugar into the chemical energy of ATP.
无编辑摘要
{{distinguish|Biogenesis}}
{{distinguish|Biogenesis}}
[[File:Champagne vent white smokers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|地球上已知最早的生命形式是在热液喷口沉淀物中发现的假定化石微生物，它们可能早在42.8亿年前就已活着，相对而言，是在44.1亿年前海洋形成的不久之后，以及是45.4亿年前地球形成的不长时间后。<ref name="NAT-20170301" /><ref name="NYT-20170301" />]]
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在进化生物学中，自然发生，或通俗地称为生命起源（OoL），<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Oparin| first1 = Aleksandr Ivanovich| author-link1 = Alexander Oparin| translator1-last = Morgulis| translator1-first = Sergius| year = 1938| title = The Origin of Life| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv8psJCtI0gC| series = Phoenix Edition Series| edition = 2| location = Mineola, New York| publisher = Courier Corporation| publication-date = 2003| isbn = 978-0486495224| access-date = 2018-06-16}}</ref><ref name=Pereto /><ref name="AST-20151218">Compare: {{cite journal |author= Scharf, Caleb |title= A Strategy for Origins of Life Research |date= 18 December 2015 |journal= [[Astrobiology (journal)|Astrobiology]] |volume= 15 |issue= 12 |pages= 1031–1042 |doi= 10.1089/ast.2015.1113 |display-authors= etal |pmid= 26684503 |pmc= 4683543|bibcode= 2015AsBio..15.1031S | quote = What do we mean by the origins of life (OoL)? [...] Since the early 20th century the phrase OoL has been used to refer to the events that occurred during the transition from non-living to living systems on Earth, i.e., the origin of terrestrial biology (Oparin, 1924; Haldane, 1929). The term has largely replaced earlier concepts such as abiogenesis (Kamminga, 1980; Fry, 2000).}}</ref>是生命从非生命物质（如简单的有机化合物）中产生的自然过程。 <ref name=Oparin>{{harvnb|Oparin|1953|p=vi}}</ref><ref name=Pereto>{{cite journal|last= Peretó |first= Juli |year= 2005 |title= Controversies on the origin of life |url= http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |journal= [[International Microbiology]] |volume= 8 |issue= 1 |pages= 23–31 |pmid= 15906258 |accessdate= 2015-06-01 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150824074726/http://www.im.microbios.org/0801/0801023.pdf |archivedate= 24 August 2015 |quote = Ever since the historical contributions by Aleksandr I. Oparin, in the 1920s, the intellectual challenge of the origin of life enigma has unfolded based on the assumption that life originated on Earth through physicochemical processes that can be supposed, comprehended, and simulated; that is, there were neither miracles nor spontaneous generations.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Warmflash |first1= David |last2= Warmflash |first2= Benjamin |date= November 2005 |title= Did Life Come from Another World? |journal= [[Scientific American]] |volume= 293 |issue= 5 |pages= 64–71 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican1105-64|pmid= 16318028 |bibcode= 2005SciAm.293e..64W | quote = According to the conventional hypothesis, the earliest living cells emerged as a result of chemical evolution on our planet billions of years ago in a process called abiogenesis.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yarus|2010|p=47}}</ref>虽然这一过程的细节仍未可知，但主流的科学假说认为，从非生命实体到生命实体的转变不是一个单一的事件，而是一个复杂度逐渐增加的进化过程，其中包括分子的自复制、自组装、自催化和细胞膜的出现。