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生命起源 Abiogenesis (查看源代码)

2021年6月4日 (五) 11:59的版本

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~~生命起源~~

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~~此词条暂由Solitude初步翻译。正由Steve Luo审校，给您阅读带来不便，还请谅解。~~

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~~审校总结：缺乏对应英文/英文缺失 4 处；英文原文错误： 1 处；英文翻译不确定： 1 处；增加讨论：9 处；增加评论：1 处。~~

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~~后面很大一部分文本缺乏纯英文文本部分，导致中英文对应审校比较累~~

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~~审校疏忽：忘了把引用部分插入中文文本中~~

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~~{{short description|The natural process by which life arises from non-living matter}}~~

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~~{{Redirect|Origin of life|non-scientific views on the origins of life|Creation myth}}~~

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~~{{distinguish|Biogenesis}}~~

[[File:Champagne vent white smokers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|地球上已知最早的生命形式是在热液喷口沉淀物中发现的假定化石微生物，它们可能早在42.8亿年前就已活着，相对而言，是在44.1亿年前海洋形成的不久之后，以及是45.4亿年前地球形成的不长时间后。<ref name="NAT-20170301" /><ref name="NYT-20170301" />]]

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== 热力学、自组织和信息：物理 ==

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===热力学原理：能量与熵===

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在古代，人们普遍认为，例如恩培多克勒 Empedocles和亚里士多德 Aristotle就认为，某些物种个体的生命，更一般地说是生命本身，可以从高温开始，即隐含着热循环。<ref>{{cite book|title=In the beginning: Some Greek views on the origins of life and the early state of man |year= 1957|last1= Guthrie|first1= W. K. C.|publisher=Methuen, London}}</ref>

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==== 获得自由能 ====

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Bernal在 Miller-Urey 的实验中说，

<blockquote>it is not enough to explain the formation of such molecules, what is necessary, is a physical-chemical explanation of the origins of these molecules that suggests the presence of suitable sources and sinks for free energy.

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不利的反应也可以由非常有利的反应驱动，如铁硫化学反应。例如，这对碳固定（碳从其无机形式转化为有机形式）可能很重要。通过铁硫化学反应进行的碳固定是非常有利的，在中性pH值和100C时发生。深海热液喷口附近丰富的铁硫表面也能产生少量的氨基酸和其他生物代谢物。

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然而，不可逆的过程，更不用说生命系统了，在这个角度下无法方便地进行分析，直到拉斯·昂萨格 Lars Onsager<ref>Onsager, L. (1931) Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes I and II, ''Phys. Rev.'' 37, 405; 38, 2265 (1931)</ref>和后来的Ilya Prigogine<ref>Prigogine, I. (1967) An Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, Wiley, New York</ref>，发展了一种优雅的数学形式体系，用于处理广义化学势下物质的 "自组织"。这个形式体系后来被称为经典不可逆热动力学，1977年Prigogine被授予诺贝尔化学奖，"以表彰他对非平衡热动力学，特别是耗散结构理论的贡献"。Prigogine的分析表明，如果让一个系统在一个强加的外部势下演化，物质可以自发地组织起来（降低其熵），形成他所说的 "耗散结构"，从而增加外部强加势的耗散（增强全局熵的产生）。此后，非平衡热动力学被成功地应用于生命系统的分析，从ATP<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dewar | first1 = R | last2 = Juretić | first2 = D. | last3 = Županović | first3 = P. | year = 2006 | title = The functional design of the rotary enzyme ATP synthase is consistent with maximum entropy production | journal = Chem. Phys. Lett. | volume = 430 | issue = 1| pages = 177–182 | doi=10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.095| bibcode = 2006CPL...430..177D }}</ref>的生化生产到优化细菌代谢通路<ref>Unrean, P., Srienc, F. (2011) Metabolic networks evolve towards states of maximum entropy production, Metabolic Engineering 13, 666–673.</ref>以形成完整的生态系统。<ref>Zotin, A.I. (1984) "Bioenergetic trends of evolutionary progress of organisms", in: ''Thermodynamics and regulation of biological processes'' Lamprecht, I. and Zotin, A.I. (eds.), De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 451–458.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schneider | first1 = E.D. | last2 = Kay | first2 = J.J. | year = 1994 | title = Life as a Manifestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics | journal = Mathematical and Computer Modelling | volume = 19 | issue = 6–8| pages = 25–48 | doi=10.1016/0895-7177(94)90188-0| citeseerx = 10.1.1.36.8381 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Michaelian | first1 = K. | year = 2005 | title = Thermodynamic stability of ecosystems | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 237 | issue = 3| pages = 323–335 | bibcode = 2004APS..MAR.P9015M | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.04.019| pmid = 15978624 }}</ref>

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==当前的生命，生物发生的结果：生物学==

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===生命的定义===

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当讨论生命的起源时，最基本的问题是对生命本身的定义。由于不同的生物学教科书对生命的定义不同，所以这个定义存在一定的分歧（虽然遵循相同的基本原则）。詹姆斯·古尔德 James Gould :

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2011年，利用目前更先进的分析设备和技术，对Miller和Urey实验产生的含有原始提取物的保存瓶进行了重新分析，发现了比20世纪50年代最初发现的更多的生化物质。其中比较重要的发现是23种氨基酸，远远超过原来发现的5种。<ref name="pmid21422282">{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Eric T. |last2=Cleaves |first2=Henderson J. |last3=Dworkin |first3=Jason P. |last4=Glavin |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Callahan |first5=Michael |last6=Aubrey |first6=Andrew |last7=Lazcano |first7=Antonio |last8=Bada |first8=Jeffrey L. |display-authors=3 |date=5 April 2011 |title=Primordial synthesis of amines and amino acids in a 1958 Miller H2S-rich spark discharge experiment |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=108 |issue=14 |pages=5526–5531 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5526P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1019191108 |pmc=3078417 |pmid=21422282 }}</ref>

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== 生物分子的原始起源：化学 ==

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# 地球起源 -- -- 撞击冲击或其他能量源(如紫外光、氧化还原耦合或放电；如，Miller的实验)驱动的有机分子合成。

# 地外起源--星际尘埃云中有机分子的形成，这些尘埃云降到行星上。<ref name="Gawlowicz 2011">{{cite news |last=Gawlowicz |first=Susan |date=6 November 2011 |title=Carbon-based organic 'carriers' in interstellar dust clouds? Newly discovered diffuse interstellar bands |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111102161149.htm |work=Science Daily|location=Rockville, MD |publisher=ScienceDaily, LLC |accessdate=2015-06-08 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711114643/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111102161149.htm |archivedate=11 July 2015}}</ref>

