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== In philosophy在哲学上 ==

== 在哲学上 ==

Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the [[etiology]] of a [[system]]'s properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. [[Nicolai Hartmann]] (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a ''categorial novum'' (new category).

Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the [[etiology]] of a [[system]]'s properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. [[Nicolai Hartmann]] (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a ''categorial novum'' (new category).

哲学家通常把涌现理解为一种对系统特性的发生学主张。在这个语境里，系统的涌现特性不是系统的任何组件的属性，但仍然是整个系统的一个特征。尼古拉·哈特曼 Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950) ，首批写出涌现论的现代哲学家之一，把这种现象称为''categorial novum'' (新的范畴)。

哲学家通常把涌现理解为一种对系统特性的发生学主张。在这个语境里，系统的涌现特性不是系统的任何组件的属性，但仍然是整个系统的一个特征。尼古拉·哈特曼 Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950) ，首批写出涌现论的现代哲学家之一，把这种现象称为''categorial novum'' (新的范畴)。

===定义 ===

=== 定义 ===

This concept of emergence dates from at least the time of [[Aristotle]].<ref name="Meta">Aristotle, ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)]]'', Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</ref> The many scientists and philosophers<ref>

This concept of emergence dates from at least the time of [[Aristotle]].<ref name="Meta">Aristotle, ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)]]'', Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</ref> The many scientists and philosophers<ref>

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===Strong and weak emergence强涌现和弱涌现===

===强涌现和弱涌现===

 

 

Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is ''Weak Emergence'', by philosopher [[Mark Bedau]]. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flight of starlings or a school of fishes, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not (for example in a chemical reaction), a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated or analysed.

Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is ''Weak Emergence'', by philosopher [[Mark Bedau]]. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flight of starlings or a school of fishes, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not (for example in a chemical reaction), a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated or analysed.

====Rejecting the distinction拒绝区分====

====拒绝区分====

把一切都简化为简单的基本定律的能力并不意味着从这些定律出发并重建宇宙的能力。当面对规模和复杂性的双重困难时，建构主义假设就失败了。在复杂性的每个层级上，都会出现全新的属性。心理学不是应用生物学，生物学也不是应用化学。我们现在可以看到，整体不仅变得更多，而且与各部分的总和大不相同。 / blockquote

把一切都简化为简单的基本定律的能力并不意味着从这些定律出发并重建宇宙的能力。当面对规模和复杂性的双重困难时，建构主义假设就失败了。在复杂性的每个层级上，都会出现全新的属性。心理学不是应用生物学，生物学也不是应用化学。我们现在可以看到，整体不仅变得更多，而且与各部分的总和大不相同。 / blockquote

====Viability of strong emergence====

====强烈涌现的可能性====

 

Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes:

Some thinkers question the plausibility of strong emergence as contravening our usual understanding of physics. Mark A. Bedau observes:

尽管宏观概念对于理解我们的世界来说是必不可少的，大部分的基础物理学已经致力于寻找一个万有理论，一个完美描述所有基本粒子行为的方程组。这种观点这是科学目标的观点，部分依赖于这样一个理论的基本原理，即这样一个理论将允许我们得出所有宏观概念的行为，至少在原则上是这样的。我们提供的证据表明，这种观点可能过于乐观。“万有理论”是完全理解宇宙所必需的许多要素之一，但不一定是唯一的要素。从第一原理发展宏观定律可能不仅仅涉及系统的逻辑，而且可能需要实验、模拟或洞察力的推测。 / blockquote

尽管宏观概念对于理解我们的世界来说是必不可少的，大部分的基础物理学已经致力于寻找一个万有理论，一个完美描述所有基本粒子行为的方程组。这种观点这是科学目标的观点，部分依赖于这样一个理论的基本原理，即这样一个理论将允许我们得出所有宏观概念的行为，至少在原则上是这样的。我们提供的证据表明，这种观点可能过于乐观。“万有理论”是完全理解宇宙所必需的许多要素之一，但不一定是唯一的要素。从第一原理发展宏观定律可能不仅仅涉及系统的逻辑，而且可能需要实验、模拟或洞察力的推测。 / blockquote

===Emergence and interaction涌现和相互作用===

===涌现和相互作用===

涌现结构是通过许多单个实体的集体行动而出现的模式。为了解释这种模式，人们可能会得出结论，按照亚里士多德的说法，每个部分与其周围环境的相互作用导致了一系列复杂的过程，这些过程可以导致某种形式的秩序。事实上，我们观察到自然界中的一些系统是基于自治部分的相互作用而呈现出涌现的，而另一些系统则呈现出涌现，至少目前不能以这种方式进行简化。特别是理论物理学中的重整化方法使得科学家们能够研究那些不能作为各部分组合来处理的系统。

