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| 在统计学中,<font color="#ff8000"> '''分层随机试验 Stratified randomization''' </font>是一种抽样方法,首先将整个研究<font color="#ff8000"> '''总体 Population''' </font>层为具有相同属性或特征的子群,称为<font color="#ff8000"> '''分层 Attributes''' </font>,然后从分层组中进行简单随机抽样,在抽样过程的任何阶段,随机、完全偶然地无偏抽取同一子群中的元素。<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Simple random sample|date=2020-03-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple_random_sample&oldid=946144051|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>分层随机试验被认为是<font color="#ff8000"> '''分层抽样 Stratified sampling''' </font>的一个细分。当共享属性部分存在,并且在被调查总体的不同亚群之间有很大差异时,应该采用分层随机试验。因此,在取样过程中需要特别考虑或明确区分。<ref>{{Citation|title=Stratified sampling|date=2020-02-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratified_sampling&oldid=939938944|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>这种抽样方法应区别于<font color="#ff8000"> '''整群抽样方法 Cluster sampling''' </font>,整群抽样方法是在整个群体中选择一个简单的随机抽样来代表整个总体,或分层系统抽样方法,在分层过程之后进行<font color="#ff8000"> '''系统抽样 Systematic sampling''' </font>。分层随机抽样有时也称为<font color="#ff8000"> '''定额随机抽样 Quota random sampling''' </font>。<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/032615/what-are-some-examples-stratified-random-sampling.asp|title=How Stratified Random Sampling Works|last=Nickolas|first=Steven|date=July 14, 2019|website=Investopedia|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> | | 在统计学中,<font color="#ff8000"> '''分层随机试验 Stratified randomization''' </font>是一种抽样方法,首先将整个研究<font color="#ff8000"> '''总体 Population''' </font>层为具有相同属性或特征的子群,称为<font color="#ff8000"> '''分层 Attributes''' </font>,然后从分层组中进行简单随机抽样,在抽样过程的任何阶段,随机、完全偶然地无偏抽取同一子群中的元素。<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Simple random sample|date=2020-03-18|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simple_random_sample&oldid=946144051|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>分层随机试验被认为是<font color="#ff8000"> '''分层抽样 Stratified sampling''' </font>的一个细分。当共享属性部分存在,并且在被调查总体的不同亚群之间有很大差异时,应该采用分层随机试验。因此,在取样过程中需要特别考虑或明确区分。<ref>{{Citation|title=Stratified sampling|date=2020-02-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stratified_sampling&oldid=939938944|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>这种抽样方法应区别于<font color="#ff8000"> '''整群抽样方法 Cluster sampling''' </font>,整群抽样方法是在整个群体中选择一个简单的随机抽样来代表整个总体,或分层系统抽样方法,在分层过程之后进行<font color="#ff8000"> '''系统抽样 Systematic sampling''' </font>。分层随机抽样有时也称为<font color="#ff8000"> '''定额随机抽样 Quota random sampling''' </font>。<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/032615/what-are-some-examples-stratified-random-sampling.asp|title=How Stratified Random Sampling Works|last=Nickolas|first=Steven|date=July 14, 2019|website=Investopedia|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> |
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| == 分层随机试验的步骤 Steps for stratified randomization== | | == 分层随机试验的步骤 Steps for stratified randomization== |
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| 分层随机试验在目标总体异<font color="#ff8000"> '''质性 Heterogeneous'''</font>的情况下非常有用, 它能有效地显示研究中的趋势或特征在不同阶层之间的差异。<ref name=":3" />当进行分层随机试验时,应采取以下8个步骤:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statisticshowto.com/stratified-random-sample/|title=Stratified Random Sample: Definition, Examples|last=Stephanie|date=Dec 11, 2013|website=Statistics How To|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/stratified-random-sampling/|title=Stratified Random Sampling: Definition, Method and Examples|date=2018-03-13|website=QuestionPro|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> | | 分层随机试验在目标总体异<font color="#ff8000"> '''质性 Heterogeneous'''</font>的情况下非常有用, 它能有效地显示研究中的趋势或特征在不同阶层之间的差异。<ref name=":3" />当进行分层随机试验时,应采取以下8个步骤:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statisticshowto.com/stratified-random-sample/|title=Stratified Random Sample: Definition, Examples|last=Stephanie|date=Dec 11, 2013|website=Statistics How To|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.questionpro.com/blog/stratified-random-sampling/|title=Stratified Random Sampling: Definition, Method and Examples|date=2018-03-13|website=QuestionPro|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref> |
