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第574行： − . . . . that life evolved in structured iron monosulphide precipitates in a seepage site hydrothermal mound at a redox, pH, and temperature gradient between sulphide-rich hydrothermal fluid and iron(II)-containing waters of the Hadean ocean floor. The naturally arising, three-dimensional compartmentation observed within fossilized seepage-site metal sulphide precipitates indicates that these inorganic compartments were the precursors of cell walls and membranes found in free-living prokaryotes. The known capability of FeS and NiS to catalyze the synthesis of the acetyl-methylsulphide from carbon monoxide and methylsulphide, constituents of hydrothermal fluid, indicates that pre-biotic syntheses occurred at the inner surfaces of these metal-sulphide-walled compartments,..."+ − ......生命是在一个渗流点热液丘中的结构化一硫化铁沉淀物中演化出来的，其氧化还原、pH值和温度梯度介于富含硫化物的热液和冥古代洋底的含铁(II)水之间。在渗透点金属硫化物沉淀物化石中观察到的自然生成的三维分隔表明，这些无机分隔是在自由生活的原核生物中发现的细胞壁和细胞膜的前身。已知FeS和NiS能够催化一氧化碳和甲基硫化物（热液的成分）合成乙酰-甲基硫化物，这表明前生物合成发生在这些金属硫化物壁隔室的内表面，......"<ref name="Martin2003">{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=William |last2=Russell |first2=Michael J. |date=29 January 2003 |title=On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |volume=358 |issue=1429 |pages=59–83; discussion 83–85 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2002.1183|pmid=12594918 |pmc=1693102}}</ref>+ 第587行：
第587行： − ''warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, light, heat, electricity, &c., present, that a proteine compound was chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes.''+ − ''温暖的小池塘，加上各种氨和磷盐，光、热、电等的存在，一种蛋白质化合物已经在化学上形成，准备进行更复杂的变化。''+ 第689行：
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第734行： − Mulkidjanian的锌世界（Zn-world）理论<ref name="Mulkidjanian">{{cite journal |last=Mulkidjanian |first=Armen Y. |date=24 August 2009 |title=On the origin of life in the zinc world: 1. Photosynthesizing, porous edifices built of hydrothermally precipitated zinc sulfide as cradles of life on Earth |journal=Biology Direct |volume=4 |page=26 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-4-26 |pmid=19703272 |pmc=3152778 }}</ref>是Wächtershäuser的黄铁矿假说的延伸。Wächtershäuser根据他的导致信息分子（RNA、肽）的初始化学过程的理论建立在黄铁矿表面有规律的电荷网状结构上，这种网状结构可能通过吸引反应物并将它们适当地相对排列，促进了原始聚合。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wächtershäuser |first=Günter |date=December 1988 |title=Before Enzymes and Templates: Theory of Surface Metabolism |journal=[[Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|Microbiological Reviews]] |volume=52 |pages=452–484 |issue=4 |pmc=373159 |pmid=3070320 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.52.4.452-484.1988 }}</ref>"锌世界 "理论进一步明确和区分了<ref name="Mulkidjanian" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulkidjanian |first1=Armen Y. |last2=Galperin |first2=Michael Y. |date=24 August 2009 |title=On the origin of life in the zinc world. 2. Validation of the hypothesis on the photosynthesizing zinc sulfide edifices as cradles of life on Earth |journal=Biology Direct |volume=4 |page=27 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-4-27 |pmid=19703275 |pmc=2749021 }}</ref>富含H<sub>2</sub>S的热流与寒冷的原始海洋（或Darwin的"温暖的小池塘"）的水相互作用，导致金属硫化物颗粒的沉淀。大洋喷口系统和其他热液系统的区域结构反映在热液起源的古火山块状硫化物矿床（VMS）中。它们的直径达数千米，可追溯到太古宙。最丰富的是黄铁矿(FeS<sub>2</sub>)、黄铜矿(CuFeS<sub>2</sub>)和闪锌矿(ZnS)，另外还有方铅矿(PbS)和硫锰矿(MnS)。ZnS和MnS具有独特的储存辐射能量的能力，例如来自紫外线的能量。在复制分子起源的相关时间窗口内，原始大气压足够高(>100巴，约100个大气压)，可以在地球表面附近沉降，紫外线照射强度是现在的10～100倍，因此，ZnS所介导的独特的光合作用特性为供能信息分子和代谢分子的合成以及光稳定核酸碱基的选择提供了正好的能量条件。+ 第747行：
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无编辑摘要
==当前的生命，生物发生的结果：生物学==
==当前的生命，生物发生的结果：生物学==
===生命的定义===
===生命的定义===
当讨论生命的起源时，最基本的问题是对生命本身的定义。由于不同的生物学教科书对生命的定义不同，所以这个定义存在一定的分歧（虽然遵循相同的基本原则）。詹姆斯·古尔德 James Gould :
当讨论生命的起源时，最基本的问题是对生命本身的定义。由于不同的生物学教科书对生命的定义不同，所以这个定义存在一定的分歧（虽然遵循相同的基本原则）。詹姆斯·古尔德 James Gould：
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====灾难性翻译错误====
====灾难性翻译错误====
在17世纪，人们开始质疑这些假设。1646年，托马斯·布朗爵士 Sir Thomas Browne出版了他的《伪传染病》(副标题为“对许多公认的原则和通常假定的真理的询问”)，该书攻击了错误的信念和“庸俗的错误”。与他同时代的亚历山大·罗斯 Alexander Ross错误地驳斥了他，称:
在17世纪，人们开始质疑这些假设。1646年，托马斯·布朗爵士 Sir Thomas Browne出版了他的《伪传染病》(副标题为“对许多公认的原则和通常假定的真理的询问”)，该书攻击了错误的信念和“庸俗的错误”。与他同时代的亚历山大·罗斯 Alexander Ross错误地驳斥了他，称：
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To question this [spontaneous generation], is to question Reason, Sense, and Experience: If he doubts of this, let him go to ''Egypt'', and there he will find the fields swarming with mice begot of the mud of ''Nile'', to the great calamity of the Inhabitants.