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有机化合物是指分子中含有碳的一大类气态、液态或固态化学物质的任何成员。<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Science |title=biological abundance of elements |url=http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/elbio.html |publisher=David Darling Enterprises |location=Dundee, Scotland |accessdate=2008-10-09 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204033420/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/elbio.html |archivedate=4 February 2012}}</ref>按质量计算，碳是宇宙中仅次于氢、氦和氧的第四大丰富元素。<ref name="NASA-20140221">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/ames/need-to-track-organic-nano-particles-across-the-universe-nasas-got-an-app-for-that/ |title=Need to Track Organic Nano-Particles Across the Universe? NASA's Got an App for That |last=Hoover |first=Rachel |date=21 February 2014 |website=Ames Research Center|publisher=NASA |location=Mountain View, CA |accessdate=2015-06-22 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906061428/http://www.nasa.gov/ames/need-to-track-organic-nano-particles-across-the-universe-nasas-got-an-app-for-that/ |archivedate=6 September 2015}}</ref>碳在太阳、恒星、彗星和大多数行星的大气层中含量丰富。有机化合物在太空中比较常见，是由分子云和环星包层中出现的 "复杂分子合成工厂"形成的，主要由电离辐射引发反应后发生化学演变。<ref name="Ehrenfreund2010">{{cite journal |last1=Ehrenfreund |first1=Pascale |last2=Cami |first2=Jan |date=December 2010 |title=Cosmic carbon chemistry: from the interstellar medium to the early Earth. |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |page=a002097 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a002097 |pmc=2982172 |pmid=20554702}}</ref><ref name="FromADistantComet">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=18 August 2009 |title=From a Distant Comet, a Clue to Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/science/space/19comet.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |page=A18 |accessdate=2015-06-22 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623005046/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/science/space/19comet.html |archivedate=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goncharuk |first1=Vladislav V. |last2=Zui |first2=O. V. |date=February 2015 |title=Water and carbon dioxide as the main precursors of organic matter on Earth and in space |journal=Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.3103/S1063455X15010026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abou Mrad |first1=Ninette |last2=Vinogradoff |first2=Vassilissa |last3=Duvernay |first3=Fabrice |last4=Danger |first4=Grégoire |last5=Theulé |first5=Patrice |last6=Borget |first6=Fabien |last7=Chiavassa |first7=Thierry |display-authors=3 |year=2015 |title=Laboratory experimental simulations: Chemical evolution of the organic matter from interstellar and cometary ice analogs |url=http://popups.ulg.ac.be/0037-9565/index.php?id=4621&file=1|journal=Bulletin de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liège |volume=84 |pages=21–32 |bibcode=2015BSRSL..84...21A |accessdate=2015-04-06 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413050621/http://popups.ulg.ac.be/0037-9565/index.php?id=4621&file=1 |archivedate=13 April 2015}}</ref> 根据计算机模型研究，在地球形成之前，生命所需的复杂有机分子可能已经在太阳周围原行星盘的尘粒上形成。<ref name="Space-20120329" /> 根据计算机研究，这一过程也可能发生在其他获得行星的恒星周围。<ref name="Space-20120329" />

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</blockquote>

彗星外层包裹着深色物质，被认为是一种焦油状物质，由简单的碳化合物经过主要由电离辐射引发的反应后形成的复杂有机物质组成。彗星的物质雨有可能将大量的这种复杂的有机分子带到地球上。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=William Reid |last2=Murray |first2=B. G. |last3=Khare |first3=Bishun Narain |last4=Sagan |first4=Carl |date=30 December 1987 |title=Coloration and darkening of methane clathrate and other ices by charged particle irradiation: Applications to the outer solar system |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=92 |issue=A13 |pages=14933–14947 |bibcode=1987JGR....9214933T |doi=10.1029/JA092iA13p14933 |pmid=11542127}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/life-earth-shockingly-comes-out-world |title=Life on Earth shockingly comes from out of this world |last=Stark |first=Anne M. |date=5 June 2013 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|location=Livermore, CA |accessdate=2015-06-23 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916135630/https://www.llnl.gov/news/life-earth-shockingly-comes-out-world |archivedate=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=Nir |last2=Tamblyn |first2=Isaac |date=20 June 2013 |title=Prebiotic Chemistry within a Simple Impacting Icy Mixture |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry A |volume=117 |issue=24 |pages=5124–5131 |doi=10.1021/jp402976n |pmid=23639050|bibcode=2013JPCA..117.5124G |url=http://nparc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/view/fulltext/?id=e89d2ac7-4cf8-40e0-bcc9-3c53f68ed70a }}</ref>在外星形成的氨基酸也可能通过彗星到达地球。<ref name="Follmann2009" /> 据估计，在晚期重型轰炸期间，陨石每年可能向地球输送多达500万吨的有机前生物元素。<ref name="Follmann2009" />

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====多聚磷酸盐 ====

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在大多数非生物发生的情况下，一个问题是氨基酸与肽的热力学平衡是向着分离氨基酸的方向发展的。一直以来，缺少的是某种推动聚合的力量。这个问题的解决很可能在于多聚磷酸盐的特性<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Michael R. W. |last2=Kornberg |first2=Arthur |date=16 November 2004 |title=Inorganic polyphosphate in the origin and survival of species |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=101 |issue=46 |pages=16085–16087 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10116085B |doi=10.1073/pnas.0406909101|pmc=528972 |pmid=15520374}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.science.siu.edu/microbiology/micr425/425Notes/14-OriginLife.html |title=The Origin of Life |last=Clark |first=David P. |date=3 August 1999 |website=Microbiology 425: Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganism |publisher=College of Science; Southern Illinois University Carbondale|location=Carbondale, IL |type=Lecture |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001002142750/http://www.science.siu.edu/microbiology/micr425/425Notes/14-OriginLife.html |archivedate=2000-10-02 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2015-06-26}}</ref> 。聚磷酸盐是由普通的单磷酸离子PO43-聚合而成。目前已经研究了几种有机分子合成的机制。多聚磷酸盐能使氨基酸聚合成肽。它们也是合成三磷酸腺苷(ATP)等关键生化化合物的逻辑前体。一个关键的问题似乎是，钙与可溶性磷酸盐反应形成不溶性的磷酸钙（磷灰石），所以必须找到一些似合理的机制来防止钙离子引起磷酸盐的沉淀。多年来，关于这个主题的工作很多，但一个有趣的新想法是，陨石可能在早期地球上引入了活性磷物种。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pasek |first=Matthew A. |date=22 January 2008 |title=Rethinking early Earth phosphorus geochemistry |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=853–858 |bibcode=2008PNAS..105..853P |doi=10.1073/pnas.0708205105 |pmc=2242691 |pmid=18195373}}</ref>根据最近的计算机模型研究，在地球形成之前，生命所必需的复杂有机分子可能已经在太阳周围的尘粒的原行星盘中形成了。<ref name="Space-20120329">{{cite news |last=Moskowitz |first=Clara |date=29 March 2012 |title=Life's Building Blocks May Have Formed in Dust Around Young Sun |url=http://www.space.com/15089-life-building-blocks-young-sun-dust.html |website=Space.com |location=Salt Lake City, UT |publisher=Purch|accessdate=2012-03-30 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814205056/http://www.space.com/15089-life-building-blocks-young-sun-dust.html |archivedate=14 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ciesla|first1=F.J.|last2=Sandford|first2=S.A.|title=Organic Synthesis via Irradiation and Warming of Ice Grains in the Solar Nebula|journal=Science|date=29 March 2012|volume=336|issue=6080|pages=452–454|doi=10.1126/science.1217291|pmid=22461502|bibcode=2012Sci...336..452C|hdl=2060/20120011864|hdl-access=free}}</ref> 根据计算机研究，这个相同的过程也可能发生在其他获得行星的恒星周围。