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− | # 定义目标总体 | + | #定义目标总体 |
| #定义分层<font color="#ff8000"> '''变量 Variables''' </font>并决定要创建的分层数量。确定分层变量的标准,包括年龄、社会经济地位、国籍、种族、教育程度等,并应与研究目标相一致。理想情况下,应该使用4-6个阶层,因为任何分层变量的增加将提高其中一些变量抵消其他变量的影响的概率。<ref name=":5" /> | | #定义分层<font color="#ff8000"> '''变量 Variables''' </font>并决定要创建的分层数量。确定分层变量的标准,包括年龄、社会经济地位、国籍、种族、教育程度等,并应与研究目标相一致。理想情况下,应该使用4-6个阶层,因为任何分层变量的增加将提高其中一些变量抵消其他变量的影响的概率。<ref name=":5" /> |
| #使用<font color="#ff8000"> '''抽样框架 Sampling frame''' </font>评估目标总体中的所有元素。之后根据<font color="#ff8000"> '''覆盖率 Coverage''' </font> 和分组进行更改。 | | #使用<font color="#ff8000"> '''抽样框架 Sampling frame''' </font>评估目标总体中的所有元素。之后根据<font color="#ff8000"> '''覆盖率 Coverage''' </font> 和分组进行更改。 |
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| == 技术 Techniques == | | == 技术 Techniques == |
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| [[File:Simple_random_sampling_after_stratification_step.png|thumb|分层后简单随机抽样]] | | [[File:Simple_random_sampling_after_stratification_step.png|thumb|分层后简单随机抽样]] |
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| <font color="#32cd32"> 分层随机试验决定一个或多个预后因素,使亚组平均具有相似的进入特征。Stratified randomization decides one or multiple prognostic factors to make subgroups, on average, have similar entry characteristics.</font> 通过检查先前研究的结果,可以准确地确定患者因素。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sylvester|first=Richard|date=December 1982|title=Fundamentals of clinical trials|journal=Controlled Clinical Trials|volume=3|issue=4|pages=385–386|doi=10.1016/0197-2456(82)90029-0|issn=0197-2456}}</ref> | | <font color="#32cd32"> 分层随机试验决定一个或多个预后因素,使亚组平均具有相似的进入特征。Stratified randomization decides one or multiple prognostic factors to make subgroups, on average, have similar entry characteristics.</font> 通过检查先前研究的结果,可以准确地确定患者因素。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sylvester|first=Richard|date=December 1982|title=Fundamentals of clinical trials|journal=Controlled Clinical Trials|volume=3|issue=4|pages=385–386|doi=10.1016/0197-2456(82)90029-0|issn=0197-2456}}</ref> |
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| 子群的数量可以通过乘以每个因素的层数来计算。在随机化前或随机化时测量因素,并根据测量结果将实验对象分为若干亚组或层。 | | 子群的数量可以通过乘以每个因素的层数来计算。在随机化前或随机化时测量因素,并根据测量结果将实验对象分为若干亚组或层。 |
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| 在每一层中,可以应用几种随机试验策略,包括<font color="#ff8000"> '''简单随机试验 Simple randomization''' </font>、<font color="#ff8000"> '''分块随机试验 Blocked randomization''' </font>和<font color="#ff8000"> '''最小化试验 Minimization''' </font>。 | | 在每一层中,可以应用几种随机试验策略,包括<font color="#ff8000"> '''简单随机试验 Simple randomization''' </font>、<font color="#ff8000"> '''分块随机试验 Blocked randomization''' </font>和<font color="#ff8000"> '''最小化试验 Minimization''' </font>。 |
| === 分层内简单随机抽样 Simple randomization within strata === | | === 分层内简单随机抽样 Simple randomization within strata === |
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| 简单随机试验被认为是在每个阶层中分配受试者的最简单方法。对于每个任务,受试者被完全随机地分配到每个组中。尽管简单的随机化很容易进行,但由于取样量小,分配不均,因此在含有100多个样本的地层中,通常采用简单的随机化方法。尽管很容易进行,但简单随机试验通常应用于包含 100 个以上样本的层,因为小样本量会使分配不均等。<ref name=":0" /> | | 简单随机试验被认为是在每个阶层中分配受试者的最简单方法。对于每个任务,受试者被完全随机地分配到每个组中。尽管简单的随机化很容易进行,但由于取样量小,分配不均,因此在含有100多个样本的地层中,通常采用简单的随机化方法。尽管很容易进行,但简单随机试验通常应用于包含 100 个以上样本的层,因为小样本量会使分配不均等。<ref name=":0" /> |
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| ===分层内的区块随机试验 Block randomization within strata=== | | ===分层内的区块随机试验 Block randomization within strata=== |