''To question this [spontaneous generation], is to question Reason, Sense, and Experience: If he doubts of this, let him go to ''Egypt'', and there he will find the fields swarming with mice begot of the mud of ''Nile'', to the great calamity of the Inhabitants.''
质疑这个自然发生，就是质疑理性、感觉和经验。如果他怀疑这一点，让他去埃及， 在那里，他将会发现田野里到处都是由尼罗斯的泥土生出的老鼠，给当地居民带来了巨大的灾难。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balme |first=D.M. |year=1962 |title=Development of Biology in Aristotle and Theophrastus: Theory of Spontaneous Generation |journal=Phronesis ]] |volume=7 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–104 |doi=10.1163/156852862X00052}}</ref><ref>Ross, Alexander (1652). Arcana Microcosmi. Book II. London. Retrieved 7 July 2015.</ref>
''质疑这个自然发生，就是质疑理性、感觉和经验。如果他怀疑这一点，让他去埃及， 在那里，他将会发现田野里到处都是由尼罗斯的泥土生出的老鼠，给当地居民带来了巨大的灾难。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balme |first=D.M. |year=1962 |title=Development of Biology in Aristotle and Theophrastus: Theory of Spontaneous Generation |journal=Phronesis ]] |volume=7 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–104 |doi=10.1163/156852862X00052}}</ref><ref>Ross, Alexander (1652). Arcana Microcosmi. Book II. London. Retrieved 7 July 2015.</ref>''
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Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow struck by this simple experiment.
''Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow struck by this simple experiment.''
自然发生的学说永远不会从这个简单的实验所带来的致命打击中恢复过来。<ref name="Oparin1953">Oparin, A.I. (1953) [Originally published 1938; New York: The Macmillan Company]. The Origin of Life. Translation and new introduction by Sergius Morgulis (2nd ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-49522-4. LCCN 53010161.,p196</ref><ref name="Tyndall Fragments2">Tyndall, John (1905) [Originally published 1871; London; New York: Longmans, Green & Co.; D. Appleton and Company]. Fragments of Science. 2 (6th ed.). New York: P.F. Collier & Sons. OCLC 726998155. Retrieved 6 June 2015.</ref>
''自然发生的学说永远不会从这个简单的实验所带来的致命打击中恢复过来。<ref name="Oparin1953">Oparin, A.I. (1953) [Originally published 1938; New York: The Macmillan Company]. The Origin of Life. Translation and new introduction by Sergius Morgulis (2nd ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-49522-4. LCCN 53010161.,p196</ref><ref name="Tyndall Fragments2">Tyndall, John (1905) [Originally published 1871; London; New York: Longmans, Green & Co.; D. Appleton and Company]. Fragments of Science. 2 (6th ed.). New York: P.F. Collier & Sons. OCLC 726998155. Retrieved 6 June 2015.</ref> ''
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It is mere rubbish, thinking at present of the origin of life; one might as well think of the origin of matter.
''It is mere rubbish, thinking at present of the origin of life; one might as well think of the origin of matter.''
目前思考生命的起源纯粹是垃圾，还不如思考物质的起源。
''目前思考生命的起源纯粹是垃圾，还不如思考物质的起源。''
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. . . were synthesized under natural conditions by a slow process of molecular evolution, and these molecules then organized into the first molecular system with properties with biological order".
''. . . were synthesized under natural conditions by a slow process of molecular evolution, and these molecules then organized into the first molecular system with properties with biological order".''