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2019年，科学家报告首次在陨石中检测到包括核糖在内的糖分子，表明小行星上的化学过程可以产生一些对生命很重要的基本生物原料，并支持地球上以DNA为基础的生命起源之前的RNA世界的概念，也可能支持泛种论的概念。<ref name="NASA-20191118">{{cite news |last1=Steigerwald |first1=Bill |last2=Jones |first2=Nancy |last3=Furukawa |first3=Yoshihiro |title=First Detection of Sugars in Meteorites Gives Clues to Origin of Life |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2019/sugars-in-meteorites |date=18 November 2019 |work=NASA |accessdate=18 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="PNAS-20191113" />

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早在19世纪60年代，就有实验证明，简单的碳源与丰富的无机催化剂相互作用可以产生生物相关的分子。

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1961年，研究表明核酸嘌呤碱基腺嘌呤可以通过加热氰化铵水溶液形成。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Oró |first=Joan |date=16 September 1961 |title=Mechanism of Synthesis of Adenine from Hydrogen Cyanide under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions |journal=Nature |volume=191 |issue=4794 |pages=1193–1194 |bibcode=1961Natur.191.1193O |doi=10.1038/1911193a0 |pmid=13731264}}</ref>

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还有人报道了从无机材料合成碱基的其他途径。<ref name="Basile1984">{{cite journal |last1=Basile |first1=Brenda |last2=Lazcano |first2=Antonio |last3=Oró |first3=Joan |year=1984 |title=Prebiotic syntheses of purines and pyrimidines |journal=Advances in Space Research|volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=125–131 |bibcode=1984AdSpR...4..125B |doi=10.1016/0273-1177(84)90554-4 |pmid=11537766}}</ref>Orgel及其同事的研究表明，由于氰化氢等关键前体的浓缩作用，冷冻温度对嘌呤的合成是有利的。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Orgel |first=Leslie E. |date=August 2004 |title=Prebiotic Adenine Revisited: Eutectics and Photochemistry |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=361–369 |bibcode=2004OLEB...34..361O |doi=10.1023/B:ORIG.0000029882.52156.c2 |pmid=15279171}}</ref>Miller及其同事的研究表明，腺嘌呤和鸟嘌呤的合成需要冷冻条件，而胞嘧啶和尿嘧啶可能需要沸腾的温度。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=Michael P. |last2=Miller |first2=Stanley L. |date=29 June 1995 |title=An efficient prebiotic synthesis of cytosine and uracil |journal=Nature |volume=375 |issue=6534 |pages=772–774 |bibcode=1995Natur.375..772R |doi=10.1038/375772a0 |pmid=7596408}}</ref>Miller课题组的研究指出，从1972年到1997年，当氨和氰化物被放置在冰柜中时，在冰中形成了7种不同的氨基酸和11种核酸碱基。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Douglas |date=February 2008 |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2008/feb/did-life-evolve-in-ice |title=Did Life Evolve in Ice? |journal=Discover|accessdate=2008-07-03 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630043228/http://discovermagazine.com/2008/feb/did-life-evolve-in-ice |archivedate=30 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levy |first1=Matthew |last2=Miller |first2=Stanley L. |last3=Brinton |first3=Karen |last4=Bada |first4=Jeffrey L. |date=June 2000 |title=Prebiotic Synthesis of Adenine and Amino Acids Under Europa-like Conditions |journal=Icarus |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=609–613 |bibcode=2000Icar..145..609L |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6365 |pmid=11543508}}</ref>其他研究证明了s-三嗪(替代核酸碱基)、嘧啶(包括胞嘧啶和尿嘧啶)和腺嘌呤从尿素溶液在还原性气氛下(以火花放电为能量来源)经过冻融循环形成。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Menor-Salván |first1=César |last2=Ruiz-Bermejo |first2=Marta |last3=Guzmán |first3=Marcelo I. |last4=Osuna-Esteban |first4=Susana |last5=Veintemillas-Verdaguer |first5=Sabino |date=20 April 2009 |title=Synthesis of Pyrimidines and Triazines in Ice: Implications for the Prebiotic Chemistry of Nucleobases |journal=Chemistry: A European Journal|volume=15 |issue=17 |pages=4411–4418 |doi=10.1002/chem.200802656 |pmid=19288488}}</ref>对于这些反应在如此低的温度下的异常速度，给出的解释是共晶凝固。当冰晶形成时，它保持纯净：只有水分子加入生长的晶体，而盐或氰化物等杂质被排除在外。这些杂质在冰内变得拥挤在微观的液体口袋中，这种拥挤导致分子更频繁地碰撞。利用量子化学方法进行机理探索，可以更详细地了解化学演化中的一些化学过程，并对分子生物发生的基本问题做出部分回答。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Debjani |last2=Najafian |first2=Katayoun |last3=von Ragué Schleyer |first3=Paul |date=30 October 2007 |title=Chemical evolution: The mechanism of the formation of adenine under prebiotic conditions |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=104 |issue=44 |pages=17272–17277 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10417272R |doi=10.1073/pnas.0708434104|pmc=2077245 |pmid=17951429}}</ref>

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在Miller-Urey实验时，科学界的共识是，早期地球有一个还原性大气层，其化合物中氢气相对丰富，而氧气相对贫乏（如CH4和NH3，而不是CO2 和二氧化氮（NO2））。然而，目前的科学共识将原始大气层描述为弱还原性或中性<ref name="Cleaves 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Cleaves |first1=H. James |last2=Chalmers |first2=John H. |last3=Lazcano |first3=Antonio |last4=Miller |first4=Stanley L. |last5=Bada |first5=Jeffrey L. |display-authors=3 |date=April 2008 |title=A Reassessment of Prebiotic Organic Synthesis in Neutral Planetary Atmospheres |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=105–115 |bibcode=2008OLEB...38..105C |doi=10.1007/s11084-007-9120-3|pmid=18204914}}</ref><ref name="Chyba 2005">{{cite journal |last=Chyba |first=Christopher F. |date=13 May 2005 |title=Rethinking Earth's Early Atmosphere |journal=Science |volume=308 |issue=5724 |pages=962–963 |doi=10.1126/science.1113157 |pmid=15890865}}</ref> （另见氧气灾难）。这样的大气会减少可以产生的氨基酸的数量和种类，尽管在实验条件中加入铁和碳酸盐矿物（被认为存在于早期海洋中）的研究又产生了多种氨基酸。其他科学研究集中在另外两种潜在的还原性环境：外太空和深海热喷口。<ref name="Cleaves 2008" /> Other scientific research has focused on two other potential reducing environments: outer space and deep-sea thermal vents.<ref>Barton, Nicholas H.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Eisen, Jonathan A.; et al. (2007). Evolution. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-684-9. LCCN 2007010767. OCLC 86090399.</ref><ref>Bada, Jeffrey L.; Lazcano, Antonio (2009). "The Origin of Life". In Ruse, Michael; Travis, Joseph (eds.). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years. Foreword by Edward O. Wilson. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03175-3. LCCN 2008030270. OCLC 225874308.</ref><ref name="Bada 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Bada |first1=Jeffrey L. |last2=Lazcano |first2=Antonio |date=2 May 2003 |url=http://astrobiology.berkeley.edu/PDFs_articles/Bada_Science2003.pdf |title=Prebiotic Soup – Revisiting the Miller Experiment |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5620 |pages=745–746 |doi=10.1126/science.1085145 |pmid=12730584 |accessdate=2015-06-13 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222002/http://astrobiology.berkeley.edu/PDFs_articles/Bada_Science2003.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref>

