7,129
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
第165行：
第165行： − + − RNA世界的概念是由亚历山大·里奇Alexander Rich在1962年首次提出的<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neveu |first1=Marc |last2=Kim |first2=Hyo-Joong |last3=Benner |first3=Steven A. |date=22 April 2013 |title=The 'Strong' RNA World Hypothesis: Fifty Years Old |journal=Astrobiology |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=391–403 |bibcode=2013AsBio..13..391N |doi=10.1089/ast.2012.0868}}</ref> ，而这个术语则是由沃尔特·吉尔伯特Walter Gilbert在1986年创造的。<ref name="Cech2012">{{cite journal |last=Cech |first=Thomas R. |date=July 2012 |title=The RNA Worlds in Context |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=4 |issue=7 |page=a006742 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006742 |pmc=3385955 |pmid=21441585}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gilbert |first=Walter |date=20 February 1986 |title=Origin of life: The RNA world |journal=Nature |volume=319 |issue=6055 |page=618 |bibcode=1986Natur.319..618G |doi=10.1038/319618a0}}</ref> 在2020年3月，天文学家户谷友则 Tomonori Totani提出了一种统计方法，用于解释初始的活性RNA分子是如何在宇宙大爆炸后某个时间随机产生的。<ref name="UT-20200310">{{cite news |last=Gough |first=Evan |title=Life Could be Common Across the Universe, Just Not in Our Region |url=https://www.universetoday.com/145304/life-could-be-common-across-the-universe-just-not-in-our-region/ |date=10 March 2020 |work=Universe Today |accessdate=15 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SR-20200203">{{cite journal |last=Totani |first=Tomonori |title=Emergence of life in an inflationary universe |date=3 February 2020 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |number=1671 |pages=1671 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-58060-0 |pmid=32015390 |pmc=6997386 |arxiv=1911.08092 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.1671T |doi-access=free }}</ref>+
→RNA世界 RNA world
[[File:010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif|thumb|upright=1.25|嗜热细菌核糖体30S亚基的分子结构。 <ref name="Venki">{{cite journal |last1=Wimberly |first1=Brian T. |last2=Brodersen |first2=Ditlev E. |last3=Clemons |first3=William M. Jr. |last4=Morgan-Warren |first4=Robert J. |last5=Carter |first5=Andrew P. |last6=Vonrhein |first6=Clemens |last7=Hartsch |first7=Thomas |last8=Ramakrishnan |first8=V. |display-authors=3 |date=21 September 2000 |title=Structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit |journal=Nature |volume=407 |issue=6802 |pages=327–339 |doi=10.1038/35030006 |pmid=11014182|bibcode=2000Natur.407..327W}}</ref>蛋白质显示为蓝色，单个RNA链显示为橙色。 ]]
[[File:010_small_subunit-1FKA.gif|thumb|upright=1.25|嗜热细菌核糖体30S亚基的分子结构。 <ref name="Venki">{{cite journal |last1=Wimberly |first1=Brian T. |last2=Brodersen |first2=Ditlev E. |last3=Clemons |first3=William M. Jr. |last4=Morgan-Warren |first4=Robert J. |last5=Carter |first5=Andrew P. |last6=Vonrhein |first6=Clemens |last7=Hartsch |first7=Thomas |last8=Ramakrishnan |first8=V. |display-authors=3 |date=21 September 2000 |title=Structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit |journal=Nature |volume=407 |issue=6802 |pages=327–339 |doi=10.1038/35030006 |pmid=11014182|bibcode=2000Natur.407..327W}}</ref>蛋白质显示为蓝色，单个RNA链显示为橙色。 ]]