<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.biocommunication.at/pdf/publications/biosystems_2016.pdf |title=Crucial steps to life: From chemical reactions to code using agents|journal=Biosystems|volume=140|pages=49–57|doi=10.1016/j.biosystems.2015.12.007|pmid=26723230|year=2016|last1=Witzany|first1=Guenther}}</ref><ref name="AB-20141208">{{cite web |last= Howell |first= Elizabeth |title= How Did Life Become Complex, And Could It Happen Beyond Earth? |url= https://www.astrobio.net/origin-and-evolution-of-life/life-become-complex-happen-beyond-earth/ |date= 8 December 2014 |work= [[Astrobiology Magazine]] |accessdate= 14 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20150420">{{Cite book |last= Tirard |first= Stephane |title= Abiogenesis – Definition|date= 20 April 2015 |doi= 10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_2-4 |journal= Encyclopedia of Astrobiology|pages= 1 | quote = Thomas Huxley (1825–1895) used the term abiogenesis in an important text published in 1870. He strictly made the difference between spontaneous generation, which he did not accept, and the possibility of the evolution of matter from inert to living, without any influence of life. [...] Since the end of the nineteenth century, evolutive abiogenesis means increasing complexity and evolution of matter from inert to living state in the abiotic context of evolution of primitive Earth. |isbn= 978-3-642-27833-4 }}</ref>虽然自然发生的发生在科学家中是没有争议的，但其可能的机制我们却不甚了解。关于自然发生如何发生，有几种原理和假说。<ref>{{Cite book |title=Rethinking evolution: the revolution that's hiding in plain sight |last=Levinson |first=Gene |publisher=World Scientific |year=2020 |isbn=978-1786347268 |url=https://rethinkingevolution.com/}}</ref>
{{Use American English|date=December 2019}}
对自然发生的研究旨在确定生命前的化学反应是如何在与今天地球上截然不同的条件下产生生命的。<ref>{{harvnb|Voet|Voet|2004|p=29}}</ref>它主要使用生物学、化学和地球物理学<ref name="Dyson 1999">{{harvnb|Dyson|1999}}</ref>的工具，最近的研究方法试图将这三者综合起来：<ref>{{cite book |author= Davies, Paul |date= 1998 |title= The Fifth Miracle, Search for the origin and meaning of life |publisher= Penguin}}{{page needed|date=February 2017}}</ref>更具体地说，就是天体生物学、生物化学、生物物理学、地球化学、分子生物学、海洋学和古生物学。生命的功能是通过碳和水的特定化学作用来实现的，并主要建立在四个关键的化学物质家族之上：脂类（细胞膜）、碳水化合物（糖类、纤维素）、氨基酸（蛋白质代谢）和核酸（DNA和RNA）。任何成功的自然发生理论都必须解释这些类别分子的起源和相互作用。<ref>{{cite book |author1= Ward, Peter|author2= Kirschvink, Joe |date= 2015 |title= A New History of Life: the radical discoveries about the origins and evolution of life on earth |publisher= Bloomsbury Press |pages= 39–40 |isbn= 978-1608199105}}</ref>许多自然发生的方法都在研究自我复制的分子或它们的组成部分是如何产生的。研究者普遍认为，目前的生命是从RNA世界中诞生的，<ref name="RNA" />尽管在RNA之前可能还有其他自我复制分子。<ref name="Robertson2012" /><ref name="Cech2012" />
[[File:Miller-Urey experiment JP.png|thumb|'''Miller–Urey实验''' 在简单气体混合物中合成有机小分子，通过同时加热（左）和冷却（右）将混合物置于热梯度中，这种混合物也会受到放电的作用]]
1952年经典的[[Miller-Urey实验 Miller–Urey experiment]]和类似的研究表明，大多数氨基酸，即所有生物体中使用的蛋白质的化学成分，可以在旨在复制早期地球的条件下从无机化合物中合成。科学家们提出了各种可能引发这些反应的外部能量来源，包括闪电和辐射。其他方法（“新陈代谢优先”假说）则侧重于了解早期地球化学系统中的催化作用如何提供自复制所需的前体分子。<ref name="Ralser 2014">{{cite journal |last1= Keller |first1= Markus A. |last2= Turchyn |first2= Alexandra V. |last3= Ralser |first3= Markus |date= 25 March 2014 |title= Non‐enzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway‐like reactions in a plausible Archean ocean |journal= [[Molecular Systems Biology]] |volume= 10 |issue= 725 |page= 725 |doi= 10.1002/msb.20145228 |pmc= 4023395 |pmid= 24771084}}</ref>
另一种有[[生源论假说 panspermia hypothesis]]<ref name="USRA-2010">{{cite conference|last=Rampelotto|first=Pabulo Henrique|date=26 April 2010|title=Panspermia: A Promising Field of Research|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/abscicon2010/pdf/5224.pdf|url-status=live|conference=Astrobiology Science Conference 2010|location=Houston, TX|publisher=[[Lunar and Planetary Institute]]|page=5224|bibcode=2010LPICo1538.5224R|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327005016/http://www.lpi.usra.edu//meetings/abscicon2010/pdf/5224.pdf|archivedate=27 March 2016|accessdate=2014-12-03|conference-url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/abscicon2010/}} Conference held at League City, TX</ref>推测，微生物通过未知的机制在地球以外产生，并通过太空尘埃<ref name="ARX-20171106">{{cite journal |last= Berera |first= Arjun |title= Space dust collisions as a planetary escape mechanism |journal= Astrobiology |date= 6 November 2017 |arxiv= 1711.01895 |bibcode= 2017AsBio..17.1274B |doi= 10.1089/ast.2017.1662 |pmid= 29148823 |volume= 17 |issue= 12 |pages= 1274–1282|s2cid= 126012488 }}</ref>和流星体传播到早期地球。