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| '''<font color="#ff8000"> 区块随机试验 Block randomization </font>''',有时称为置换区块随机试验,应用区块将来自同一阶层的受试者平均分配到研究中的每个组。 在区块随机试验中,指定了分配比率(一个特定组与其他组的数量之比)和组大小。 块大小必须是处理次数的倍数,以便每个层中的样本可以按预期比例分配到处理组。<ref name=":0" />例如,在一项关于乳腺癌的临床试验中,应该有 4 或 8 个层次,其中年龄和淋巴结状态是两个预后因素(prognostic factors),每个因素分为两个水平。 可以通过多种方式将不同的区块分配给样本,包括随机列表(random list)和计算机编程。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sealedenvelope.com/help/redpill/latest/block/|title=Sealed Envelope {{!}} Random permuted blocks|date=Feb 25, 2020|website=www.sealedenvelope.com|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Friedman|first1=Lawrence M.|title=Introduction to Clinical Trials|date=2010|work=Fundamentals of Clinical Trials|pages=1–18|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=978-1-4419-1585-6|last2=Furberg|first2=Curt D.|last3=DeMets|first3=David L.|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-1586-3_1}}</ref> | | '''<font color="#ff8000"> 区块随机试验 Block randomization </font>''',有时称为置换区块随机试验,应用区块将来自同一阶层的受试者平均分配到研究中的每个组。 在区块随机试验中,指定了分配比率(一个特定组与其他组的数量之比)和组大小。 块大小必须是处理次数的倍数,以便每个层中的样本可以按预期比例分配到处理组。<ref name=":0" />例如,在一项关于乳腺癌的临床试验中,应该有 4 或 8 个层次,其中年龄和淋巴结状态是两个预后因素(prognostic factors),每个因素分为两个水平。 可以通过多种方式将不同的区块分配给样本,包括随机列表(random list)和计算机编程。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sealedenvelope.com/help/redpill/latest/block/|title=Sealed Envelope {{!}} Random permuted blocks|date=Feb 25, 2020|website=www.sealedenvelope.com|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Friedman|first1=Lawrence M.|title=Introduction to Clinical Trials|date=2010|work=Fundamentals of Clinical Trials|pages=1–18|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=978-1-4419-1585-6|last2=Furberg|first2=Curt D.|last3=DeMets|first3=David L.|doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-1586-3_1}}</ref> |
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| 区块随机试验通常用于样本量较大的实验,以避免具有重要特征的样本分配不平衡。 在某些对随机试验有严格要求的领域,如临床试验,当没有对导体(conductors)进行盲法处理且区块块大小有限时,分配是可预测的。 分层中的块置换随机试验可能会随着分层数量的增加和样本量的限制而导致分层之间的样本不平衡,例如,有可能找不到符合某些分层特征的样本<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of clinical trials|others=Friedman, Lawrence M., 1942-, Furberg, Curt,, DeMets, David L., 1944-, Reboussin, David,, Granger, Christopher B.|date=27 August 2015|isbn=978-3-319-18539-2|edition=Fifth|location=New York|oclc=919463985}}</ref>。 | | 区块随机试验通常用于样本量较大的实验,以避免具有重要特征的样本分配不平衡。 在某些对随机试验有严格要求的领域,如临床试验,当没有对导体(conductors)进行盲法处理且区块块大小有限时,分配是可预测的。 分层中的块置换随机试验可能会随着分层数量的增加和样本量的限制而导致分层之间的样本不平衡,例如,有可能找不到符合某些分层特征的样本<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of clinical trials|others=Friedman, Lawrence M., 1942-, Furberg, Curt,, DeMets, David L., 1944-, Reboussin, David,, Granger, Christopher B.|date=27 August 2015|isbn=978-3-319-18539-2|edition=Fifth|location=New York|oclc=919463985}}</ref>。 |
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| ==临床试验中的分层随机试验 Stratified randomization in clinical trials== | | ==临床试验中的分层随机试验 Stratified randomization in clinical trials== |
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| 在'''<font color="#ff8000"> 临床试验 Clinical trials </font>'''中,根据患者的社会和个人背景或与研究相关的任何因素对患者进行分层,以匹配整个患者群体中的每个组。 这样做的目的是建立临床/预后因素(prognostic factor)的平衡,因为如果研究设计不平衡,试验将不会产生有效的结果。<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Polit|first1=DF|title=Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice, 9th ed.|last2=Beck|first2=CT|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.|year=2012|location=Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Klower Health}}</ref> 分层随机化的步骤非常重要,因为它试图确保没有偏见、有意或无意地影响所研究患者样本的代表性。 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omixon.com/patient-stratification-in-clinical-trials/|title=Patient Stratification in Clinical Trials|date=2014-12-01|website=Omixon {{!}} NGS for HLA|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref> 它增加了研究能力,尤其是在小型临床试验中(n<400),因为这些已知的临床特征分层被认为会影响干预的结果。