...是在自然条件下通过缓慢的分子进化过程合成的，然后这些分子组成第一个具有生物秩序特性的分子系统"。{{cite journal|last=Bahadur|first=Krishna|year=1975|title=Photochemical Formation of Self-Sustaining Coacervates|journal=[[Microbiological Research|Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene]]|volume=130|issue=3|pages=211–218|doi=10.1016/S0044-4057(75)80076-1|oclc=641018092|pmid=1242552}}</ref>
''...是在自然条件下通过缓慢的分子进化过程合成的，然后这些分子组成第一个具有生物秩序特性的分子系统"。{{cite journal|last=Bahadur|first=Krishna|year=1975|title=Photochemical Formation of Self-Sustaining Coacervates|journal=[[Microbiological Research|Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene]]|volume=130|issue=3|pages=211–218|doi=10.1016/S0044-4057(75)80076-1|oclc=641018092|pmid=1242552}}</ref> ''
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== 生物分子的原始起源： 化学 ==
== 生物分子的原始起源：化学 ==
生物前的早期地球的化学过程称为“化学进化”。除氢和氦外，其他元素最终都来自于恒星核合成。2016年，天文学家报告说，生命的非常基本的化学成分--碳氢分子（CH，或称次甲基自由基）、碳氢正离子（CH+）和碳离子（C+）--主要是来自恒星的紫外线的结果，而不是之前认为的来自超新星和年轻恒星的其他辐射形式。<ref name="NASA-20161012">{{cite web |last=Landau |first=Elizabeth |title=Building Blocks of Life's Building Blocks Come From Starlight |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6645 |date=12 October 2016 |work=NASA|accessdate=13 October 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013135018/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6645 |archivedate=13 October 2016}}</ref>复杂的分子，包括有机分子，在太空和行星上自然形成。<ref name="Ehrenfreund2010" /> 早期地球上的有机分子有两种可能的来源：
生物前的早期地球的化学过程称为“化学进化”。除氢和氦外，其他元素最终都来自于恒星核合成。2016年，天文学家报告说，生命的非常基本的化学成分--碳氢分子（CH，或称次甲基自由基）、碳氢正离子（CH+）和碳离子（C+）--主要是来自恒星的紫外线的结果，而不是之前认为的来自超新星和年轻恒星的其他辐射形式。<ref name="NASA-20161012">{{cite web |last=Landau |first=Elizabeth |title=Building Blocks of Life's Building Blocks Come From Starlight |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6645 |date=12 October 2016 |work=NASA|accessdate=13 October 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013135018/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6645 |archivedate=13 October 2016}}</ref>复杂的分子，包括有机分子，在太空和行星上自然形成。<ref name="Ehrenfreund2010" /> 早期地球上的有机分子有两种可能的来源：
美国宇航局在2009年宣布，科学家们首次在彗星中发现了生命的另一个基本化学构件--甘氨酸，这是一种氨基酸，在2004年从荒野2号彗星喷出的物质中检测到，并被美国宇航局的 "星尘 "探测器抓取。甘氨酸此前也曾在陨石中被检测到。领导美国宇航局天体生物学研究所的卡尔·皮尔彻Carl Pilcher说:
美国宇航局在2009年宣布，科学家们首次在彗星中发现了生命的另一个基本化学构件--甘氨酸，这是一种氨基酸，在2004年从荒野2号彗星喷出的物质中检测到，并被美国宇航局的 "星尘 "探测器抓取。甘氨酸此前也曾在陨石中被检测到。领导美国宇航局天体生物学研究所的卡尔·皮尔彻Carl Pilcher说:
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The discovery of glycine in a comet supports the idea that the fundamental building blocks of life are prevalent in space, and strengthens the argument that life in the universe may be common rather than rare.
''The discovery of glycine in a comet supports the idea that the fundamental building blocks of life are prevalent in space, and strengthens the argument that life in the universe may be common rather than rare.''
在一颗彗星中发现甘氨酸，支持了生命的基本组成构件在太空中普遍存在的观点，并加强了宇宙中的生命可能是常见而非罕见的论点。<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=18 August 2009 |title='Life chemical' detected in comet |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8208307.stm |work=BBC News |location=London |accessdate=2015-06-23 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525071228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8208307.stm |archivedate=25 May 2015}}</ref>
''在一颗彗星中发现甘氨酸，支持了生命的基本组成构件在太空中普遍存在的观点，并加强了宇宙中的生命可能是常见而非罕见的论点。<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=18 August 2009 |title='Life chemical' detected in comet |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8208307.stm |work=BBC News |location=London |accessdate=2015-06-23 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525071228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8208307.stm |archivedate=25 May 2015}}</ref>''
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彗星外层包裹着深色物质，被认为是一种焦油状物质，由简单的碳化合物经过主要由电离辐射引发的反应后形成的复杂有机物质组成。彗星的物质雨有可能将大量的这种复杂的有机分子带到地球上。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=William Reid |last2=Murray |first2=B. G. |last3=Khare |first3=Bishun Narain |last4=Sagan |first4=Carl |date=30 December 1987 |title=Coloration and darkening of methane clathrate and other ices by charged particle irradiation: Applications to the outer solar system |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=92 |issue=A13 |pages=14933–14947 |bibcode=1987JGR....9214933T |doi=10.1029/JA092iA13p14933 |pmid=11542127}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/life-earth-shockingly-comes-out-world |title=Life on Earth shockingly comes from out of this world |last=Stark |first=Anne M. |date=5 June 2013 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|location=Livermore, CA |accessdate=2015-06-23 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916135630/https://www.llnl.gov/news/life-earth-shockingly-comes-out-world |archivedate=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=Nir |last2=Tamblyn |first2=Isaac |date=20 June 2013 |title=Prebiotic Chemistry within a Simple Impacting Icy Mixture |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry A |volume=117 |issue=24 |pages=5124–5131 |doi=10.1021/jp402976n |pmid=23639050|bibcode=2013JPCA..117.5124G |url=http://nparc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/view/fulltext/?id=e89d2ac7-4cf8-40e0-bcc9-3c53f68ed70a }}</ref>在外星形成的氨基酸也可能通过彗星到达地球。<ref name="Follmann2009" /> 据估计，在晚期重型轰炸期间，陨石每年可能向地球输送多达500万吨的有机前生物元素。<ref name="Follmann2009" />