<ref name="SA-20180110">{{cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=Queenie H.S.|date=10 January 2018|title=Organic matter in extraterrestrial water-bearing salt crystals|journal=[[Science Advances]]|volume=4|page=eaao3521|bibcode=2018SciA....4O3521C|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aao3521|pmc=5770164|pmid=29349297|number=1, eaao3521}}</ref>众所周知，太阳系和星际空间中存在复杂的有机分子，这些分子可能为地球上生命的发展提供了起始物质。<ref name="Ehrenfreund2010" /><ref name="Science 2015">{{cite news|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/chemistry/2015/04/organic-molecules-found-circling-nearby-star?rss=1|title=Organic molecules found circling nearby star|last=Perkins|first=Sid|date=8 April 2015|work=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|accessdate=2015-06-02|publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|location=Washington, DC|type=News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2015/04/meteorites-may-have-delivered-chemicals-started-life-earth|title=Chemicals formed on meteorites may have started life on Earth|last=King|first=Anthony|date=14 April 2015|work=[[Chemistry World]]|accessdate=2015-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417142723/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2015/04/meteorites-may-have-delivered-chemicals-started-life-earth|archivedate=17 April 2015|url-status=live|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|location=London|type=News}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Saladino|first1=Raffaele|last2=Carota|first2=Eleonora|last3=Botta|first3=Giorgia|last4=Kapralov|first4=Mikhail|last5=Timoshenko|first5=Gennady N.|last6=Rozanov|first6=Alexei Y.|last7=Krasavin|first7=Eugene|last8=Di Mauro|first8=Ernesto|display-authors=3|date=13 April 2015|title=Meteorite-catalyzed syntheses of nucleosides and of other prebiotic compounds from formamide under proton irradiation|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.]]|volume=112|issue=21|pages=E2746–E2755|bibcode=2015PNAS..112E2746S|doi=10.1073/pnas.1422225112|pmc=4450408|pmid=25870268}}</ref>
地球仍然是宇宙中已知的唯一一个孕育生命的地方，<ref name="NASA-1990">{{cite web |url= https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900013148.pdf |title= Extraterrestrial Life in the Universe |last= Graham |first= Robert W. |date= February 1990 |place= [[Glenn Research Center|Lewis Research Center]], Cleveland, Ohio |publisher= [[NASA]] |type= NASA Technical Memorandum 102363 |accessdate= 2015-06-02 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140903100534/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900013148.pdf |archivedate= 3 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Altermann|2009|p=xvii}}</ref> 来自地球的化石证据为大多数关于自然发生论的研究提供了信息。