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→铁-硫世界
与经典的Miller实验依赖外部能量来源（模拟闪电、紫外线照射）不同，“Wächtershäuser系统”自带内置能量来源：铁的硫化物（黄铁矿）和其他矿物。这些金属硫化物的氧化还原反应所释放的能量可用于有机分子的合成，这种系统可能已经演化成自催化组，构成自我复制、代谢活跃的实体，早于今天已知的生命形式。<ref name="Ralser 2014" /><ref name="Metabolism 2014" />在100℃的水环境中用这种硫化物进行实验，产生了产量相对较小的二肽 (0.4%～12.4%)和更小产量的三肽 (0.10%)，尽管在相同的条件下，二肽很快被分解。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huber |first1=Claudia |last2=Wächtershäuser |first2=Günter |date=31 July 1998 |title=Peptides by Activation of Amino Acids with CO on (Ni,Fe)S Surfaces: Implications for the Origin of Life |journal=Science |volume=281 |issue=5377 |pages=670–672 |bibcode=1998Sci...281..670H |doi=10.1126/science.281.5377.670 |pmid=9685253}}</ref>
与经典的Miller实验依赖外部能量来源（模拟闪电、紫外线照射）不同，“Wächtershäuser系统”自带内置能量来源：铁的硫化物（黄铁矿）和其他矿物。这些金属硫化物的氧化还原反应所释放的能量可用于有机分子的合成，这种系统可能已经演化成自催化组，构成自我复制、代谢活跃的实体，早于今天已知的生命形式。<ref name="Ralser 2014" /><ref name="Metabolism 2014" />在100℃的水环境中用这种硫化物进行实验，产生了产量相对较小的二肽 (0.4%～12.4%）和更小产量的三肽 (0.10%)，尽管在相同的条件下，二肽很快被分解。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huber |first1=Claudia |last2=Wächtershäuser |first2=Günter |date=31 July 1998 |title=Peptides by Activation of Amino Acids with CO on (Ni,Fe)S Surfaces: Implications for the Origin of Life |journal=Science |volume=281 |issue=5377 |pages=670–672 |bibcode=1998Sci...281..670H |doi=10.1126/science.281.5377.670 |pmid=9685253}}</ref>
有几个模型否定了“裸基因”的自我复制，而是假设出现了一种原始的新陈代谢，为后来出现的RNA复制提供了安全的环境。克雷布斯循环 Krebs cycle(柠檬酸循环)在需氧生物体内产生能量，以及在复杂有机化学物的生物合成中吸取二氧化碳和氢离子的中心地位，表明它是新陈代谢中最早进化的部分之一。<ref name="Lane 2009">Lane, Nick (2009). Life Ascending: The 10 Great Inventions of Evolution (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06596-1. LCCN 2009005046. OCLC 286488326.</ref>与此相一致的是，地球化学家Russell提出“生命的目的是使二氧化碳氢化”（这是“新陈代谢优先”而不是“基因优先”情形的一部分）。<ref name="Musser">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/how-life-arose-on-earth-and-how-a-singularity-might-bring-it-down/ |title=How Life Arose on Earth, and How a Singularity Might Bring It Down |last=Musser |first=George |date=23 September 2011 |work=Observations |type=Blog |accessdate=2015-06-17 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617211804/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/how-life-arose-on-earth-and-how-a-singularity-might-bring-it-down/ |archivedate=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Carroll">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2010/03/10/free-energy-and-the-meaning-of-life/ |title=Free Energy and the Meaning of Life |last=Carroll |first=Sean |date=10 March 2010 |work=Cosmic Variance |type=Blog |publisher=Discover|accessdate=2015-06-17 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714074327/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2010/03/10/free-energy-and-the-meaning-of-life/ |archivedate=14 July 2015}}</ref>物理学家杰里米·英格兰Jeremy England提出，从一般的热力学考虑，生命是不可避免的：
有几个模型否定了“裸基因”的自我复制，而是假设出现了一种原始的新陈代谢，为后来出现的RNA复制提供了安全的环境。克雷布斯循环 Krebs cycle（柠檬酸循环）在需氧生物体内产生能量，以及在复杂有机化学物的生物合成中吸取二氧化碳和氢离子的中心地位，表明它是新陈代谢中最早进化的部分之一。<ref name="Lane 2009">Lane, Nick (2009). Life Ascending: The 10 Great Inventions of Evolution (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06596-1. LCCN 2009005046. OCLC 286488326.</ref>与此相一致的是，地球化学家Russell提出“生命的目的是使二氧化碳氢化”（这是“新陈代谢优先”而不是“基因优先”情形的一部分）。