彗星外层包裹着深色物质，被认为是一种焦油状物质，由简单的碳化合物经过主要由电离辐射引发的反应后形成的复杂有机物质组成。彗星的物质雨有可能将大量的这种复杂的有机分子带到地球上。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=William Reid |last2=Murray |first2=B. G. |last3=Khare |first3=Bishun Narain |last4=Sagan |first4=Carl |date=30 December 1987 |title=Coloration and darkening of methane clathrate and other ices by charged particle irradiation: Applications to the outer solar system |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=92 |issue=A13 |pages=14933–14947 |bibcode=1987JGR....9214933T |doi=10.1029/JA092iA13p14933 |pmid=11542127}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/life-earth-shockingly-comes-out-world |title=Life on Earth shockingly comes from out of this world |last=Stark |first=Anne M. |date=5 June 2013 |publisher=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|location=Livermore, CA |accessdate=2015-06-23 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916135630/https://www.llnl.gov/news/life-earth-shockingly-comes-out-world |archivedate=16 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldman |first1=Nir |last2=Tamblyn |first2=Isaac |date=20 June 2013 |title=Prebiotic Chemistry within a Simple Impacting Icy Mixture |journal=Journal of Physical Chemistry A |volume=117 |issue=24 |pages=5124–5131 |doi=10.1021/jp402976n |pmid=23639050|bibcode=2013JPCA..117.5124G |url=http://nparc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/view/fulltext/?id=e89d2ac7-4cf8-40e0-bcc9-3c53f68ed70a }}</ref>在外星形成的氨基酸也可能通过彗星到达地球。<ref name="Follmann2009" /> 据估计，在晚期重型轰炸期间，陨石每年可能向地球输送多达500万吨的有机前生物元素。<ref name="Follmann2009" />
====在Miller-Urey实验中使用还原性较低的气体t====
====在Miller-Urey实验中使用还原性较低的气体t====
在Miller-Urey实验时，科学界的共识是，早期地球有一个还原性大气层，其化合物中氢气相对丰富，而氧气相对贫乏（如CH<sub>4</sub>和NH<sub>3</sub>，而不是CO<sub>2</sub> 和二氧化氮（NO<sub>2</sub>））。然而，目前的科学共识将原始大气层描述为弱还原性或中性<ref name="Cleaves 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Cleaves |first1=H. James |last2=Chalmers |first2=John H. |last3=Lazcano |first3=Antonio |last4=Miller |first4=Stanley L. |last5=Bada |first5=Jeffrey L. |display-authors=3 |date=April 2008 |title=A Reassessment of Prebiotic Organic Synthesis in Neutral Planetary Atmospheres |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=105–115 |bibcode=2008OLEB...38..105C |doi=10.1007/s11084-007-9120-3|pmid=18204914}}</ref><ref name="Chyba 2005">{{cite journal |last=Chyba |first=Christopher F. |date=13 May 2005 |title=Rethinking Earth's Early Atmosphere |journal=Science |volume=308 |issue=5724 |pages=962–963 |doi=10.1126/science.1113157 |pmid=15890865}}</ref> （另见氧气灾难）。这样的大气会减少可以产生的氨基酸的数量和种类，尽管在实验条件中加入铁和碳酸盐矿物（被认为存在于早期海洋中）的研究又产生了多种氨基酸。其他科学研究集中在另外两种潜在的还原性环境：外太空和深海热喷口。<ref name="Cleaves 2008" /> Other scientific research has focused on two other potential reducing environments: outer space and deep-sea thermal vents.<ref>Barton, Nicholas H.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Eisen, Jonathan A.; et al. (2007). Evolution. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-684-9. LCCN 2007010767. OCLC 86090399.</ref><ref>Bada, Jeffrey L.; Lazcano, Antonio (2009). "The Origin of Life". In Ruse, Michael; Travis, Joseph (eds.). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years. Foreword by Edward O. Wilson. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03175-3. LCCN 2008030270. OCLC 225874308.</ref><ref name="Bada 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Bada |first1=Jeffrey L. |last2=Lazcano |first2=Antonio |date=2 May 2003 |url=http://astrobiology.berkeley.edu/PDFs_articles/Bada_Science2003.pdf |title=Prebiotic Soup – Revisiting the Miller Experiment |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5620 |pages=745–746 |doi=10.1126/science.1085145 |pmid=12730584 |accessdate=2015-06-13 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222002/http://astrobiology.berkeley.edu/PDFs_articles/Bada_Science2003.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref>