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有人提出，生命最初是以自催化的化学网络产生的。.<ref>Kauffman, Stuart (1993). The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507951-7. LCCN 91011148. OCLC 23253930.</ref> 英国伦理学家理查德·道金斯 Richard Dawkins在2004年出版的《祖先的故事 The Ancestor's Tale》一书中写道，自催化是生命起源的一种可能的解释。<ref>Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-00583-3. LCCN 2004059864. OCLC 56617123.</ref>在书中，Dawkins引用了朱利叶斯·雷贝克 Julius Rebek和他的同事所做的实验，他们将氨基腺苷和五氟苯基酯与自催化剂氨基腺苷三酸酯（AATE）相结合。其中一种产物是AATE的变体，它能催化自身的合成。这一实验表明，自催化剂有可能在具有遗传性的实体种群中表现出竞争，这可以被解释为自然选择的一种基本形式。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tjivikua |first1=T. |last2=Ballester |first2=Pablo |last3=Rebek |first3=Julius Jr. |date=January 1990 |title=Self-replicating system |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=1249–1250 |doi=10.1021/ja00159a057 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |date=30 October 1990 |title=Chemists Make Molecule With Hint of Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/30/science/chemists-make-molecule-with-hint-of-life.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |accessdate=2015-07-14 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721135740/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/30/science/chemists-make-molecule-with-hint-of-life.html |archivedate=21 July 2015}}</ref>

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== 胶囊化：形态学==

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=== 无膜胶囊化===

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~~====Oparin的（细胞）团聚体====~~

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====无膜聚酯液滴====

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在由各种不同的两亲化合物的混合物组成的脂质双层膜的假设中，这些两亲化合物在膜上的排列中有大量理论上可能的组合的机会。在所有这些潜在的组合中，膜的一个特定的局部排列将有利于超循环的构成，<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eigen |first1=Manfred last2=Schuster |first2=Peter |date=November 1977 |title=The Hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self-Organization. Part A: Emergence of the Hypercycle |url=http://jaguar.biologie.hu-berlin.de/~wolfram/pages/seminar_theoretische_biologie_2007/literatur/schaber/Eigen1977Naturwissenschaften64.pdf |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=64 |issue=11 |pages=541–65|bibcode=1977NW.....64..541E |doi=10.1007/bf00450633 |pmid=593400 |accessdate=2015-06-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194728/http://jaguar.biologie.hu-berlin.de/~wolfram/pages/seminar_theoretische_biologie_2007/literatur/schaber/Eigen1977Naturwissenschaften64.pdf |archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eigen |first1=Manfred |last2=Schuster |first2=Peter |date=July 1978 |title=The Hypercycle. A Principle of Natural Self-Organization. Part C: The Realistic Hypercycle |url=http://jaguar.biologie.hu-berlin.de/~wolfram/pages/seminar_theoretische_biologie_2007/literatur/schaber/Eigen1978Naturwissenschaften65b.pdf |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=341–369 |bibcode=1978NW.....65..341E |doi=10.1007/bf00439699 |accessdate=2015-06-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616180402/http://jaguar.biologie.hu-berlin.de/~wolfram/pages/seminar_theoretische_biologie_2007/literatur/schaber/Eigen1978Naturwissenschaften65b.pdf |archivedate=16 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Markovitch |first1=Omer |last2=Lancet |first2=Doron |date=Summer 2012 |title=Excess Mutual Catalysis Is Required for Effective Evolvability |journal=Artificial Life |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=243–266 |doi=10.1162/artl_a_00064|pmid=22662913}}</ref> 实际上是由两个相互的催化剂组成的正反馈，由一个膜位点和一个被困在囊泡中的特定化合物代表。这样的位点/化合物对可以传递给子囊泡，从而导致不同的囊泡谱系的出现，这将允许达尔文的自然选择。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tessera |first=Marc |year=2011 |title=Origin of Evolution ''versus'' Origin of Life: A Shift of Paradigm |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=3445–3458 |doi=10.3390/ijms12063445 |pmc=3131571 |pmid=21747687}} Special Issue: "Origin of Life 2011"</ref>

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***讨论：这样的膜位点和化合物对，如何保证遗传性？***

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奥斯纳布吕克大学的穆尔基贾尼安 Mulkidjanian领导的一项2012年的研究表明，冷凝和冷却的地热蒸汽的内陆池具有生命起源的理想特征。.<ref name="Switek 2012">{{cite news |last=Switek |first=Brian |date=13 February 2012 |title=Debate bubbles over the origin of life |work=Nature |location=London |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.10024}}</ref>科学家在2002年证实，通过在脂肪酸胶束（脂质球）溶液中加入蒙脱石粘土，粘土将囊泡形成的速度加快了100倍。<ref name="Discover 2004" />此外，最近的研究还发现，脱水和补水的反复作用将RNA等生物分子困在了温泉内发现的脂质原始细胞内，为自然选择的进化提供了必要的前提条件。.<ref>{{Cite web|last=z3530495|date=2020-05-05|title='When chemistry became biology': looking for the origins of life in hot springs|url=https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-tech/when-chemistry-became-biology-looking-origins-life-hot-springs|access-date=2020-10-12|website=UNSW Newsroom}}</ref>

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布鲁斯·达默 Bruce Damer和大卫·迪默 David Deamer得出的结论是，细胞膜不可能在咸咸的海水中形成，因此必须起源于淡水。在大陆形成之前，地球上唯一干燥的陆地应该是火山岛，雨水会在那里形成池塘，脂质可以在那里形成走向细胞膜的第一个阶段。这些真正细胞的前身被认为表现得更像一个超个体，而不是个体的结构，多孔的膜会容纳分子，这些分子会漏出并进入其他原细胞。只有当真细胞进化后，它们才会逐渐适应较咸的环境，进入海洋。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Damer |first1=Bruce |last2=Deamer |first2=David |date=13 March 2015 |title=Coupled Phases and Combinatorial Selection in Fluctuating Hydrothermal Pools: A Scenario to Guide Experimental Approaches to the Origin of Cellular Life |journal=Life |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=872–887 |doi=10.3390/life5010872 |pmc=4390883 |pmid=25780958}}</ref>