涌现结构是通过许多单个实体的集体行动而出现的模式。为了解释这种模式，人们可能会得出结论，按照亚里士多德的说法，每个部分与其周围环境的相互作用导致了一系列复杂的过程，这些过程可以导致某种形式的秩序。事实上，我们观察到自然界中的一些系统是基于自治部分的相互作用而呈现出涌现的，而另一些系统则呈现出涌现，至少目前不能以这种方式进行简化。特别是理论物理学中的重整化方法使得科学家们能够研究那些不能作为各部分组合来处理的系统。

===客观或主观的品质Objective or subjective quality===

===客观或主观的品质===

另一方面，混乱、不可预知的行为也可以被视为主观涌现，而在微观尺度上，组成部分的运动可以是完全确定的。

另一方面，混乱、不可预知的行为也可以被视为主观涌现，而在微观尺度上，组成部分的运动可以是完全确定的。

==In religion, art and humanities==

==在宗教、艺术和人文学科==

 

In religion, emergence grounds expressions of [[religious naturalism]] and [[syntheism]] in which a sense of the [[sacred]] is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more [[Complexity|complex]] forms arise or evolve from simpler forms. Examples are detailed in ''The Sacred Emergence of Nature'' by [[Ursula Goodenough]] & [[Terrence Deacon]] and [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html ''Beyond Reductionism: Reinventing the Sacred''] by [[Stuart Kauffman]], both from 2006, and in ''Syntheism – Creating God in The Internet Age'' by [[Alexander Bard]] & [[Jan Söderqvist]] from 2014. An early argument (1904–05) for the emergence of social formations, in part stemming from religion, can be found in [[Max Weber]]'s most famous work, ''[[The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism]]''.<ref>McKinnon, AM. (2010). 'Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic: Weber and the chemistry of capitalism'. Sociological Theory, vol 28, no. 1, pp. 108–26.{{cite web |url=http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3035/1/McKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818023547/http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3035/1/McKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-18 }}</ref> Recently, the emergence of a new social system is linked with the emergence of order from nonlinear relationships among multiple interacting units, where multiple interacting units are individual thoughts, consciousness, and actions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Complexification: Explaining a paradoxical world through the science of surprise|last=Casti, J. L.|publisher=Harper Collins|year=1994|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref>

In religion, emergence grounds expressions of [[religious naturalism]] and [[syntheism]] in which a sense of the [[sacred]] is perceived in the workings of entirely naturalistic processes by which more [[Complexity|complex]] forms arise or evolve from simpler forms. Examples are detailed in ''The Sacred Emergence of Nature'' by [[Ursula Goodenough]] & [[Terrence Deacon]] and [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman06/kauffman06_index.html ''Beyond Reductionism: Reinventing the Sacred''] by [[Stuart Kauffman]], both from 2006, and in ''Syntheism – Creating God in The Internet Age'' by [[Alexander Bard]] & [[Jan Söderqvist]] from 2014. An early argument (1904–05) for the emergence of social formations, in part stemming from religion, can be found in [[Max Weber]]'s most famous work, ''[[The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism]]''.<ref>McKinnon, AM. (2010). 'Elective affinities of the Protestant ethic: Weber and the chemistry of capitalism'. Sociological Theory, vol 28, no. 1, pp. 108–26.{{cite web |url=http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3035/1/McKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-26 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818023547/http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3035/1/McKinnon_Elective_Affinities_final_non_format.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-18 }}</ref> Recently, the emergence of a new social system is linked with the emergence of order from nonlinear relationships among multiple interacting units, where multiple interacting units are individual thoughts, consciousness, and actions.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Complexification: Explaining a paradoxical world through the science of surprise|last=Casti, J. L.|publisher=Harper Collins|year=1994|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref>

涌现有助于解释为什么分割谬误是一个谬论。

涌现有助于解释为什么分割谬误是一个谬论。

==Emergent structures in nature 自然界中的涌现结构 ==

== 自然界中的涌现结构 ==

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[[File:Sand dune ripples.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Ripple patterns in a [[sand dune]] created by wind or water is an example of an emergent structure in nature.]]

[[File:Sand dune ripples.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Ripple patterns in a [[sand dune]] created by wind or water is an example of an emergent structure in nature.]]