在Miller-Urey实验时，科学界的共识是，早期地球有一个还原性大气层，其化合物中氢气相对丰富，而氧气相对贫乏（如CH<sub>4</sub>和NH<sub>3</sub>，而不是CO<sub>2</sub> 和二氧化氮（NO<sub>2</sub>））。然而，目前的科学共识将原始大气层描述为弱还原性或中性<ref name="Cleaves 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Cleaves |first1=H. James |last2=Chalmers |first2=John H. |last3=Lazcano |first3=Antonio |last4=Miller |first4=Stanley L. |last5=Bada |first5=Jeffrey L. |display-authors=3 |date=April 2008 |title=A Reassessment of Prebiotic Organic Synthesis in Neutral Planetary Atmospheres |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=105–115 |bibcode=2008OLEB...38..105C |doi=10.1007/s11084-007-9120-3|pmid=18204914}}</ref><ref name="Chyba 2005">{{cite journal |last=Chyba |first=Christopher F. |date=13 May 2005 |title=Rethinking Earth's Early Atmosphere |journal=Science |volume=308 |issue=5724 |pages=962–963 |doi=10.1126/science.1113157 |pmid=15890865}}</ref> （另见氧气灾难）。这样的大气会减少可以产生的氨基酸的数量和种类，尽管在实验条件中加入铁和碳酸盐矿物（被认为存在于早期海洋中）的研究又产生了多种氨基酸。其他科学研究集中在另外两种潜在的还原性环境：外太空和深海热喷口。<ref name="Cleaves 2008" /> 其他科学研究集中在另外两个潜在的减少环境：外层空间和深海热喷口。<ref>Barton, Nicholas H.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Eisen, Jonathan A.; et al. (2007). Evolution. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-684-9. LCCN 2007010767. OCLC 86090399.</ref><ref>Bada, Jeffrey L.; Lazcano, Antonio (2009). "The Origin of Life". In Ruse, Michael; Travis, Joseph (eds.). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years. Foreword by Edward O. Wilson. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03175-3. LCCN 2008030270. OCLC 225874308.</ref><ref name="Bada 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Bada |first1=Jeffrey L. |last2=Lazcano |first2=Antonio |date=2 May 2003 |url=http://astrobiology.berkeley.edu/PDFs_articles/Bada_Science2003.pdf |title=Prebiotic Soup – Revisiting the Miller Experiment |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5620 |pages=745–746 |doi=10.1126/science.1085145 |pmid=12730584 |accessdate=2015-06-13 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222002/http://astrobiology.berkeley.edu/PDFs_articles/Bada_Science2003.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref>
威廉·马丁 William Martin和迈克尔·拉塞尔 Michael Russell说：
威廉·马丁 William Martin和迈克尔·拉塞尔 Michael Russell说：
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
''. . . that life evolved in structured iron monosulphide precipitates in a seepage site hydrothermal mound at a redox, pH, and temperature gradient between sulphide-rich hydrothermal fluid and iron(II)-containing waters of the Hadean ocean floor. The naturally arising, three-dimensional compartmentation observed within fossilized seepage-site metal sulphide precipitates indicates that these inorganic compartments were the precursors of cell walls and membranes found in free-living prokaryotes. The known capability of FeS and NiS to catalyze the synthesis of the acetyl-methylsulphide from carbon monoxide and methylsulphide, constituents of hydrothermal fluid, indicates that pre-biotic syntheses occurred at the inner surfaces of these metal-sulphide-walled compartments,..."''
''......生命是在一个渗流点热液丘中的结构化一硫化铁沉淀物中演化出来的，其氧化还原、pH值和温度梯度介于富含硫化物的热液和冥古代洋底的含铁(II)水之间。在渗透点金属硫化物沉淀物化石中观察到的自然生成的三维分隔表明，这些无机分隔是在自由生活的原核生物中发现的细胞壁和细胞膜的前身。已知FeS和NiS能够催化一氧化碳和甲基硫化物（热液的成分）合成乙酰-甲基硫化物，这表明前生物合成发生在这些金属硫化物壁隔室的内表面，......"<ref name="Martin2003">{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=William |last2=Russell |first2=Michael J. |date=29 January 2003 |title=On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |volume=358 |issue=1429 |pages=59–83; discussion 83–85 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2002.1183|pmid=12594918 |pmc=1693102}}</ref>''
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
''warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, light, heat, electricity, &c., present, that a proteine compound was chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes.''
''温暖的小池塘，加上各种氨和磷盐，光、热、电等的存在，一种蛋白质化合物已经在化学上形成，准备进行更复杂的变化。''
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
=== 粘土假说 ===
=== 粘土假说 ===
蒙脱石是一种丰富的粘土，是RNA聚合和脂质形成膜的催化剂。<ref>{{cite press release |last=Perry |first=Caroline |date=7 February 2011 |title=Clay-armored bubbles may have formed first protocells |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/hu-cbm020411.php |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University|agency=EurekAlert! |accessdate=2015-06-20 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714101638/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/hu-cbm020411.php |archivedate=14 July 2015}}</ref>1985年，亚历山大·凯恩斯-史密斯 Alexander Cairns-Smith提出了一个利用粘土进行生命起源的模型，并被一些科学家作为一种似可信的机制进行了探索。<ref>Dawkins, Richard (1996). The Blind Watchmaker (Reissue with a new introduction ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. </ref> 粘土假说假定复杂的有机分子是在溶液中的硅酸盐晶体预先存在的非有机重复表面上逐渐产生的。
蒙脱石是一种丰富的粘土，是RNA聚合和脂质形成膜的催化剂。<ref>{{cite press release |last=Perry |first=Caroline |date=7 February 2011 |title=Clay-armored bubbles may have formed first protocells |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/hu-cbm020411.php |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University|agency=EurekAlert! |accessdate=2015-06-20 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714101638/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-02/hu-cbm020411.php |archivedate=14 July 2015}}</ref>1985年，亚历山大·凯恩斯-史密斯 Alexander Cairns-Smith提出了一个利用粘土进行生命起源的模型，并被一些科学家作为一种似可信的机制进行了探索。<ref>Dawkins, Richard (1996). The Blind Watchmaker (Reissue with a new introduction ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. </ref> 粘土假说假定复杂的有机分子是在溶液中的硅酸盐晶体预先存在的非有机重复表面上逐渐产生的。