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Martin在2016年报告的上述研究支持这样的论点，<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Baross | first1 = J.A. | last2 = Hoffman | first2 = S.E. | year = 1985 | title = Submarine hydrothermal vents and associated gradient environments as sites for the origin and evolution of life | journal = Origins LifeEvol. B | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–345 | doi=10.1007/bf01808177| bibcode = 1985OrLi...15..327B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Russell | first1 = M.J. | last2 = Hall | first2 = A.J. | year = 1997 | title = The emergence of life from iron monosulphide bubbles at a submarine hydrothermal redox and pH front | journal = Journal of the Geological Society| volume = 154 | issue = 3 | pages = 377–402 | doi=10.1144/gsjgs.154.3.0377| pmid = 11541234 | bibcode = 1997JGSoc.154..377R}}</ref>即生命产生于热液喷口,地壳中由岩石-水相互作用驱动的非平衡热力学自发化学作用是生命起源的基础，<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Amend | first1 = J.P. | last2 = LaRowe | first2 = D.E. | last3 = McCollom | first3 = T.M. | last4 = Shock | first4 = E.L. | year = 2013 | title = The energetics of organic synthesis inside and outside the cell | journal = Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B | volume = 368 | issue = 1622 | page = 20120255 | doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0255| pmid = 23754809 | pmc = 3685458 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Shock | first1 = E.L. | last2 = Boyd | first2 = E.S. | year = 2015 | title = Geomicrobiology and microbial geochemistry:principles of geobiochemistry | journal = Elements | volume = 11 | pages = 389–394 | doi = 10.2113/gselements.11.6.395 }}</ref>古细菌和细菌的创始系是依赖H2的自养生物，它们在能量代谢中使用CO2作为终端接受体。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Martin | first1 = W. | last2 = Russell | first2 = M.J. | year = 2007 | title = On the origin of biochemistry at an alkaline hydrothermal vent | journal = Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B | volume = 362 | issue = 1486 | pages = 1887–1925 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2006.1881 | pmid = 17255002 | pmc = 2442388 }}</ref>Martin根据这些证据提出，LUCA "可能严重依赖喷口的地热能而生存"。<ref>Nature, Vol 535, 28 July 2016. p.468</ref>

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=== 火山岛或原大陆上的波动性热液池 ===

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Mulkidjanian和其合著者认为，海洋环境没有提供细胞中普遍存在的离子平衡和组成，也没有提供几乎所有生物体中基本蛋白质和核酶所需的离子，特别是K+/Na+比率、Mn2+、Zn2+和磷酸盐浓度。唯一已知的模拟地球上所需条件的环境是在由蒸汽喷口供给的陆地热液池中发现的<ref name=":1" />。此外，这些环境中的矿藏在缺氧大气下会有合适的pH值(而不是目前在含氧大气下的池子)，含有能阻挡有害紫外线辐射的硫化物矿物质沉淀物，有湿润/干燥循环，能将基质溶液浓缩到适合自发形成多聚核酸、聚酯<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandru |first1=Kuhan |last2=Guttenberg |first2=Nicholas |last3=Giri |first3=Chaitanya |last4=Hongo |first4=Yayoi |last5=Butch |first5=Christopher |last6=Mamajanov |first6=Irena |last7=Cleaves |first7=H. James |title=Simple prebiotic synthesis of high diversity dynamic combinatorial polyester libraries |journal=Communications Chemistry |date=31 May 2018 |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s42004-018-0031-1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 和缩肽<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forsythe |first1=Jay G |last2=Yu |first2=Sheng-Sheng |last3=Mamajanov |first3=Irena |last4=Grover |first4=Martha A |last5=Krishnamurthy |first5=Ramanarayanan |last6=Fernández |first6=Facundo M |last7=Hud |first7=Nicholas V |title=Ester-Mediated Amide Bond Formation Driven by Wet–Dry Cycles: A Possible Path to Polypeptides on the Prebiotic Earth |journal=Angewandte Chemie (International ed. In English) |date=17 August 2015 |volume=54 |issue=34 |pages=9871–9875 |doi=10.1002/anie.201503792 |pmid=26201989 |pmc=4678426 }}</ref>的浓度，这些都是通过热液环境中的化学反应，以及通过从喷口向相邻池子运输过程中暴露在紫外线下形成的。他们推测的前生物环境与通常推测的深海喷口环境相似，但增加了额外的成分，有助于解释在重建所有生物的最后普遍共同祖先(LUCA)中发现的奇特之处。.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulkidjanian |first1=Armid |last2=Bychkov |first2=Andrew |last3=Dibrova |first3=Daria |last4=Galperin |first4=Michael |last5=Koonin |first5=Eugene |date=3 April 2012 |title=Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields |journal=PNAS |volume=109 |issue=14 |pages=E821–E830 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1117774109 |pmid=22331915 |pmc=3325685|bibcode=2012PNAS..109E.821M }}</ref>

科林-加西亚 Colín-García“等人”（2016）讨论了热液喷口作为原始环境的优势和劣势。<ref name=":1"/> 他们提到，这种系统中的放能反应可能是促进化学反应的一种自由能来源，此外，它们的矿物学多样性很高，这意味着重要的化学梯度的诱导，从而有利于电子供体和受体之间的相互作用。Colín-García等(2016)还总结了一组被提议用于测试热液喷口在前生物合成中的作用的实验。<ref name=":1"/>

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===海洋中的火山灰===

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杰弗里·W.霍夫曼 Geoffrey W.Hoffmann认为，作为生命起源的复杂成核事件涉及多肽和核酸，与地球原始海洋中可用的时间和空间相适应。<ref>{{cite biorxiv|last1=Hoffmann|first1=Geoffrey William|title=A network theory of the origin of life|date=24 December 2016|biorxiv=10.1101/096701}}</ref>Hoffmann认为，火山灰可能提供了假设的复杂成核事件中所需要的许多随机形状。这方面的理论可以通过实验来检验。

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=== 戈德的深热生物圈 ===

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20世纪70年代，托马斯·戈德 Thomas Gold提出了生命最初不是在地球表面，而是在地球表面以下几公里处发展起来的理论。据称，如果在我们的太阳系另一个天体表面以下发现微生物生命，将为这一理论提供重要的凭证。Gold还断言，从深不可测的源头获得涓涓细流的食物是生存所需要的，因为在一滩有机物中产生的生命很可能会消耗掉所有的食物而灭绝。Gold的理论是，这种食物的流动是由于地幔中原始甲烷的逸出所致；对深层微生物（远离沉积碳化合物）的食物供应，更传统的解释是，生物靠水和岩石中（还原的）铁化合物之间的相互作用释放的氢气为生。

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== 代谢起源:生理学==

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在早期的地球历史中，具有不同起源过程的不同生命形式可能准同时出现。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Davies |first=Paul |date=December 2007 |title=Are Aliens Among Us? |url=http://www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/kalthoff/bio301c/readings/07Davies.pdf |journal=Scientific American |volume=297 |issue=6 |pages=62–69 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1207-62 |accessdate=2015-07-16 |quote=...if life does emerge readily under terrestrial conditions, then perhaps it formed many times on our home planet. To pursue this possibility, deserts, lakes and other extreme or isolated environments have been searched for evidence of "alien" life-forms—organisms that would differ fundamentally from known organisms because they arose independently. |bibcode=2007SciAm.297f..62D |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185832/http://www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/kalthoff/bio301c/readings/07Davies.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref>其他形式可能已经灭绝(通过其不同的生物化学--如假设的生物化学类型--留下了独特的化石)。有人提出：

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''<blockquote>

The first organisms were self-replicating iron-rich clays which fixed carbon dioxide into oxalic and other dicarboxylic acids. This system of replicating clays and their metabolic phenotype then evolved into the sulfide rich region of the hotspring acquiring the ability to fix nitrogen. Finally phosphate was incorporated into the evolving system which allowed the synthesis of nucleotides and phospholipids. If biosynthesis recapitulates biopoiesis, then the synthesis of amino acids preceded the synthesis of the purine and pyrimidine bases. Furthermore, the polymerization of the amino acid thioesters into polypeptides preceded the directed polymerization of amino acid esters by polynucleotides.