地球的年龄是45.5亿年；<ref name="USGS1997">{{cite web |url= http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html |title= Age of the Earth |date= 9 July 2007 |publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]] |accessdate= 2006-01-10 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html |archivedate= 23 December 2005}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dalrymple|2001|pp= 205–221}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Manhesa |first1= Gérard |last2= Allègre |first2= Claude J. |authorlink2= Claude Allègre |last3= Dupréa |first3= Bernard |last4= Hamelin |first4= Bruno |date= May 1980 |title= Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics |journal= [[Earth and Planetary Science Letters]] |volume= 47 |issue= 3 |pages= 370–382 |bibcode= 1980E&PSL..47..370M |doi= 10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2 }}</ref>地球上最早的无可争议的生命证据至少可以追溯到35亿年前，<ref name="Origin1">{{cite journal |last1= Schopf |first1= J. William |authorlink1= J. William Schopf |last2= Kudryavtsev |first2= Anatoliy B. |last3= Czaja |first3= Andrew D. |last4= Tripathi |first4= Abhishek B. |date= 5 October 2007 |title= Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils |journal= [[Precambrian Research]] |volume= 158 |pages= 141–155 |issue= 3–4 |doi= 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009 |bibcode= 2007PreR..158..141S }}</ref><ref name="Origin2">{{cite journal |last= Schopf |first= J. William |date= 29 June 2006 |title= Fossil evidence of Archaean life |journal= [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |volume= 361 |issue= 1470 |pages= 869–885 |doi= 10.1098/rstb.2006.1834 |pmid= 16754604 |pmc=1578735}}</ref><ref name="RavenJohnson2002">{{harvnb|Raven|Johnson|2002|p=68}}</ref>也可能还要追溯到早至始太古代（36-40亿年前之间）。2017年，科学家在西澳大利亚的皮尔巴拉古地台发现的34.8亿岁的硅华和其他相关矿藏(通常在温泉和间歇泉附近发现) 中发现了陆地上早期生命的可能证据。<ref name="PO-20170509">{{cite news |author= Staff |title= Oldest evidence of life on land found in 3.48-billion-year-old Australian rocks |url= https://phys.org/news/2017-05-oldest-evidence-life-billion-year-old-australian.html |date= 9 May 2017 |work= [[Phys.org]] |accessdate= 13 May 2017 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170510013721/https://phys.org/news/2017-05-oldest-evidence-life-billion-year-old-australian.html |archivedate= 10 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="NC-20170509">{{cite journal |last1= Djokic |first1= Tara |last2= Van Kranendonk |first2= Martin J. |last3= Campbell |first3= Kathleen A. |last4= Walter |first4= Malcolm R. |last5= Ward |first5= Colin R. |title= Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Gao hot spring deposits |date= 9 May 2017 |journal= [[Nature Communications]] |doi= 10.1038/ncomms15263 |pmid= 28486437 |pmc= 5436104 |volume= 8 |page= 15263 |bibcode= 2017NatCo...815263D}}</ref><ref name="PNAS-2017">{{cite journal |last1= Schopf |first1= J. William |last2= Kitajima |first2= Kouki |last3= Spicuzza |first3= Michael J. |last4= Kudryavtsev |first4= Anatolly B. |last5= Valley |first5= John W. |title= SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions |date= 2017 |journal= [[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|PNAS]] |doi= 10.1073/pnas.1718063115 |pmid= 29255053 |pmc= 5776830 |volume= 115 |issue= 1 |pages= 53–58|bibcode= 2018PNAS..115...53S }}</ref><ref name="WU-20171218">{{cite web |last= Tyrell |first= Kelly April |title= Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago |url= https://news.wisc.edu/oldest-fossils-ever-found-show-life-on-earth-began-before-3-5-billion-years-ago/ |date= 18 December 2017 |work= [[University of Wisconsin-Madison]] |accessdate= 18 December 2017 }}</ref>然而，许多发现表明，地球上的生命可能出现得更早。截至2017年，加拿大魁北克省的岩石中37.7亿至42.8亿年前的深海热液喷口沉淀物内的微化石（化石微生物）可能蕴藏着地球上最古老的生命记录，这表明生命在冥古宙44亿年前海洋形成后不久就开始了。