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statisticshowto.com/stratified-randomization/|title=Stratified Randomization in Clinical Trials|last=Stephanie|date=2016-05-20|website=Statistics How To|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>它有助于防止在临床研究中受到高度重视的 '''<font color="#ff8000"> I 型错误 Type I error </font>'''的发生。 <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Kernan|first=W|date=Jan 1999|title=Stratified Randomization for Clinical Trials|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=52|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00138-3|pmid=9973070}}</ref>它还对主动对照等效试验的样本量产生重要影响,并且在理论上有助于'''<font color="#ff8000"> 亚组分析 Subgroup analysis </font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 中期分析 Interim analysis </font>'''。 <ref name=":6" /> | | 在'''<font color="#ff8000"> 临床试验 Clinical trials </font>'''中,根据患者的社会和个人背景或与研究相关的任何因素对患者进行分层,以匹配整个患者群体中的每个组。 这样做的目的是建立临床/预后因素(prognostic factor)的平衡,因为如果研究设计不平衡,试验将不会产生有效的结果。<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Polit|first1=DF|title=Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice, 9th ed.|last2=Beck|first2=CT|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.|year=2012|location=Philadelphia, USA: Wolters Klower Health}}</ref> 分层随机化的步骤非常重要,因为它试图确保没有偏见、有意或无意地影响所研究患者样本的代表性。 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.omixon.com/patient-stratification-in-clinical-trials/|title=Patient Stratification in Clinical Trials|date=2014-12-01|website=Omixon {{!}} NGS for HLA|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref> 它增加了研究能力,尤其是在小型临床试验中(n<400),因为这些已知的临床特征分层被认为会影响干预的结果。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statisticshowto.com/stratified-randomization/|title=Stratified Randomization in Clinical Trials|last=Stephanie|date=2016-05-20|website=Statistics How To|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>它有助于防止在临床研究中受到高度重视的 '''<font color="#ff8000"> I 型错误 Type I error </font>'''的发生。 <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Kernan|first=W|date=Jan 1999|title=Stratified Randomization for Clinical Trials|journal=Journal of Clinical Epidemiology|volume=52|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00138-3|pmid=9973070}}</ref>它还对主动对照等效试验的样本量产生重要影响,并且在理论上有助于'''<font color="#ff8000"> 亚组分析 Subgroup analysis </font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 中期分析 Interim analysis </font>'''。 <ref name=":6" /> |
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| #如果人口不能完全分配到层中,则不能应用分层抽样,这将导致样本大小与可用样本成正比,而不是与总体子组人口成正比。<ref name=":0" /> | | #如果人口不能完全分配到层中,则不能应用分层抽样,这将导致样本大小与可用样本成正比,而不是与总体子组人口成正比。<ref name=":0" /> |
| #如果受试者符合多层次的纳入标准,则将样本分配到亚组的过程可能涉及重叠,这可能导致总体的错误陈述。<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last1=Glass|first1=Aenne|title=Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Stratification in Methods of Randomization|date=2014|work=Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics|pages=239–246|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=978-1-4939-2103-4|last2=Kundt|first2=Guenther|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2104-1_23}}</ref> | | #如果受试者符合多层次的纳入标准,则将样本分配到亚组的过程可能涉及重叠,这可能导致总体的错误陈述。<ref name=":2">{{Citation|last1=Glass|first1=Aenne|title=Potential Advantages and Disadvantages of Stratification in Methods of Randomization|date=2014|work=Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics|pages=239–246|publisher=Springer New York|isbn=978-1-4939-2103-4|last2=Kundt|first2=Guenther|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-2104-1_23}}</ref> |
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| # It is easier for a team to be trained to stratify a sample because of the exactness of the nature of stratified randomization.<ref name=":0" /> | | # It is easier for a team to be trained to stratify a sample because of the exactness of the nature of stratified randomization.<ref name=":0" /> |
