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第54行： − ==应用 Application== − − [[File:Confounding_factors_are_important_to_consider_in_clinical_trials.png|thumb|219x219px|混杂因素在临床试验中很重要]] − − Stratified random sampling is useful and productive in situations requiring different [[weighting]]s on specific strata. In this way, the researchers can manipulate the selection mechanisms from each strata to amplify or minimize the desired characteristics in the survey result.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/stratified-sampling-3026731|title=Understanding Stratified Samples and How to Make Them|last=Crossman|first=Ashley|date=Jan 27, 2020|website=ThoughtCo|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> − 分层随机试验在需要对特定层进行不同权重的情况下非常有用且富有成效。 通过这种方式，研究人员可以操纵每个层次的选择机制，以放大或最小化调查结果中所需的特征。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/stratified-sampling-3026731|title=Understanding Stratified Samples and How to Make Them|last=Crossman|first=Ashley|date=Jan 27, 2020|website=ThoughtCo|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> − − − Stratified randomization is helpful when researchers intend to seek for [[Association (statistics)|associations]] between two or more strata, as simple random sampling causes a larger chance of unequal representation of target groups. It is also useful when the researchers wish to eliminate [[Confounding|confounders]] in [[Observational study|observational studies]] as stratified random sampling allows the adjustments of [[covariance]]s and the [[P-value|''p''-values]] for more accurate results.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hennekens, Charles H.|title=Epidemiology in medicine|date=1987|publisher=Little, Brown|others=Buring, Julie E., Mayrent, Sherry L.|isbn=0-316-35636-0|edition=1st|location=Boston, Massachusetts|oclc=16890223}}</ref> − − 当研究人员打算寻找两个或多个层次之间的关联时，分层随机化很有帮助，因为简单的随机抽样会导致更大的可能出现目标群体的不平等代表性。当研究人员希望消除观察性研究中的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 混杂因素 Confounder </font>'''时，它也很有用，因为分层随机试验允许调整'''<font color="#ff8000"> 协方差 Covariances </font>'''和 '''<font color="#ff8000"> p 值 p-values </font>'''以获得更准确的结果。 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hennekens, Charles H.|title=Epidemiology in medicine|date=1987|publisher=Little, Brown|others=Buring, Julie E., Mayrent, Sherry L.|isbn=0-316-35636-0|edition=1st|location=Boston, Massachusetts|oclc=16890223}}</ref> − − There is also a higher level of [[Accuracy and precision|statistical accuracy]] for stratified random sampling compared with simple random sampling, due to the high [[relevance]] of elements chosen to represent the population.<ref name=":5" /> The differences within the strata is much less compared to the one between strata. Hence, as the between-sample differences are minimized, the [[standard deviation]] will be consequently tightened, resulting in higher degree of accuracy and small error in the final results. This effectively reduces the [[Sample size determination|sample size]] needed and increases [[Cost-effectiveness analysis|cost-effectiveness]] of sampling when research funding is tight. − − 与简单随机抽样相比，分层随机抽样的统计准确度也更高，因为选择代表总体的元素具有高度相关性。<ref name=":5" />与分层之间的差异相比，分层内的差异要小得多。因此，随着样本间差异的最小化，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 标准差 Standard deviation </font>'''也会随之收紧，从而导致最终结果的准确性更高，误差更小。当研究资金紧张时，这有效地减少了所需的样本量并提高了抽样的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 成本效益 Cost-effectiveness </font>'''。 − − In real life, stratified random sampling can be applied to results of election polling, investigations into income disparities among social groups, or measurements of education opportunities across nations.<ref name=":3" /> − − 在现实生活中，分层随机试验可应用于选举投票结果、社会群体收入差距调查或各国教育机会的衡量。 <ref name=":3" /> − 本分配不平衡的问题，实验中常采用分块随机化的方法，采样规模较大。在某些严格要求随机化的领域，例如临床试验，当没有导体的盲法和块大小有限时，分配是可以预测的。随着地层数量的增加和样本容量的限制，地层中的块体随机化可能导致地层之间样本的不平衡，例如，有可能找不到符合特定地层特征的样本。 − − Stratified random sampling is useful and productive in situations requiring different weightings on specific strata. In this way, the researchers can manipulate the selection mechanisms from each strata to amplify or minimize the desired characteristics in the survey result. − − 分层随机抽样在特定地层需要不同权重的情况下是有用的和有效的。通过这种方式，研究人员可以操纵来自每个阶层的选择机制，以便在调查结果中放大或减少所需的特征。 − − − − Stratified randomization is helpful when researchers intend to seek for associations between two or more strata, as simple random sampling causes a larger chance of unequal representation of target groups. It is also useful when the researchers wish to eliminate confounders in observational studies as stratified random sampling allows the adjustments of covariances and the p-values for more accurate results. − − 当研究人员试图寻找两个或多个阶层之间的联系时，分层随机化是有帮助的，因为简单的随机抽样会导致目标群体代表性不平等的可能性更大。当研究人员希望在观察研究中消除混杂因素时，这也是有用的，因为分层随机抽样允许调整协方差和 p 值以获得更准确的结果。 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − Confounding factors are important to consider in clinical trials − − 在临床试验中，混杂因素是需要考虑的重要因素 − − − − There is also a higher level of statistical accuracy for stratified random sampling compared with simple random sampling, due to the high relevance of elements chosen to represent the population. The step of stratified randomization is extremely important as an attempt to ensure that no bias, delibrate or accidental, affects the representative nature of the patient sample under study. It increases the study power, especially in small clinical trials(n<400), as these known clinical traits stratified are thought to effect the outcomes of the interventions. It helps prevent the occurrence of type I error, which is valued highly in clinical studies. It also has an important effect on sample size for active control equivalence trials and in theory, facilitates subgroup analysis and interim analysis. − − 与简单随机抽样相比，分层随机抽样具有更高的统计准确性，因为所选择的元素代表总体具有高度的相关性。分层随机化的步骤是非常重要的，它试图确保没有偏差，取样或偶然，影响研究中患者样本的代表性。它增加了研究力量，特别是在小型临床试验(n < 400) ，因为这些已知的临床特征分层被认为影响干预的结果。它有助于防止 i 型错误的发生，这在临床研究中是很有价值的。它还对主动控制等效试验的样本容量有重要影响，并在理论上简化了亚组分析和中期分析。 − − − The subgroup size is taken to be of the same importance if the data available cannot represent overall subgroup population. In some applications, subgroup size is decided with reference to the amount of data available instead of scaling sample sizes to subgroup size, which would introduce bias in the effects of factors. In some cases that data needs to be stratified by variances, subgroup variances differ significantly, making each subgroup sampling size proportional to the overall subgroup population cannot be guaranteed. − − 如果可用的数据不能代表整个分组人口，则子组大小被认为具有同样的重要性。在一些应用中，子群大小是根据可用数据量来决定的，而不是按照子群大小来衡量样本大小，这会在因素的影响中引入偏倚。在某些情况下，数据需要由方差分层，分组方差差异显著，使得每个分组抽样大小与整个分组总体成比例不能得到保证。 − − Block randomization is commonly used in the experiment with a relatively big sampling size to avoid the imbalance allocation of samples with important characteristics. In certain fields with strict requests of randomization such as [[clinical trial]]s, the allocation would be predictable when there is no blinding process for conductors and the block size is limited. The blocks permuted randomization in strata could possibly cause an imbalance of samples among strata as the number of strata increases and the sample size is limited, For instance, there is a possibility that no sample is found meeting the characteristic of certain strata.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of clinical trials|others=Friedman, Lawrence M., 1942-, Furberg, Curt,, DeMets, David L., 1944-, Reboussin, David,, Granger, Christopher B.|date=27 August 2015|isbn=978-3-319-18539-2|edition=Fifth|location=New York|oclc=919463985}}</ref> − − Stratified sampling can not be applied if the population cannot be completely assigned into strata, which would result in sample sizes proportional to sample available instead of overall subgroup population. − − 如果总体不能完全分配到地层中，那么分层抽样就不能应用，这将导致样本大小与可用样本成比例，而不是整个子群总体。 − − − The process of assigning samples into subgroups could involve overlapping if subjects meet the inclusion standard of multiple strata, which could result in a misrepresentation of the population. − − 如果受试者符合多个阶层的包含标准，将样本分配到各个子群组的过程可能会涉及重叠，这可能会导致人口的不正当手法引诱。 − − − − Simple randomization is considered as the easiest method for allocating subjects in each stratum. Subjects are assigned to each group purely randomly for every assignment. Even though it is easy to conduct, simple randomization is commonly applied in strata that contain more than 100 samples since a small sampling size would make assignment unequal. − − 简单随机化被认为是最简单的方法分配主体在每个阶层。每次分配的主题都是随机分配给每个小组的。尽管简单的随机化方法易于实施，但是由于小样本容易造成分配不等，因此在样本数超过100个的地层中常常采用简单的随机化方法。 −
→应用 Application
为了避免重要特征样
为了避免重要特征样
==临床试验中的分层随机试验 Stratified randomization in clinical trials==
==临床试验中的分层随机试验 Stratified randomization in clinical trials==