RNA世界假说描述了一个具有自我复制和催化能力的RNA，但没有DNA或蛋白质的早期地球。<ref name="NYT-20140925-CZ">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |date=25 September 2014 |title=A Tiny Emissary From the Ancient Past |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/science/a-tiny-emissary-from-the-ancient-past.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |accessdate=2014-09-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927022738/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/science/a-tiny-emissary-from-the-ancient-past.html |archivedate=27 September 2014}}</ref> 现在普遍认为现在地球上的生命起源于一个RNA世界，尽管基于RNA的生命可能并不是最早存在的生命。<ref name="RNA">*{{cite journal |last1=Copley |first1=Shelley D. |last2=Smith |first2=Eric |last3=Morowitz |first3=Harold J. |date=December 2007 |title=The origin of the RNA world: Co-evolution of genes and metabolism |url=http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~desmith/PDF_pubs/Copley_BOG.pdf |journal=Bioorganic Chemistry |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=430–443 |doi=10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.08.001 |pmid=17897696 |accessdate=2015-06-08 |quote=The proposal that life on Earth arose from an RNA world is widely accepted. |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905070129/http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~desmith/PDF_pubs/Copley_BOG.pdf |archivedate=5 September 2013}}</ref>这个结论是由许多独立的证据得出的，例如观察到RNA是翻译过程的核心，并且小RNA可以催化生命所需的所有化学基团和信息转移。核糖体的结构被称为 "确凿的证据 smoking gun"，因为它表明核糖体是一个核酶，其核心是RNA，并且在催化肽键形成的活性位点18埃以内没有氨基酸侧链。<ref name="Robertson2012">{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=Michael P. |last2=Joyce |first2=Gerald F. |date=May 2012 |title=The origins of the RNA world |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=4 |issue=5 |page=a003608 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a003608 |pmc=3331698 |pmid=20739415 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=George.E. |date=9 June 2010 |title=Origin and evolution of the ribosome |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=2 |issue=9(a003483) |page=a003483 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a003483 |pmid=20534711|pmc=2926754 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 尽管如此，在 2021 年 3 月，研究人员报告的证据表明，转移 RNA 的初步形式可能是生命早期发展中的复制分子本身。<ref name="EL-20210302">{{cite journal |last1=Kühnlein |first1=Alexandra |last2=Lanzmich |first2=Simon A. |last3=Brun |first3=Dieter |title=tRNA sequences can assemble into a replicator |doi=10.7554/eLife.63431 |date=2 March 2021 |journal=eLife|volume=10 |pmid=33648631 |pmc=7924937 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="STD-20210403">{{cite news |last=Maximilian |first=Ludwig |title=Solving the Chicken-and-the-Egg Problem – "A Step Closer to the Reconstruction of the Origin of Life" |url=https://scitechdaily.com/solving-the-chicken-and-the-egg-problem-a-step-closer-to-the-reconstruction-of-the-origin-of-life/ |date=3 April 2021 |work=SciTechDaily |access-date=3 April 2021 }}</ref>
RNA世界假说描述了一个具有自我复制和催化能力的RNA，但没有DNA或蛋白质的早期地球。<ref name="NYT-20140925-CZ">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |date=25 September 2014 |title=A Tiny Emissary From the Ancient Past |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/science/a-tiny-emissary-from-the-ancient-past.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |accessdate=2014-09-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927022738/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/25/science/a-tiny-emissary-from-the-ancient-past.html |archivedate=27 September 2014}}</ref> 现在普遍认为现在地球上的生命起源于一个RNA世界，尽管基于RNA的生命可能并不是最早存在的生命。<ref name="RNA">*{{cite journal |last1=Copley |first1=Shelley D. |last2=Smith |first2=Eric |last3=Morowitz |first3=Harold J. |date=December 2007 |title=The origin of the RNA world: Co-evolution of genes and metabolism |url=http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~desmith/PDF_pubs/Copley_BOG.pdf |journal=Bioorganic Chemistry |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=430–443 |doi=10.1016/j.bioorg.2007.08.001 |pmid=17897696 |accessdate=2015-06-08 |quote=The proposal that life on Earth arose from an RNA world is widely accepted. |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905070129/http://tuvalu.santafe.edu/~desmith/PDF_pubs/Copley_BOG.pdf |archivedate=5 September 2013}}</ref>这个结论是由许多独立的证据得出的，例如观察到RNA是翻译过程的核心，并且小RNA可以催化生命所需的所有化学基团和信息转移。