=== 铁-硫世界===
=== 铁-硫世界===
20世纪80年代，Günter Wächtershäuser在卡尔·波普尔 Karl Popper<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yue-Ching Ho |first=Eugene |date=July–September 1990 |title=Evolutionary Epistemology and Sir Karl Popper's Latest Intellectual Interest: A First-Hand Report |url=http://www.tkpw.net/hk-ies/n15/ |journal=Intellectus |volume=15 |pages=1–3 |oclc=26878740 |accessdate=2012-08-13 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311074143/http://www.tkpw.net/hk-ies/n15/ |archivedate=11 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=22 April 1997 |title=Amateur Shakes Up Ideas on Recipe for Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/22/science/amateur-shakes-up-ideas-on-recipe-for-life.html?src=pm&pagewanted=2&pagewanted=all |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |accessdate=2015-06-16 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122450/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/22/science/amateur-shakes-up-ideas-on-recipe-for-life.html?src=pm&pagewanted=2&pagewanted=all |archivedate=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Popper |first=Karl R. |date=29 March 1990 |title=Pyrite and the origin of life |journal=Nature |volume=344 |issue=6265 |page=387 |bibcode=1990Natur.344..387P |doi=10.1038/344387a0 }}</ref> 的鼓励和支持下，提出了他的铁-硫世界，这是一个关于前生物化学途径进化的理论，是生命进化的起点。它系统地将今天的生物化学追溯到原始反应，原始反应提供了从简单的气体化合物合成有机构件的替代途径。
20世纪80年代，Günter Wächtershäuser在卡尔·波普尔 Karl Popper<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yue-Ching Ho |first=Eugene |date=July–September 1990 |title=Evolutionary Epistemology and Sir Karl Popper's Latest Intellectual Interest: A First-Hand Report |url=http://www.tkpw.net/hk-ies/n15/ |journal=Intellectus |volume=15 |pages=1–3 |oclc=26878740 |accessdate=2012-08-13 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311074143/http://www.tkpw.net/hk-ies/n15/ |archivedate=11 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=22 April 1997 |title=Amateur Shakes Up Ideas on Recipe for Life |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/22/science/amateur-shakes-up-ideas-on-recipe-for-life.html?src=pm&pagewanted=2&pagewanted=all |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |accessdate=2015-06-16 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122450/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/22/science/amateur-shakes-up-ideas-on-recipe-for-life.html?src=pm&pagewanted=2&pagewanted=all |archivedate=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Popper |first=Karl R. |date=29 March 1990 |title=Pyrite and the origin of life |journal=Nature |volume=344 |issue=6265 |page=387 |bibcode=1990Natur.344..387P |doi=10.1038/344387a0 }}</ref> 的鼓励和支持下，提出了他的铁-硫世界，这是一个关于前生物化学途径进化的理论，是生命进化的起点。它系统地将今天的生物化学追溯到原始反应，原始反应提供了从简单的气体化合物合成有机构件的替代途径。
=== 锌世界假说===
=== 锌世界假说===
Mulkidjanian的'''锌世界 Zn-world'''理论<ref name="Mulkidjanian">{{cite journal |last=Mulkidjanian |first=Armen Y. |date=24 August 2009 |title=On the origin of life in the zinc world: 1. Photosynthesizing, porous edifices built of hydrothermally precipitated zinc sulfide as cradles of life on Earth |journal=Biology Direct |volume=4 |page=26 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-4-26 |pmid=19703272 |pmc=3152778 }}</ref>是Wächtershäuser的黄铁矿假说的延伸。Wächtershäuser根据他的导致信息分子（RNA、肽）的初始化学过程的理论建立在黄铁矿表面有规律的电荷网状结构上，这种网状结构可能通过吸引反应物并将它们适当地相对排列，促进了原始聚合。<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wächtershäuser |first=Günter |date=December 1988 |title=Before Enzymes and Templates: Theory of Surface Metabolism |journal=[[Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|Microbiological Reviews]] |volume=52 |pages=452–484 |issue=4 |pmc=373159 |pmid=3070320 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.52.4.452-484.1988 }}</ref>"锌世界 "理论进一步明确和区分了<ref name="Mulkidjanian" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mulkidjanian |first1=Armen Y. |last2=Galperin |first2=Michael Y. |date=24 August 2009 |title=On the origin of life in the zinc world. 2. Validation of the hypothesis on the photosynthesizing zinc sulfide edifices as cradles of life on Earth |journal=Biology Direct |volume=4 |page=27 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-4-27 |pmid=19703275 |pmc=2749021 }}</ref>富含H<sub>2</sub>S的热流与寒冷的原始海洋（或Darwin的"温暖的小池塘"）的水相互作用，导致金属硫化物颗粒的沉淀。大洋喷口系统和其他热液系统的区域结构反映在热液起源的古火山块状硫化物矿床（VMS）中。它们的直径达数千米，可追溯到太古宙。最丰富的是黄铁矿(FeS<sub>2</sub>)、黄铜矿(CuFeS<sub>2</sub>)和闪锌矿(ZnS)，另外还有方铅矿(PbS)和硫锰矿(MnS)。ZnS和MnS具有独特的储存辐射能量的能力，例如来自紫外线的能量。在复制分子起源的相关时间窗口内，原始大气压足够高(>100巴，约100个大气压)，可以在地球表面附近沉降，紫外线照射强度是现在的10～100倍，因此，ZnS所介导的独特的光合作用特性为供能信息分子和代谢分子的合成以及光稳定核酸碱基的选择提供了正好的能量条件。