===Nonliving, physical systems 无生命的物理系统===

===无生命的物理系统===

Laughlin(2005)认为，对于许多粒子系统来说，从微观方程中无法精确地计算出任何东西，宏观系统是通过破缺的对称性来刻画: 由于相变的存在，微观方程中存在的对称性无法在宏观系统中存在。因此，这些宏观系统需要用它们自己的术语来描述，并且具有许多不依赖微观细节的性质。这并不意味着宏观性质和微观的相互作用无关，只是你不再看到它们了，你只看到它们的'''重整化效应 Renormalized Effect'''。Laughlin是一个务实的理论物理学家: 如果你不能从微观尺度的方程中计算出对称性破缺的宏观性质，那么谈论'''还原性 Reducibility'''还有什么意义？

Laughlin(2005)认为，对于许多粒子系统来说，从微观方程中无法精确地计算出任何东西，宏观系统是通过破缺的对称性来刻画: 由于相变的存在，微观方程中存在的对称性无法在宏观系统中存在。因此，这些宏观系统需要用它们自己的术语来描述，并且具有许多不依赖微观细节的性质。这并不意味着宏观性质和微观的相互作用无关，只是你不再看到它们了，你只看到它们的'''重整化效应 Renormalized Effect'''。Laughlin是一个务实的理论物理学家: 如果你不能从微观尺度的方程中计算出对称性破缺的宏观性质，那么谈论'''还原性 Reducibility'''还有什么意义？

===Living, biological systems===

===生命，生物系统===

 

生命，生物系统

 

 

 

 

 

 

====Emergence and evolution 涌现与进化====

 

 

 

--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring 翻译为 春季和夏末的降雨情况

--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]） late summer rains and lack of activity in the spring 翻译为 春季和夏末的降雨情况

====Organization of life 生命的组织====

====生命的组织====

从生命的生物组织，从亚原子水平到整个生物圈，我们可以看到生物涌现特性的一个更广泛的例子。例如，单个原子可以结合形成多肽链之类的分子，多肽链再折叠形成蛋白质，而蛋白质又形成更复杂的结构。这些蛋白质，从它们的空间构象中获得它们的功能状态，并与其他分子相互作用，实现更高的生物功能，最终创造出一个生物体。另一个例子是'''级联表型反应 Cascade Phenotype Reactions'''，如混沌理论中详细描述的，级联表型反应产生于个体基因在特定位置的变异。在最高层次上，世界上所有的生物群落形成了生物圈，其中，人类形成了人类社会，并形成了诸如股票市场等元社会系统的复杂相互作用。

从生命的生物组织，从亚原子水平到整个生物圈，我们可以看到生物涌现特性的一个更广泛的例子。例如，单个原子可以结合形成多肽链之类的分子，多肽链再折叠形成蛋白质，而蛋白质又形成更复杂的结构。这些蛋白质，从它们的空间构象中获得它们的功能状态，并与其他分子相互作用，实现更高的生物功能，最终创造出一个生物体。另一个例子是'''级联表型反应 Cascade Phenotype Reactions'''，如混沌理论中详细描述的，级联表型反应产生于个体基因在特定位置的变异。在最高层次上，世界上所有的生物群落形成了生物圈，其中，人类形成了人类社会，并形成了诸如股票市场等元社会系统的复杂相互作用。

====Emergence of mind 思想的出现====

====心灵的涌现====

心智的涌现及其演化被认为是特殊系统知识中的一个独立的现象，被称为''心智演化 Noogenesis''。

心智的涌现及其演化被认为是特殊系统知识中的一个独立的现象，被称为''心智演化 Noogenesis''。

==In humanity在人类学中 ==

==在人类学中 ==

 

 

 

 

 

 

====经济学====

 

 

====Economics经济学====

 

 

The [[stock market]] (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no [[Economic planning|central planning]] is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by [[technical analysis|technical analysts]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}.

The [[stock market]] (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no [[Economic planning|central planning]] is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by [[technical analysis|technical analysts]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}.

====World Wide Web and the Internet万维网与互联网====

===万维网与互联网====

====Architecture and cities建筑与城市====

====建筑与城市====

/ 参考

/ 参考

===Computer AI===

===计算机人工智能==

Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications utilize emergent behavior for animation. One example is [[Boids]], which mimics the [[swarming behavior]] of birds.

Some artificially intelligent (AI) computer applications utilize emergent behavior for animation. One example is [[Boids]], which mimics the [[swarming behavior]] of birds.