核糖体的结构被称为“确凿的证据 smoking gun”，因为它表明核糖体是一个核酶，其核心是RNA，并且在催化肽键形成的活性位点18埃以内没有氨基酸侧链。<ref name="Robertson2012">{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=Michael P. |last2=Joyce |first2=Gerald F. |date=May 2012 |title=The origins of the RNA world |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=4 |issue=5 |page=a003608 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a003608 |pmc=3331698 |pmid=20739415 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=George.E. |date=9 June 2010 |title=Origin and evolution of the ribosome |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=2 |issue=9(a003483) |page=a003483 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a003483 |pmid=20534711|pmc=2926754 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 尽管如此，在 2021 年 3 月，研究人员报告的证据表明，转移 RNA 的初步形式可能是生命早期发展中的复制分子本身。<ref name="EL-20210302">{{cite journal |last1=Kühnlein |first1=Alexandra |last2=Lanzmich |first2=Simon A. |last3=Brun |first3=Dieter |title=tRNA sequences can assemble into a replicator |doi=10.7554/eLife.63431 |date=2 March 2021 |journal=eLife|volume=10 |pmc=7924937 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="STD-20210403">{{cite news |last=Maximilian |first=Ludwig |title=Solving the Chicken-and-the-Egg Problem – "A Step Closer to the Reconstruction of the Origin of Life" |url=https://scitechdaily.com/solving-the-chicken-and-the-egg-problem-a-step-closer-to-the-reconstruction-of-the-origin-of-life/ |date=3 April 2021 |work=SciTechDaily |access-date=3 April 2021 }}</ref>
RNA世界的概念是由亚历山大·里奇 Alexander Rich在1962年首次提出的<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neveu |first1=Marc |last2=Kim |first2=Hyo-Joong |last3=Benner |first3=Steven A. |date=22 April 2013 |title=The 'Strong' RNA World Hypothesis: Fifty Years Old |journal=Astrobiology |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=391–403 |bibcode=2013AsBio..13..391N |doi=10.1089/ast.2012.0868}}</ref> ，而这个术语则是由沃尔特·吉尔伯特 Walter Gilbert在1986年创造的。<ref name="Cech2012">{{cite journal |last=Cech |first=Thomas R. |date=July 2012 |title=The RNA Worlds in Context |journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology |volume=4 |issue=7 |page=a006742 |doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006742 |pmc=3385955 |pmid=21441585}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Gilbert |first=Walter |date=20 February 1986 |title=Origin of life: The RNA world |journal=Nature |volume=319 |issue=6055 |page=618 |bibcode=1986Natur.319..618G |doi=10.1038/319618a0}}</ref> 在2020年3月，天文学家户谷友则 Tomonori Totani提出了一种统计方法，用于解释初始的活性RNA分子是如何在宇宙大爆炸后某个时间随机产生的。<ref name="UT-20200310">{{cite news |last=Gough |first=Evan |title=Life Could be Common Across the Universe, Just Not in Our Region |url=https://www.universetoday.com/145304/life-could-be-common-across-the-universe-just-not-in-our-region/ |date=10 March 2020 |work=Universe Today |accessdate=15 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="SR-20200203">{{cite journal |last=Totani |first=Tomonori |title=Emergence of life in an inflationary universe |date=3 February 2020 |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |number=1671 |pages=1671 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-58060-0 |pmc=6997386 |arxiv=1911.08092 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.1671T |doi-access=free }}</ref>
===系统发育和最后的普遍共同祖先===
===系统发育和最后的普遍共同祖先===