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| 分层随机抽样在特定地层需要不同权重的情况下是有用的和有效的。通过这种方式,研究人员可以操纵来自每个阶层的选择机制,以便在调查结果中放大或减少所需的特征。 | | 分层随机抽样在特定地层需要不同权重的情况下是有用的和有效的。通过这种方式,研究人员可以操纵来自每个阶层的选择机制,以便在调查结果中放大或减少所需的特征。 |
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| Stratified randomization is helpful when researchers intend to seek for associations between two or more strata, as simple random sampling causes a larger chance of unequal representation of target groups. It is also useful when the researchers wish to eliminate confounders in observational studies as stratified random sampling allows the adjustments of covariances and the p-values for more accurate results. | | Stratified randomization is helpful when researchers intend to seek for associations between two or more strata, as simple random sampling causes a larger chance of unequal representation of target groups. It is also useful when the researchers wish to eliminate confounders in observational studies as stratified random sampling allows the adjustments of covariances and the p-values for more accurate results. |
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| 当研究人员试图寻找两个或多个阶层之间的联系时,分层随机化是有帮助的,因为简单的随机抽样会导致目标群体代表性不平等的可能性更大。当研究人员希望在观察研究中消除混杂因素时,这也是有用的,因为分层随机抽样允许调整协方差和 p 值以获得更准确的结果。 | | 当研究人员试图寻找两个或多个阶层之间的联系时,分层随机化是有帮助的,因为简单的随机抽样会导致目标群体代表性不平等的可能性更大。当研究人员希望在观察研究中消除混杂因素时,这也是有用的,因为分层随机抽样允许调整协方差和 p 值以获得更准确的结果。 |
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| Confounding factors are important to consider in clinical trials | | Confounding factors are important to consider in clinical trials |
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| 在临床试验中,混杂因素是需要考虑的重要因素 | | 在临床试验中,混杂因素是需要考虑的重要因素 |
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| There is also a higher level of statistical accuracy for stratified random sampling compared with simple random sampling, due to the high relevance of elements chosen to represent the population. The step of stratified randomization is extremely important as an attempt to ensure that no bias, delibrate or accidental, affects the representative nature of the patient sample under study. It increases the study power, especially in small clinical trials(n<400), as these known clinical traits stratified are thought to effect the outcomes of the interventions. It helps prevent the occurrence of type I error, which is valued highly in clinical studies. It also has an important effect on sample size for active control equivalence trials and in theory, facilitates subgroup analysis and interim analysis. | | There is also a higher level of statistical accuracy for stratified random sampling compared with simple random sampling, due to the high relevance of elements chosen to represent the population. The step of stratified randomization is extremely important as an attempt to ensure that no bias, delibrate or accidental, affects the representative nature of the patient sample under study. It increases the study power, especially in small clinical trials(n<400), as these known clinical traits stratified are thought to effect the outcomes of the interventions. It helps prevent the occurrence of type I error, which is valued highly in clinical studies. It also has an important effect on sample size for active control equivalence trials and in theory, facilitates subgroup analysis and interim analysis. |
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| 与简单随机抽样相比,分层随机抽样具有更高的统计准确性,因为所选择的元素代表总体具有高度的相关性。分层随机化的步骤是非常重要的,它试图确保没有偏差,取样或偶然,影响研究中患者样本的代表性。它增加了研究力量,特别是在小型临床试验(n < 400) ,因为这些已知的临床特征分层被认为影响干预的结果。它有助于防止 i 型错误的发生,这在临床研究中是很有价值的。它还对主动控制等效试验的样本容量有重要影响,并在理论上简化了亚组分析和中期分析。 | | 与简单随机抽样相比,分层随机抽样具有更高的统计准确性,因为所选择的元素代表总体具有高度的相关性。分层随机化的步骤是非常重要的,它试图确保没有偏差,取样或偶然,影响研究中患者样本的代表性。它增加了研究力量,特别是在小型临床试验(n < 400) ,因为这些已知的临床特征分层被认为影响干预的结果。它有助于防止 i 型错误的发生,这在临床研究中是很有价值的。它还对主动控制等效试验的样本容量有重要影响,并在理论上简化了亚组分析和中期分析。 |