一些人工智能(AI)计算机应用程序利用涌现行为进行动画制作。一个例子是Boids模型，它模仿鸟类的群体行为。

一些人工智能(AI)计算机应用程序利用涌现行为进行动画制作。一个例子是Boids模型，它模仿鸟类的群体行为。

===Language语言===

===语言===

 

 

 

It has been argued that the structure and regularity of [[language]] [[grammar]], or at least [[language change]], is an emergent phenomenon {{Harv|Hopper|1998}}. While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed {{Harv|Keller|1994}}. In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances {{Harv|Määttä|2000}}.

It has been argued that the structure and regularity of [[language]] [[grammar]], or at least [[language change]], is an emergent phenomenon {{Harv|Hopper|1998}}. While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed {{Harv|Keller|1994}}. In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances {{Harv|Määttä|2000}}.

It has been argued that the structure and regularity of language grammar, or at least language change, is an emergent phenomenon . While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed . In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances .

It has been argued that the structure and regularity of language grammar, or at least language change, is an emergent phenomenon . While each speaker merely tries to reach his or her own communicative goals, he or she uses language in a particular way. If enough speakers behave in that way, language is changed . In a wider sense, the norms of a language, i.e. the linguistic conventions of its speech society, can be seen as a system emerging from long-time participation in communicative problem-solving in various social circumstances .

 

 

 

 

 

 

Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include [[SEED-SCALE]], [[appreciative inquiry]], Future Search, the world cafe or [[knowledge cafe]], [[Open Space Technology]], and others (Holman, 2010<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holman|first=Peggy|date=December 2010 – January 2011|title=Engaging Emergence: Turning Upheaval into Opportunity|url=http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|journal=Pegasus Communication: The Systems Thinker|volume=21|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418075443/http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-18}}</ref>).

Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include [[SEED-SCALE]], [[appreciative inquiry]], Future Search, the world cafe or [[knowledge cafe]], [[Open Space Technology]], and others (Holman, 2010<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holman|first=Peggy|date=December 2010 – January 2011|title=Engaging Emergence: Turning Upheaval into Opportunity|url=http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|journal=Pegasus Communication: The Systems Thinker|volume=21|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418075443/http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-18}}</ref>).

Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include SEED-SCALE, appreciative inquiry, Future Search, the world cafe or knowledge cafe, Open Space Technology, and others (Holman, 2010).

Within the field of group facilitation and organization development, there have been a number of new group processes that are designed to maximize emergence and self-organization, by offering a minimal set of effective initial conditions. Examples of these processes include SEED-SCALE, appreciative inquiry, Future Search, the world cafe or knowledge cafe, Open Space Technology, and others (Holman, 2010).

在群体促进和组织发展的领域内，已经有一些新的群体过程，意在通过提供一组最小的有效初始条件去最大限度地实现涌现和自组织。这些过程的例子包括SEED-SCALE、赏识调查、未来探索、世界咖啡馆或知识咖啡馆、开放空间技术等(Holman, 2010)。

在群体引导和组织发展的领域内，已经有提出了一些新的群体过程，意在通过提供一组最小化的初始条件去最大限度地实现涌现和自组织。这些过程的例子包括 SEED-SCALE、赏识调查、未来探索、世界咖啡馆或知识咖啡馆、开放空间技术等(Holman, 2010)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holman|first=Peggy|date=December 2010 – January 2011|title=Engaging Emergence: Turning Upheaval into Opportunity|url=http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|journal=Pegasus Communication: The Systems Thinker|volume=21|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418075443/http://peggyholman.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/211001pkSystems-Thinkerarticle.pdf|archivedate=2013-04-18}}</ref>。

==References==

==参考文献==

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=Wong>

<ref name=Wong>

===Bibliography===

===引用===

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* {{cite book|last=Steels|first=L|chapter=Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality|editor-last1=Meyer|editor-first1=J.-A.|editor-last2=Wiloson|editor-first2=S. W.|title=From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior|pages=451–461|location=Cambridge|publisher=MIT Press|date=1991}}

* {{cite book|last=Steels|first=L|chapter=Towards a Theory of Emergent Functionality|editor-last1=Meyer|editor-first1=J.-A.|editor-last2=Wiloson|editor-first2=S. W.|title=From Animals to Animats: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior|pages=451–461|location=Cambridge|publisher=MIT Press|date=1991}}

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==拓展阅读==

==拓展阅读==

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==外部链接==

==外部链接==