==其他非生物起源的情景==
==其他非生物起源的情景==
我们将情景定义为一组正在或已经被研究过的生命起源相关的一组相关概念。可以将与铁硫世界有关的概念视为一种情景。我们考虑一些其他情景，这些情景可能与上面讨论的方案或彼此部分重叠。
我们将情景定义为一组正在或已经被研究过的生命起源相关的一组相关概念。可以将与铁硫世界有关的概念视为一种情景。我们考虑一些其他情景，这些情景可能与上面讨论的方案或彼此部分重叠。
===淀粉样蛋白===
===淀粉样蛋白===
2009年莫里 Maury提出了一种基于自复制β-片层结构的新的生命起源理论。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maury | first1 = CP | year = 2009 | title = Self-proagating beta-sheet polypeptide structures as prebiotic informational entities:The amyloid world | journal = Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 141–150 | doi = 10.1007/s11084-009-9165-6 | pmid = 19301141 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maury | first1 = CP | year = 2015 | title = Origin of Life.Primordial genetics: Information transfer in a pre-RNA world based on self-replicating beta-sheet amyloid conformers | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 382 | pages = 292–297 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.008 | pmid = 26196585 | doi-access = free }}</ref>该理论认为，自复制和自组装催化的淀粉样蛋白是原始的前RNA世界中的第一个信息聚合物。“淀粉样蛋白假说”的主要论据是基于β-片层为基础的信息系统的结构稳定性、自催化和催化性以及可进化性。这种系统还具有纠错性<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nanda | first1 = J | last2 = Rubinov | first2 = B | last3 = Ivnitski | first3 = D | last4 = Mukherjee | first4 = R | last5 = Shtelman | first5 = E | last6 = Motro | first6 = Y | last7 = Miller | first7 = Y | last8 = Wagner | first8 = N | last9 = Cohen-Luria | first9 = R | last10 = Ashkenasy | first10 = G | year = 2017 | title = Emergence of native peptide seuqences in prebiotic replication networks | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | issue = 1| page = 343 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-017-00463-1 | pmid = 28874657 | pmc = 5585222 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...8..434N }}</ref> 和手性选择性。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rout | first1 = SK | last2 = Friedmann | first2 = MP | last3 = Riek | first3 = R | last4 = Greenwald | first4 = J | year = 2018 | title = A prebiotic templated-directed synthesis based on amyloids | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 9 | issue = 1| pages = 234–242 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-017-02742-3 | pmid = 29339755 | pmc = 5770463 }}</ref>
2009年莫里 Maury提出了一种基于自复制β-片层结构的新的生命起源理论。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maury | first1 = CP | year = 2009 | title = Self-proagating beta-sheet polypeptide structures as prebiotic informational entities:The amyloid world | journal = Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 141–150 | doi = 10.1007/s11084-009-9165-6 | pmid = 19301141 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maury | first1 = CP | year = 2015 | title = Origin of Life.Primordial genetics: Information transfer in a pre-RNA world based on self-replicating beta-sheet amyloid conformers | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 382 | pages = 292–297 | doi = 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.008 | pmid = 26196585 | doi-access = free }}</ref>该理论认为，自复制和自组装催化的淀粉样蛋白是原始的前RNA世界中的第一个信息聚合物。“淀粉样蛋白假说”的主要论据是基于β-片层为基础的信息系统的结构稳定性、自催化和催化性以及可进化性。这种系统还具有纠错性<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nanda | first1 = J | last2 = Rubinov | first2 = B | last3 = Ivnitski | first3 = D | last4 = Mukherjee | first4 = R | last5 = Shtelman | first5 = E | last6 = Motro | first6 = Y | last7 = Miller | first7 = Y | last8 = Wagner | first8 = N | last9 = Cohen-Luria | first9 = R | last10 = Ashkenasy | first10 = G | year = 2017 | title = Emergence of native peptide seuqences in prebiotic replication networks | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 8 | issue = 1| page = 343 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-017-00463-1 | pmid = 28874657 | pmc = 5585222 | bibcode = 2017NatCo...8..434N }}</ref> 和手性选择性。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rout | first1 = SK | last2 = Friedmann | first2 = MP | last3 = Riek | first3 = R | last4 = Greenwald | first4 = J | year = 2018 | title = A prebiotic templated-directed synthesis based on amyloids | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 9 | issue = 1| pages = 234–242 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-017-02742-3 | pmid = 29339755 | pmc = 5770463 }}</ref>
===变化的盐度：稀释和干涸 ===
===变化的盐度：稀释和干涸 ===
非生物起源理论很少涉及哈罗德·布卢姆Harold Blum提出的警告：<ref>Blum, H.F. (1957). On the origin of self-replicating systems. In Rhythmic and Synthetic Processes in Growth, ed. Rudnick, D., pp. 155–170. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.</ref>如果生命的关键信息元素——原核酸链——自发形成双螺旋结构，那么就没有办法将它们解离。
非生物起源理论很少涉及哈罗德·布卢姆Harold Blum提出的警告：<ref>Blum, H.F. (1957). On the origin of self-replicating systems. In Rhythmic and Synthetic Processes in Growth, ed. Rudnick, D., pp. 155–170. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.</ref>如果生命的关键信息元素——原核酸链——自发形成双螺旋结构，那么就没有办法将它们解离。