<ref name="NAT-20170301">{{cite journal |last1= Dodd |first1= Matthew S. |last2= Papineau |first2= Dominic |last3= Grenne |first3= Tor |last4= Slack |first4= John F. |last5= Rittner |first5= Martin |last6= Pirajno |first6= Franco |last7= O'Neil |first7= Jonathan |last8= Little |first8= Crispin T.S. |title= Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates |url= http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |date= 1 March 2017 |volume= 543 |issue= 7643 |pages= 60–64 |doi= 10.1038/nature21377 |pmid= 28252057 |accessdate= 2 March 2017 |bibcode= 2017Natur.543...60D |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201821/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112179/ |archivedate= 8 September 2017|doi-access= free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20170301">{{cite news |last= Zimmer |first= Carl |authorlink= Carl Zimmer |title= Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html |date= 1 March 2017 |work= [[The New York Times]] |accessdate= 2 March 2017 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170302042424/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/science/earths-oldest-bacteria-fossils.html |archivedate= 2 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="BBC-20170301">{{Cite news |last= Ghosh |first= Pallab |title= Earliest evidence of life on Earth found |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39117523 |publisher= [[BBC News]] |date= 1 March 2017 |accessdate= 2 March 2017 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170302002134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-39117523 |archivedate= 2 March 2017|work= BBC News }}</ref><ref name="4.3b oldest">{{cite news |last1= Dunham |first1= Will |title= Canadian bacteria-like fossils called oldest evidence of life |url= http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN16858B?sp=true |date= 1 March 2017 |agency= [[Reuters]] |accessdate= 1 March 2017 |url-status= live |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170302114728/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN16858B?sp=true |archivedate= 2 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Researchers uncover 'direct evidence' of life on Earth 4 billion years ago|url= http://dw.com/p/2YUnT|accessdate= 5 March 2017|publisher= Deutsche Welle}}</ref>
美国宇航局关于自然发生的战略指出，有必要确定相互作用、中间结构和功能、能量来源和环境因素，这些因素有助于可进化大分子系统的多样性、选择和复制的因素。<ref name="NASA strategy 2015">{{cite web|url=https://nai.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2015/10/NASA_Astrobiology_Strategy_2015_151008.pdf|title=NASA Astrobiology Strategy|year=2015|work=NASA|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222190306/https://nai.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2015/10/NASA_Astrobiology_Strategy_2015_151008.pdf|archivedate=22 December 2016|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref>强调必须继续绘制潜在的原始信息聚合物的化学景观。能够复制、储存遗传信息并表现出受选择的特性的聚合物的出现，很可能是生命起源前化学进化涌现的关键一步。<ref name="NASA strategy 2015"/>
== 热力学、自组织和信息：物理 ==
===热力学原理：能量与熵===
在古代，人们普遍认为，例如恩培多克勒 Empedocles和亚里士多德 Aristotle就认为，某些物种个体的生命，更一般地说是生命本身，可以从高温开始，即隐含着热循环。<ref>{{cite book|title=In the beginning: Some Greek views on the origins of life and the early state of man |year= 1957|last1= Guthrie|first1= W. K. C.|publisher=Methuen, London}}</ref>
同样，人们很早就意识到，当分子将自身组织成生命物质时，生命需要失去[[熵]]，或无序。当物质自组织到更高的复杂性时，需要考虑热力学第二定律。因为生物体是机器，<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Simon| first1 = Michael A. | year = 1971| title = The Matter of Life | edition = 1| location = New Haven and London| publisher = Yale University Press}}</ref>第二定律也适用于生命。
==== 获得自由能 ====
伯纳尔Bernal在 Miller-Urey 的实验中说，
伯纳尔Bernal在 Miller-Urey 的实验中说，
< blockquote >it is not enough to explain the formation of such molecules, what is necessary, is a physical-chemical explanation of the origins of these molecules that suggests the presence of suitable sources and sinks for free energy.