最早的生物是自我复制的富铁粘土，它将二氧化碳固定成草酸和其他二羧酸。这种复制粘土及其新陈代谢表型的系统随后进化到富含硫化物的热泉区获得了固氮的能力。最后磷酸盐被纳入进化的系统，使核苷酸和磷脂的合成成为可能。如果说生物合成概括了生物创建，那么氨基酸的合成就先于嘌呤和嘧啶碱基的合成。此外，氨基酸硫酯聚合成多肽，先于多核苷酸定向聚合氨基酸酯。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hartman |first=Hyman |date=1998 |title=Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |volume=28 |issue=4–6 |pages=515–521 |bibcode=1998OLEB...28..515H |doi=10.1023/A:1006548904157 |pmid=11536891}}</ref>

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</blockquote>

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</blockquote>''

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There is at present no reason to expect that multistep cycles such as the reductive citric acid cycle will self-organize on the surface of FeS/FeS2 or some other mineral."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Orgel |first=Leslie E. |date=7 November 2000 |title=Self-organizing biochemical cycles |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=97 |issue=23 |pages=12503–12507 |bibcode=2000PNAS...9712503O |doi=10.1073/pnas.220406697|pmc=18793 |pmid=11058157}}</ref>

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目前没有理由期望多步循环，如还原性柠檬酸循环会在FeS/ FeS2或一些其他矿物的表面自组织。"

</blockquote>

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有可能在生命诞生之初就使用了另一种代谢通路。例如，"开放的"乙酰-辅酶A通路（当今公认的自然界中五种二氧化碳固定方式中的另一种）而不是还原性柠檬酸循环，会符合金属硫化物表面的自组织的想法。该通路的关键酶--一氧化碳脱氢酶/乙酰-辅酶A合成酶，在其反应中心藏有镍-铁-硫混合簇，并在一个步骤中催化形成乙酰-辅酶A（类似乙酰-硫醇）。然而，越来越多的人担心，在热力学和动力学上，生命起源以前的硫醇化和硫酯化合物不利于在假定的生命起源以前的条件(如，热液喷口)中积累。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chandru|first1=Kuhan|last2=Gilbert|first2=Alexis|last3=Butch|first3=Christopher|last4=Aono|first4=Masashi|last5=Cleaves|first5=Henderson James II|title=The Abiotic Chemistry of Thiolated Acetate Derivatives and the Origin of Life|journal=Scientific Reports|date=21 July 2016|volume=6|issue=29883|pages=29883|doi=10.1038/srep29883|pmid=27443234|pmc=4956751|bibcode=2016NatSR...629883C}}</ref>然而也有人提出，半胱氨酸和同型半胱氨酸可能已经与施特克反应 Stecker reaction产生的腈类反应，容易形成起催化作用的富硫醇的多肽。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vallee|first1=Yannick|last2=Shalayel|first2=Ibrahim|last3=Ly|first3=Kieu-Dung|last4=Rao|first4=K. V. Raghavendra|last5=Paëpe|first5=Gael De|last6=Märker|first6=Katharina|last7=Milet|first7=Anne|date=2017-11-08|title=At the very beginning of life on Earth: the thiol-rich peptide (TRP) world hypothesis|url=http://www.ijdb.ehu.es/web/paper/170028yv/at-the-very-beginning-of-life-on-earth-the-thiol-rich-peptide-trp-world-hypothesis|journal=International Journal of Developmental Biology|volume=61|issue=8–9|pages=471–478|doi=10.1387/ijdb.170028yv|pmid=29139533|doi-access=free}}</ref>*** thiol-reach 应为thiol-rich，poplypeptodes应为polypeptides***

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锌世界理论已经被在古细菌、细菌和原真核生物演化之前的第一批原细胞内部的离子构成的实验和理论上的证据进一步充实了。阿奇博尔德·麦卡勒姆 Archibald Macallum注意到血液和淋巴等体液与海水的相似性；<ref>{{cite journal |last=Macallum |first=A. B. |date=1 April 1926 |title=The Paleochemistry of the body fluids and tissues |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=316–357|doi=10.1152/physrev.1926.6.2.316 }}</ref>然而，所有细胞的无机成分与现代海水的无机成分不同，这使得Mulkidjanian及其同事结合地球化学分析和系统发育组学审查现代细胞普遍成分的无机离子需求，重建了第一批细胞的"孵化器"。作者得出的结论是，普遍存在的，并根据推断，原始的蛋白质和功能系统显示出对K+, Zn2+, Mn2+和[PO4]3−的亲和性和功能需求。

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地球化学重建表明，有利于细胞起源的离子成分不可能存在于我们今天所说的海洋环境中，而是与我们今天所说的内陆地热系统的蒸汽主导区的排放相符合。在缺氧的、以二氧化碳为主的原始大气下，地热场附近的水凝结物和蒸发物的化学性质会类似于现代细胞的内环境。因此，细胞前的进化阶段可能发生在浅层的"达尔文池塘"中，池塘内衬与金属硫化物混合的多孔硅酸盐矿物，富含K+, Zn2+和磷化合物。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulkidjanian |first1=Armen Y. |last2=Bychkov |first2=Andrew Yu. |last3=Dibrova |first3=Daria V. |last4=Galperin |first4=Michael Y. |last5=Koonin |first5=Eugene V. |display-authors=3 |date=3 April 2012 |title=Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=109 |issue=14 |pages=E821–E830 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109E.821M |doi=10.1073/pnas.1117774109 |pmc=3325685 |pmid=22331915}}</ref><ref>Lankenau, Dirk-Henner (2011). "Two RNA Worlds: Toward the Origin of Replication, Genes, Recombination and Repair". In Egel, Richard; Lankenau, Dirk-Henner; Mulkidjanian, Armen Y. (eds.). Origins of Life: The Primal Self-Organization. Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21625-1. ISBN 978-3-642-21624-4. LCCN 2011935879. OCLC 733245537.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davidovich |first1=Chen |last2=Belousoff |first2=Matthew |last3=Bashan |first3=Anat |last4=Yonath |first4=Ada |date=September 2009 |title=The evolving ribosome: from non-coded peptide bond formation to sophisticated translation machinery |journal=Research in Microbiology |volume=160 |issue=7 |pages=487–492 |doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2009.07.004 |pmid=19619641}}</ref>