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| The subgroup size is taken to be of the same importance if the data available cannot represent overall subgroup population. In some applications, subgroup size is decided with reference to the amount of data available instead of scaling sample sizes to subgroup size, which would introduce bias in the effects of factors. In some cases that data needs to be stratified by variances, subgroup variances differ significantly, making each subgroup sampling size proportional to the overall subgroup population cannot be guaranteed. | | The subgroup size is taken to be of the same importance if the data available cannot represent overall subgroup population. In some applications, subgroup size is decided with reference to the amount of data available instead of scaling sample sizes to subgroup size, which would introduce bias in the effects of factors. In some cases that data needs to be stratified by variances, subgroup variances differ significantly, making each subgroup sampling size proportional to the overall subgroup population cannot be guaranteed. |
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| 如果总体不能完全分配到地层中,那么分层抽样就不能应用,这将导致样本大小与可用样本成比例,而不是整个子群总体。 | | 如果总体不能完全分配到地层中,那么分层抽样就不能应用,这将导致样本大小与可用样本成比例,而不是整个子群总体。 |
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| The process of assigning samples into subgroups could involve overlapping if subjects meet the inclusion standard of multiple strata, which could result in a misrepresentation of the population. | | The process of assigning samples into subgroups could involve overlapping if subjects meet the inclusion standard of multiple strata, which could result in a misrepresentation of the population. |
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| 如果受试者符合多个阶层的包含标准,将样本分配到各个子群组的过程可能会涉及重叠,这可能会导致人口的不正当手法引诱。 | | 如果受试者符合多个阶层的包含标准,将样本分配到各个子群组的过程可能会涉及重叠,这可能会导致人口的不正当手法引诱。 |
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| Simple randomization is considered as the easiest method for allocating subjects in each stratum. Subjects are assigned to each group purely randomly for every assignment. Even though it is easy to conduct, simple randomization is commonly applied in strata that contain more than 100 samples since a small sampling size would make assignment unequal. | | Simple randomization is considered as the easiest method for allocating subjects in each stratum. Subjects are assigned to each group purely randomly for every assignment. Even though it is easy to conduct, simple randomization is commonly applied in strata that contain more than 100 samples since a small sampling size would make assignment unequal. |
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| 简单随机化被认为是最简单的方法分配主体在每个阶层。每次分配的主题都是随机分配给每个小组的。尽管简单的随机化方法易于实施,但是由于小样本容易造成分配不等,因此在样本数超过100个的地层中常常采用简单的随机化方法。 | | 简单随机化被认为是最简单的方法分配主体在每个阶层。每次分配的主题都是随机分配给每个小组的。尽管简单的随机化方法易于实施,但是由于小样本容易造成分配不等,因此在样本数超过100个的地层中常常采用简单的随机化方法。 |
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| In order to guarantee the similarity of each treatment group, the "minimization" method attempts are made, which is more direct than random permuted block within strats. In the minimization method, samples in each stratum are assigned to treatment groups based on the sum of samples in each treatment group, which makes the number of subjects keep balance among the group. | | In order to guarantee the similarity of each treatment group, the "minimization" method attempts are made, which is more direct than random permuted block within strats. In the minimization method, samples in each stratum are assigned to treatment groups based on the sum of samples in each treatment group, which makes the number of subjects keep balance among the group. |