仅仅解释这些分子的形成是不够的，需要的是对这些分子的起源作出物理-化学解释，表明存在合适的自由能源和自由能汇。<ref>{{harvnb|Bernal|1967|p=143}}</ref>
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早期地球上的化学反应有多种能量来源。例如，热（如来自地热过程）是化学的标准能源。其他的例子还包括阳光和放电（闪电）等。<ref name="Follmann2009" /> 事实上，闪电是生命起源的似乎合理的能量来源，因为仅在热带地区，每年就有大约1亿次的闪电袭击。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gora|first1=Evan M.|last2=Burchfield|first2=Jeffrey C.|last3=Muller‐Landau|first3=Helene C.|last4=Bitzer|first4=Phillip M.|last5=Yanoviak|first5=Stephen P.|title=Pantropical geography of lightning-caused disturbance and its implications for tropical forests|journal=Global Change Biology|year=2020|language=en|volume=n/a|issue=n/a|pages=5017–5026|doi=10.1111/gcb.15227|pmid=32564481|bibcode=2020GCBio..26.5017G|issn=1365-2486}}</ref>
计算机模拟还表明，原始水库中的气蚀作用，如破碎的海浪、溪流和海洋，有可能导致生源化合物的合成。<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.7b00325|pmid= 28979946|pmc= 5620973|title= Cavitation-Induced Synthesis of Biogenic Molecules on Primordial Earth|journal= ACS Central Science|volume= 3|issue= 9|pages= 1041–1049|year= 2017|last1= Kalson|first1= Natan-Haim|last2= Furman|first2= David|last3= Zeiri|first3= Yehuda}}</ref>
不利的反应也可以由非常有利的反应驱动，如铁硫化学反应。例如，这对碳固定（碳从其无机形式转化为有机形式）可能很重要。通过铁硫化学反应进行的碳固定是非常有利的，在中性pH值和100C时发生。深海热液喷口附近丰富的铁硫表面也能产生少量的氨基酸和其他生物代谢物。
===自组织===
[[File:赫尔曼•哈肯 Hermann Haken, Pour le Merite 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Hermann Haken]]
[[File:Hermann Haken, Pour le Merite 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Hermann Haken]]
协同学这门学科研究的是物理系统的自组织。Hermann Haken在其《协同论》一书中指出，不同的物理系统可以用类似的方式处理。他举了几种类型的激光、流体动力学（包括对流）中的不稳定性以及化学和生化振荡作为自组织的例子。在他的序言中他提到了生命的起源，但只是泛泛而谈。
协同学这门学科研究的是物理系统的自组织。Hermann Haken在其《协同论 Synergetics》<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Haken| first1= Hermann | title=Synergetics. An Introduction. |year=1978 | publisher=Springer | location= Berlin }}</ref>一书中指出，不同的物理系统可以用类似的方式处理。他举了几种类型的激光、流体动力学（包括对流）中的不稳定性以及化学和生化振荡作为自组织的例子。在他的序言中他提到了生命的起源，但只是泛泛而谈。
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In recent years it has become more and more evident that there exists numerous examples in physical and chemical systems where well organized spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal structures arise out of chaotic states. Furthermore, as in living organisms, the functioning of these systems can be maintained only by a flux of energy (and matter) through them. In contrast to man-made machines, which are devised to exhibit special structures and functionings, these structures develop spontaneously—they are ''selforganizing''. ...<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Haken| first1= Hermann | title=Synergetics. An Introduction. |year=1978 | publisher=Springer }}</ref>
In recent years it has become more and more evident that there exists numerous examples in physical and chemical systems where well organized spatial, temporal, or spatio-temporal structures arise out of chaotic states. Furthermore, as in living organisms, the functioning of these systems can be maintained only by a flux of energy (and matter) through them. In contrast to man-made machines, which are devised to exhibit special structures and functionings, these structures develop spontaneously—they are ''selforganizing''. ...