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===计算机描述的化学通路===

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2020年9月，化学家们首次基于一个名为“ALLCHEMY”的新计算机程序，描述了从无生命生命起源以前的化学物质到复杂的生物化学物质可能产生生命体的化学通路。<ref name="SA-20200103">{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Michelle |title=A New Chemical 'Tree of The Origins of Life' Reveals Our Possible Molecular Evolution |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/a-new-chemical-tree-of-the-origins-of-life-reveals-our-possible-chemical-evolution |date=3 October 2020 |work=ScienceAlert |accessdate=3 October 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SCI-20200925">{{cite journal |author=Wolos, Agnieszka |display-authors=et al. |title=Synthetic connectivity, emergence, and self-regeneration in the network of prebiotic chemistry |url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6511/eaaw1955 |date=25 September 2020 |journal=Science |volume=369 |issue=6511 |doi=10.1126/science.aaw1955 |doi-broken-date=10 October 2020 |pmid=32973002 |accessdate=3 October 2020 }}</ref>

===超循环理论===

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20世纪70年代初，曼弗雷德·艾根 Manfred Eigen和彼得·舒斯特 Peter Schuster研究了分子混沌和前生物汤中的自复制超循环之间的瞬时阶段。<ref>Eigen, M.; Schuster, P. (1979). The Hypercycle: A Principle of Natural Self-Organization. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-09293-5. LCCN 79001315. OCLC 4665354.</ref>在超循环中，信息存储系统（可能是RNA）产生一种酶，这种酶依次催化另一个信息系统的形成，直到最后一个信息系统的产物帮助第一个信息系统的形成。经过数学处理，超循环可以创造准物种，通过自然选择进入一种达尔文的进化论的形式。对超循环理论的推动是发现了能够催化他们自身的化学反应的核酶。超循环理论要求存在如核苷酸等复杂的生化物质，而在Miller–Urey实验提出的条件下，核苷酸是不会形成的。

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===耗散结构中的有机颜料===

在他的 "生命起源和进化的热力学耗散理论 Thermodynamic Dissipation Theory of the Origin and Evolution of Life "中，<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2011ESD.....2...37M |title= Thermodynamic Origin of Life |journal=Earth System Dynamics |volume=0907 |issue=2011 |pages=37–51 |last1=Michaelian |first1=K |year=2009 |arxiv=0907.0042 |doi=10.5194/esd-2-37-2011 }}</ref><ref name="Michaelian, K. 2011">{{cite journal |doi=10.5194/esd-2-37-2011 |title= Thermodynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life |journal=Earth System Dynamics |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=37–51 |year=2011 |last1= Michaelian |first1=K |bibcode=2011ESD.....2...37M |arxiv=0907.0042}}</ref><ref name="Michaelian, K. 2017">{{cite journal |doi= 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00424 |pmid=29062973 |pmc=5647473 |title=Microscopic dissipative structuring and proliferation at the origin of life |journal=Heliyon |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=e00424 |year=2017 |last1=Michaelian |first1=Karo }}</ref>卡洛·米迦勒安 Karo Michaelian将Boltzmann的洞见和Prigogine的工作用于关于生命起源的最终结果。该理论假设生命起源和进化的标志是有机颜料的微观耗散结构及其在整个地球表面的扩散。现今的生命通过将紫外线和可见光子通过水中的有机颜料耗散成热能，增强了地球在太阳环境中的熵产生。这种热量就会催化大量的二次耗散过程，如水循环、洋流和风流、飓风等。<ref name="Michaelian, K. 2011"/><ref name="HESS Opinions 'Biological catalysis"/> Michaelian认为，如果说今天生命的热力学功能是通过有机颜料中光子耗散产生熵，那么这可能是它在一开始就具有的功能。事实证明，RNA和DNA在水溶液中时，都是230-290nm波长（UV-C）区域内紫外线的极强吸收者和极快耗散者，这是太阳光谱中可能穿透生命起源以前大气层的一部分。<ref>Sagan, C. (1973) Ultraviolet Selection Pressure on the Earliest Organisms, J. Theor. Biol., 39, 195–200.</ref> 事实上，不仅是RNA和DNA，许多生命的基本分子（生命所有三个域共同的分子）也是在UV-C中吸收的色素，其中许多也与RNA和DNA有化学亲和力。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.5194/bg-12-4913-2015 |title=Fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose and co-evolved as a response to the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum |journal=Biogeosciences |volume=12 |issue=16 |pages=4913–4937 |year=2015 |last1=Michaelian |first1=K |last2=Simeonov |first2=A |bibcode=2015BGeo...12.4913M |arxiv=1405.4059v2 }}</ref> 因此，核酸可能通过提供一个超快的耗散通道，充当了UV-C光子激发的天线色素供体分子的受体分子。Michaelian用非线性不可逆热力学的形式体系表明，在太古宙，如果这些色素作为催化剂来增强太阳光子的耗散，那么这些色素的生命起源前UV-C光化学合成和扩散在整个地球表面就会存在一种热力学上的必然性。<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/475/1/012010 |title=A non-linear irreversible thermodynamic perspective on organic pigment proliferation and biological evolution |journal= Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=475 |issue=1 |pages=012010 |year=2013 |last1=Michaelian |first1=K |bibcode= 2013JPhCS.475a2010M |arxiv=1307.5924 }}</ref> 到了太古宙末期，随着生命诱导的臭氧使地球上层大气中的UV-C光耗散，要想出现一种不依赖已有的复杂代谢通路的全新生命将变得越来越不可能，因为现在到达地球表面的光子中的自由能已经不足以直接破坏和重造共价键。然而，有人认为，由于影响大气层的地球物理事件造成的紫外线辐射的地表通量的这种变化，可能是在现有代谢通路的基础上促进生命复杂性发展的原因，例如在寒武纪生命大爆发期间。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Doglioni | first1 = C. | last2 = Pignatti | first2 = J. | last3 = Coleman | first3 = M. | year = 2016 | title = Why did life develop on the surface of the Earth in the Cambrian? | journal = Geoscience Frontiers | volume = 7 | issue = 6| pages = 865–873 | doi=10.1016/j.gsf.2016.02.001| url = https://iris.uniroma1.it/bitstream/11573/925124/1/Doglioni_Why_2016.pdf }}</ref>

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***讨论：应该做一张图，标注这些理论试图解释的生命起源的时间段，以及瞄准的方面，看看理论之间是否自洽，如何互相联系，以及各自缺乏哪些方面的思考***

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在深海喷口， TCR (潮汐链式反应)理论与热联合/解离相比，在力学上具有优势，因为潮汐链式反应要求链的组装(模板驱动的聚合)发生在干涸阶段，即前体最集中的时候，而热循环则需要聚合发生在冷阶段，即链的组装速度最低，前体可能更稀薄的时候。

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===第一个在热循环过程中凝结底物的蛋白质：热合成作用===

[[File:ConvectionCells.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|放置在重力场中的流体中的对流小室是自组织的，能够使流体中的悬浮物进行热循环，例如含有在热循环中起作用的原酶的原始细胞。]]