<ref name="Musser">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/how-life-arose-on-earth-and-how-a-singularity-might-bring-it-down/ |title=How Life Arose on Earth, and How a Singularity Might Bring It Down |last=Musser |first=George |date=23 September 2011 |work=Observations |type=Blog |accessdate=2015-06-17 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617211804/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/how-life-arose-on-earth-and-how-a-singularity-might-bring-it-down/ |archivedate=17 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Carroll">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2010/03/10/free-energy-and-the-meaning-of-life/ |title=Free Energy and the Meaning of Life |last=Carroll |first=Sean |date=10 March 2010 |work=Cosmic Variance |type=Blog |publisher=Discover|accessdate=2015-06-17 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714074327/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance/2010/03/10/free-energy-and-the-meaning-of-life/ |archivedate=14 July 2015}}</ref>物理学家杰里米·英格兰Jeremy England提出，从一般的热力学考虑，生命是不可避免的：
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''... when a group of atoms is driven by an external source of energy (like the sun or chemical fuel) and surrounded by a heat bath (like the ocean or atmosphere), it will often gradually restructure itself in order to dissipate increasingly more energy. This could mean that under certain conditions, matter inexorably acquires the key physical attribute associated with life.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wolchover |first=Natalie |date=22 January 2014 |title=A New Physics Theory of Life |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/20140122-a-new-physics-theory-of-life/ |journal=Quanta Magazine |accessdate=2015-06-17 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613052830/https://www.quantamagazine.org/20140122-a-new-physics-theory-of-life/ |archivedate=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=England |first=Jeremy L. |date=28 September 2013 |title=Statistical physics of self-replication |url=http://www.englandlab.com/uploads/7/8/0/3/7803054/2013jcpsrep.pdf |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=139 |issue=12 |page=121923 |arxiv=1209.1179 |bibcode=2013JChPh.139l1923E |doi=10.1063/1.4818538 |pmid=24089735 |accessdate=2015-06-18 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604131515/http://www.englandlab.com/uploads/7/8/0/3/7803054/2013jcpsrep.pdf |archivedate=4 June 2015|hdl=1721.1/90392}}</ref>''
''... when a group of atoms is driven by an external source of energy (like the sun or chemical fuel) and surrounded by a heat bath (like the ocean or atmosphere), it will often gradually restructure itself in order to dissipate increasingly more energy. This could mean that under certain conditions, matter inexorably acquires the key physical attribute associated with life.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wolchover |first=Natalie |date=22 January 2014 |title=A New Physics Theory of Life |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/20140122-a-new-physics-theory-of-life/ |journal=Quanta Magazine |accessdate=2015-06-17 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613052830/https://www.quantamagazine.org/20140122-a-new-physics-theory-of-life/ |archivedate=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=England |first=Jeremy L. |date=28 September 2013 |title=Statistical physics of self-replication |url=http://www.englandlab.com/uploads/7/8/0/3/7803054/2013jcpsrep.pdf |journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=139 |issue=12 |page=121923 |arxiv=1209.1179 |bibcode=2013JChPh.139l1923E |doi=10.1063/1.4818538 |pmid=24089735 |accessdate=2015-06-18 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604131515/http://www.englandlab.com/uploads/7/8/0/3/7803054/2013jcpsrep.pdf |archivedate=4 June 2015|hdl=1721.1/90392}}</ref>''
''...当一组原子受到外部能量源(如太阳或化学燃料)的驱动，并被热浴(如海洋或大气层)所包围时，它往往会逐渐重组自己，以耗散越来越多的能量。这可能意味着，在某些条件下，物质不可避免地获得了与生命相关的关键物理属性。''
''...当一组原子受到外部能量源（如太阳或化学燃料）的驱动，并被热浴（如海洋或大气层）所包围时，它往往会逐渐重组自己，以耗散越来越多的能量。这可能意味着，在某些条件下，物质不可避免地获得了与生命相关的关键物理属性。''
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