==关于生命起源的实验e==
==关于生命起源的实验e==
[[File:J. Craig Venter crop 2011 CHAO2011-49.jpg|thumb|upright|克雷格·文特 J. Craig Venter]]
[[File:J. Craig Venter crop 2011 CHAO2011-49.jpg|thumb|upright|克雷格·文特 J. Craig Venter]]
2018年10月，麦克马斯特大学的研究人员宣布开发出一种名为"行星模拟器"的新技术，以帮助研究地球及其他星球上生命的起源。<ref name="BW-20181004">{{cite news |last=Balch |first=Erica |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life on Earth and beyond |url=https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/ground-breaking-lab-poised-to-unlock-the-mystery-of-the-origins-of-life-on-earth-and-beyond/ |date=4 October 2018 |work=McMaster University|accessdate=4 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20181004">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/mu-glp100418.php |date=4 October 2018 |work=EurekAlert |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="IVG-2018">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Planet Simulator |url=https://www.intravisiongroup.com/planet-simulator |date=2018 |work=IntraVisionGroup.com |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ES-209181014">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Paul Scott |title=New technology may help solve mystery of life's origins – How did life on Earth begin? A new technology, called Planet Simulator, might finally help solve the mystery. |url=http://earthsky.org/space/new-technology-solve-mystery-of-lifes-origins |date=14 October 2018 |work=EarthSky |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref>它由一个复杂的气候室组成，以研究生命的构件是如何组装的，以及这些前生物分子如何过渡到自我复制的RNA分子。<ref name="BW-20181004"/>
2018年10月，麦克马斯特大学的研究人员宣布开发出一种名为"行星模拟器"的新技术，以帮助研究地球及其他星球上生命的起源。<ref name="BW-20181004">{{cite news |last=Balch |first=Erica |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life on Earth and beyond |url=https://brighterworld.mcmaster.ca/articles/ground-breaking-lab-poised-to-unlock-the-mystery-of-the-origins-of-life-on-earth-and-beyond/ |date=4 October 2018 |work=McMaster University|accessdate=4 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="EA-20181004">{{cite news |author=Staff |title=Ground-breaking lab poised to unlock the mystery of the origins of life |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/mu-glp100418.php |date=4 October 2018 |work=EurekAlert |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="IVG-2018">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Planet Simulator |url=https://www.intravisiongroup.com/planet-simulator |date=2018 |work=IntraVisionGroup.com |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name="ES-209181014">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=Paul Scott |title=New technology may help solve mystery of life's origins – How did life on Earth begin? A new technology, called Planet Simulator, might finally help solve the mystery. |url=http://earthsky.org/space/new-technology-solve-mystery-of-lifes-origins |date=14 October 2018 |work=EarthSky |accessdate=14 October 2018 }}</ref>它由一个复杂的气候室组成，以研究生命的构件是如何组装的，以及这些前生物分子如何过渡到自我复制的RNA分子。<ref name="BW-20181004"/>
===进一步阅读===
===进一步阅读===
* "Minerals and the Emergence of Life, pp 135-157 in "Metals, Microbes and Minerals: The Biogeochemical Side of Life" (2021) pp xiv + 341. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. Authors Duval, Simon; Authors Zuchan, Kilian; Baymann, Frauke; Schoepp-Cothenet, Barbara; Branscomb, Elbert; Russell, Michael, J.; Nitschke, Wolfgang; Editors Kroneck, Peter M.H. and Sosa Torres, Martha. [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110589771-005 DOI 10.1515/9783110589771-005]
* "Minerals and the Emergence of Life, pp 135-157 in "Metals, Microbes and Minerals: The Biogeochemical Side of Life" (2021) pp xiv + 341. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. Authors Duval, Simon; Authors Zuchan, Kilian; Baymann, Frauke; Schoepp-Cothenet, Barbara; Branscomb, Elbert; Russell, Michael, J.; Nitschke, Wolfgang; Editors Kroneck, Peter M.H. and Sosa Torres, Martha. [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110589771-005 DOI 10.1515/9783110589771-005]
* Tim Flannery, "In the Soup" (review of Michael Marshall, ''The Genesis Quest: The Geniuses and Eccentrics on a Journey to Uncover the Origins of Life on Earth'', University of Chicago Press, 360 pp.), ''The New York Review of Books'', vol. LXVII, no. 19 (3 December 2020), pp. 37–38.
* Tim Flannery, "In the Soup" (review of Michael Marshall, ''The Genesis Quest: The Geniuses and Eccentrics on a Journey to Uncover the Origins of Life on Earth'', University of Chicago Press, 360 pp.), ''The New York Review of Books'', vol. LXVII, no. 19 (3 December 2020), pp. 37–38.
== 相关链接 ==
== 相关链接 ==
==参考文献==
==参考文献==
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[[Category:生命起源]]
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