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====化学渗透机制的出现====

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2018年10月，麦克马斯特大学的研究人员宣布开发出一种名为"行星模拟器"的新技术，以帮助研究地球及其他星球上生命的起源。<ref name="BW-20181004">{{cite news |last=Balch |first=Erica |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life on Earth and beyond |url=https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/ground-breaking-lab-poised-to-unlock-the-mystery-of-the-origins-of-life-on-earth-and-beyond/ |date=4 October 2018 |work=McMaster University|accessdate=4 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20181004">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/mu-glp100418.php |date=4 October 2018 |work=EurekAlert |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="IVG-2018">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Planet Simulator |url=https://www.intravisiongroup.com/planet-simulator |date=2018 |work=IntraVisionGroup.com |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ES-209181014">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Paul Scott |title=New technology may help solve mystery of life's origins – How did life on Earth begin? A new technology, called Planet Simulator, might finally help solve the mystery. |url=http://earthsky.org/space/new-technology-solve-mystery-of-lifes-origins |date=14 October 2018 |work=EarthSky |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref>它由一个复杂的气候室组成，以研究生命的构件是如何组装的，以及这些前生物分子如何过渡到自我复制的RNA分子。<ref name="BW-20181004"/>

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== 另见 ==

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===进一步阅读===

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* "Minerals and the Emergence of Life, pp 135-157 in "Metals, Microbes and Minerals: The Biogeochemical Side of Life" (2021) pp xiv + 341. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. Authors Duval, Simon; Authors Zuchan, Kilian; Baymann, Frauke; Schoepp-Cothenet, Barbara; Branscomb, Elbert; Russell, Michael, J.; Nitschke, Wolfgang; Editors Kroneck, Peter M.H. and Sosa Torres, Martha. [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110589771-005 DOI 10.1515/9783110589771-005]

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* [[Tim Flannery]], "In the Soup" (review of Michael Marshall, ''The Genesis Quest: The Geniuses and Eccentrics on a Journey to Uncover the Origins of Life on Earth'', University of Chicago Press, 360 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVII, no. 19 (3 December 2020), pp. 37–38.

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== 相关链接 ==

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{{Library resources box}}{{Spoken Wikipedia|date=2012-06-13|WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE - ABIOGENESIS (Part 01).ogg|WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE - ABIOGENESIS (Part 02).ogg|WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE - ABIOGENESIS (Part 03).ogg|WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE - ABIOGENESIS (Part 04).ogg}}

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* {{cite web|url=http://exploringorigins.org/|title=Exploring Life's Origins: A Virtual Exhibit|website=Exploring Life's Origins: A Virtual Exhibit|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]|location=Arlington County, VA|access-date=2015-07-02}}

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* {{cite web|url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/projects/originoflife/|title=The Geochemical Origins of Life by Michael J. Russell & Allan J. Hall|date=13 December 2008|publisher=[[University of Glasgow]]|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=2015-07-02}}

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* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y29f The Origins of Life], BBC Radio 4 discussion with [[Richard Dawkins]], [[Richard Corfield (scientist)|Richard Corfield]] & [[Linda Partridge]] (''[[In Our Time (radio series)|In Our Time]]'', 23 September 2004)

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* [https://webcast.stsci.edu/webcast/detail.xhtml?talkid=4006 Minerals and the Origins of Life] ([[Robert Hazen]], [[NASA]]) (video, 60m, April 2014).

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* [http://www.earthfacts.com/evolution-and-life/howlifebeganearth/ How life began on Earth] (Marcia Malory, Earth Facts) (2015)

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* [https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/winston-churchills-thoughts-on-evolution/ Winston Churchill's essay on Evolution (c.1939/1950s)]

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~~{{div col}}~~

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* {{annotated link|Anthropic principle}} Anthropic principle – Philosophical premise that all scientific observations presuppose a universe compatible with the emergence of sentient organisms that make those observations

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~~人类学原理--哲学前提，即所有的科学观察都预设了一个宇宙，与使这些观察得以实现的有意识生物的出现相适应。~~

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* {{annotated link|Artificial cell}} 人工细胞

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* {{annotated link|Artificial life}} Artificial life – A field of study wherein researchers examine systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of simulations 人工生命——研究人员通过使用模拟技术，对与自然生命相关的系统、其过程和进化进行研究的一个研究领域。

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* {{annotated link|Bathybius haeckelii}}海克尔深水虫

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* {{annotated link|Entropy and life}} 熵与生命

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* {{annotated link|Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry}} 基于甲酰胺的生命起源以前的化学

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* {{annotated link|GADV-protein world hypothesis}} GADV-蛋白世界假说

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* {{annotated link|Hemolithin}} Hemolithin – Protein claimed to be of extraterrestrial origin 血石蛋白——据称来自外星的蛋白质。

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* {{annotated link|Hypothetical types of biochemistry}} Hypothetical types of biochemistry – Possible alternative biochemicals used by life forms 假设的生物化学类型----生命形式可能使用的替代性生物化学物。

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* {{annotated link|Mediocrity principle}} 平庸原则

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* {{annotated link|Nexus for Exoplanet System Science}} Nexus for Exoplanet System Science – Dedicated to the search for life on exoplanets 外行星系统科学联盟--致力于寻找外行星上的生命。

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* {{annotated link|Noogenesis}} Noogenesis – Emergence and evolution of intelligence 心理演化——智慧的出现和进化

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* {{annotated link|Planetary habitability}} Planetary habitability – Extent to which a planet is suitable for life as we know it 行星宜居性--行星适合我们所知的生命的程度。

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* {{annotated link|Protocell}} Protocell – Lipid globule proposed as a precursor of living cells 原细胞--被认为是活细胞的前体的脂质球。

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* {{annotated link|Rare Earth hypothesis}} Rare Earth hypothesis – Hypothesis that complex extraterrestrial life is improbable and extremely rare 地球罕见假说--认为复杂的地外生命是不大可能的，而且极其罕见的假说。

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* {{annotated link|Shadow biosphere}} Shadow biosphere – A hypothetical microbial biosphere of Earth that would use radically different biochemical and molecular processes from that of currently known life 影子生物圈 -- -- 假设的地球微生物生物圈，将使用与目前已知生命完全不同的生化和分子过程。

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* {{annotated link|Tholin}} Tholin – Class of molecules formed by ultraviolet irradiation of organic compounds 托林--有机化合物经紫外线照射形成的一类分子。

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~~{{div col end}}~~

==参考文献==

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[[Category:生命起源]]

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[[Category:具有进化意义的生物现象]]

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[[Category:进化生物学]]

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[[Category:天体生物学]]

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[[Category:益生元化学]]

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----

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本中文词条由[[用户:Solitude|Solitude]]翻译，[[用户:Steve Luo|Steve Luo]]审校，[[用户:薄荷|薄荷]]，欢迎在讨论页面留言。

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'''本词条内容源自wikipedia及公开资料，遵守 CC3.0协议。'''

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生命起源 Abiogenesis (查看源代码)

2021年6月4日 (五) 11:59的版本

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