近年来，越来越明显的是，在物理和化学系统中存在着许多例子，在这些例子中，从混沌状态中产生了组织良好的空间、时间或时空结构。此外，就像在生物体中一样，这些系统的功能只能通过流通它们的能量（和物质）流来维持。与人造机器不同的是，人造机器被设计成表现出特殊的结构和功能，这些结构是自发发展的——它们是自组织的...<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Haken| first1= Hermann | title=Synergetics. An Introduction. |year=1978 | publisher=Springer }}</ref>
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====Multiple dissipative structures====
====多重耗散结构====
该理论假设生命起源和进化的标志是有机色素的微观耗散结构及其在整个地球表面的扩散。<ref name="Michaelian, K. 2017" />现今的生命通过将紫外线和可见光子通过水中的有机色素耗散成热能，从而增加了地球在太阳环境中的熵产生。然后这些热量又催化了一系列的二次耗散过程，如水循环、洋流和风流、飓风等。<ref name="Michaelian, K. 2011"/><ref name="HESS Opinions 'Biological catalysis">{{cite journal |doi=10.5194/hess-16-2629-2012 |title=HESS Opinions 'Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: Life's thermodynamic function' |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=2629–2645 |year=2012 |last1=Michaelian |first1=K |bibcode=2012HESS...16.2629M |arxiv= 0907.0040 }}</ref>
====耗散结构的自组织====
[[File:Ilya Prigogine 1977c.jpg|thumb|upright|伊利亚·普里戈金1977c Ilya Prigogine 1977c]]
19世纪的物理学家路[[德维希-玻尔兹曼Ludwig Boltzmann]]首先认识到，生物体的生存斗争既不是为了原料，也不是为了能源，而是与这些系统将太阳光谱转化为热能所产生的熵有关。<ref>Boltzmann, L. (1886) The Second Law of Thermodynamics, in: Ludwig Boltzmann: Theoretical physics and Selected writings, edited by: McGinness, B., D. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1974.</ref>Boltzmann由此认识到，生命系统和所有不可逆的过程一样，其存在依赖于广义化学势的耗散。20世纪物理学家[[埃尔温·薛定谔 Erwin Schrödinger]]在其《生命是什么 What is Life》<ref>Schrödinger, Erwin (1944) What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. Cambridge University Press</ref> 一书中强调了Boltzmann对生命系统不可逆的热力学本质的深刻洞察，认为这就是生命起源和进化背后的物理学和化学。
然而，不可逆的过程，更不用说生命系统了，在这个角度下无法方便地进行分析，直到拉斯·昂萨格 Lars Onsager<ref>Onsager, L. (1931) Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes I and II, ''Phys. Rev.'' 37, 405; 38, 2265 (1931)</ref>和后来的Ilya Prigogine<ref>Prigogine, I. (1967) An Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, Wiley, New York</ref>，发展了一种优雅的数学形式体系，用于处理广义化学势下物质的 "自组织"。这个形式体系后来被称为经典不可逆热动力学，1977年Prigogine被授予诺贝尔化学奖，"以表彰他对非平衡热动力学，特别是耗散结构理论的贡献"。Prigogine的分析表明，如果让一个系统在一个强加的外部势下演化，物质可以自发地组织起来（降低其熵），形成他所说的 "耗散结构"，从而增加外部强加势的耗散（增强全局熵的产生）。此后，非平衡热动力学被成功地应用于生命系统的分析，从ATP<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dewar | first1 = R | last2 = Juretić | first2 = D. | last3 = Županović | first3 = P. | year = 2006 | title = The functional design of the rotary enzyme ATP synthase is consistent with maximum entropy production | journal = Chem. Phys. Lett. | volume = 430 | issue = 1| pages = 177–182 | doi=10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.095| bibcode = 2006CPL...430..177D }}</ref>的生化生产到优化细菌代谢通路<ref>Unrean, P., Srienc, F. (2011) Metabolic networks evolve towards states of maximum entropy production, Metabolic Engineering 13, 666–673.</ref>以形成完整的生态系统。<ref>Zotin, A.I. (1984) "Bioenergetic trends of evolutionary progress of organisms", in: ''Thermodynamics and regulation of biological processes'' Lamprecht, I. and Zotin, A.I. (eds.), De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 451–458.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schneider | first1 = E.D. | last2 = Kay | first2 = J.J. | year = 1994 | title = Life as a Manifestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics | journal = Mathematical and Computer Modelling | volume = 19 | issue = 6–8| pages = 25–48 | doi=10.1016/0895-7177(94)90188-0| citeseerx = 10.1.1.36.8381 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Michaelian | first1 = K. | year = 2005 | title = Thermodynamic stability of ecosystems | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 237 | issue = 3| pages = 323–335 | bibcode = 2004APS..MAR.P9015M | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.04.019| pmid = 15978624 }}</ref>
==当前的生命，生物发生的结果：生物学==
===生命的定义===
===生命的定义 Definition of life===
当讨论生命的起源时，最基本的问题是对生命本身的定义。由于不同的生物学教科书对生命的定义不同，所以这个定义存在一定的分歧（虽然遵循相同的基本原则）。詹姆斯·古尔德 James Gould :
当讨论生命的起源时，最基本的问题是对生命本身的定义。由于不同的生物学教科书对生命的定义不同，所以这个定义存在一定的分歧（虽然遵循相同的基本原则）。詹姆斯·古尔德 James Gould :
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Most dictionaries define ''life'' as the property that distinguishes the living from the dead, and define ''dead'' as being deprived of life. These singularly circular and unsatisfactory definitions give us no clue to what we have in common with protozoans and plants. <ref name="Gould">{{cite book| last1 = Gould | first1 = James L. | last2 = Keeton | first2 = William T. | year = 1996| edition = 6 | title = Biological Science | location= New York | publisher = W.W. Norton }}</ref>
Most dictionaries define ''life'' as the property that distinguishes the living from the dead, and define ''dead'' as being deprived of life. These singularly circular and unsatisfactory definitions give us no clue to what we have in common with protozoans and plants.
大多数字典将生命定义为区别于存活和死亡的属性，并将死亡定义为被剥夺了生命。这些奇怪循环的、难以令人满意的定义，没有给我们提供任何线索，使我们了解我们与原生动物和植物的共同之处。<ref name="Gould">{{cite book| last1 = Gould | first1 = James L. | last2 = Keeton | first2 = William T. | year = 1996| edition = 6 | title = Biological Science | location= New York | publisher = W.W. Norton }}</ref>
大多数字典将生命定义为区别于存活和死亡的属性，并将死亡定义为被剥夺了生命。这些奇怪循环的、难以令人满意的定义，没有给我们提供任何线索，使我们了解我们与原生动物和植物的共同之处。<ref name="Gould">{{cite book| last1 = Gould | first1 = James L. | last2 = Keeton | first2 = William T. | year = 1996| edition = 6 | title = Biological Science | location= New York | publisher = W.W. Norton }}</ref>
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然而，根据尼尔·坎贝尔Neil Campbell和简·里斯Jane Reece 的说法，
然而，根据尼尔·坎贝尔Neil Campbell和简·里斯Jane Reece 的说法，
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The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.
The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.<ref “Campbell”>{{cite book| last1 = Campbell | first1 = Neil A. | last2 = Reece | first2 = Jane B.| year = 2005| edition = 7 | title = Biology | location= Sn Feancisco | publisher = Benjamin }}</ref>< /blockquote >
我们称之为生命的现象，不能用简单的一句话去定义。
我们称之为生命的现象，不能用简单的一句话去定义。
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在关于生命起源的书籍中也可以找到这种差异。约翰·卡斯蒂John Casti给出了一句话：
在关于生命起源的书籍中也可以找到这种差异。约翰·卡斯蒂John Casti给出了一句话：
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相比之下，德克·舒尔茨-马库奇Dirk Schulze-Makuch 和 路易斯·欧文 Louis Irwin 在他们的书中花了整整第一章来讨论这个问题。
相比之下，德克·舒尔茨-马库奇Dirk Schulze-Makuch 和 路易斯·欧文 Louis Irwin 在他们的书中花了整整第一章来讨论这个问题。
====发酵 Fermentation====
====发酵====
[[File:Citric acid cycle.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|柠檬酸循环]]
[[File:Metabolism diagram.svg|thumb| 代谢化学反应的整体图，其中柠檬酸循环可以认为是位于图中间下方的圆圈]]
Albert Lehninger has stated around 1970 that fermentation, including glycolysis, is a suitable primitive energy source for the origin of life.
阿尔伯特·莱宁格 Albert Lehninger曾在1970年左右指出，包括糖酵解在内的发酵过程是生命起源一种合适的原始能量来源。<ref name="Lehninger">{{cite book| last1 = Lehninger | first1 = Albert L. | year = 1970| title = Biochemistry. The Molecular Basis of Cell Structure and Function | location= New York | publisher = Worth | page = 313}}</ref>
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发酵过程包括糖酵解，它非常低效地将糖的化学能转化为ATP的化学能。
发酵过程包括糖酵解，它非常低效地将糖的化学能转化为ATP的化学能。