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第286行：
第286行： − − 第293行：
第291行： − 克拉奇菲尔德认为任何系统的复杂性和组织性都是由观察者的主观品质所决定的。+ − − − 第303行：
第298行： − 尽管是必要的科学活动，定义结构和探测自然界复杂性的出现本质上是主观的。尽管存在这些困难，这些问题可以从建模观察者如何从测量中推断出嵌入在非线性过程中的计算能力的角度进行分析。观察者对于什么是有序的，什么是随机的，什么是复杂的环境的概念直接取决于它的计算资源: 原始测量数据的数量，内存，以及可用于估计和推断的时间。环境中结构的发现更加关键性地和微妙地取决于这些资源是如何组织的。例如，观察者选择的(或隐含的)计算模型类的描述能力，可以是在数据中找到规律性的一个压倒性的决定因素。 + − − {{cite journal − − {引用期刊 − − | last1 = Crutchfield − − − 1 Crutchfield − − − | first1 = James P. − − 第一名: 詹姆斯 · p。 − − | author-link1 = James P. Crutchfield − − − 1 James p. Crutchfield − − | year = 1993 − − − 1993年 − − | title = The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction − − − 浮现的计算: 计算、动力学和归纳 − − − | url = http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/CalcEmergTitlePage.htm − − Http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/calcemergtitlepage.htm − − | journal = Physica − − − 物理学杂志 − − − | series = D − − 系列 d − − | location = Utrecht − − − | 地点: 乌得勒支 − − | publication-date = 1994 − − − 1994年出版 − − | volume = 75 − − − 第75卷 − − − | issue = 1–3 − − 第一季第三集 − − − | pages = 11–54 − − 第11-54页 − − | issn = − − | issn = − − 不会有事的 − − | access-date = 24 Mar 2019 − − − | 存取日期: 2019年3月24日 − − | bibcode = 1994PhyD...75...11C − − − 1994 / phyd... 75... 11C − − | doi = 10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9 − − − | doi 10.1016 / 0167-2789(94)90273-9 − − }} − − − }} − − − </ref> − − / 参考 − − </blockquote> − − − / blockquote − − − 第438行：
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第332行： − + − − − − See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110 − − 请参阅详细资料。卡洛 · 罗维利: 时间之谜，2017年，第10部分: 透视，第105-110页（这本书有中文资料） − − − </ref> − / 参考
→客观或主观的品质
===客观或主观的品质===
===客观或主观的品质===
Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as [[Subjectivity|subjective]] [[Quality (philosophy)|qualities]] determined by the observer.
Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as [[Subjectivity|subjective]] [[Quality (philosophy)|qualities]] determined by the observer.
Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as subjective qualities determined by the observer.
Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as subjective qualities determined by the observer.
克拉奇菲尔德认为任何系统的复杂性和组织性都是由观察者主观所决定的。
<blockquote>Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<ref>
<blockquote>Defining structure and detecting the emergence of complexity in nature are inherently subjective, though essential, scientific activities. Despite the difficulties, these problems can be analysed in terms of how model-building observers infer from measurements the computational capabilities embedded in non-linear processes. An observer’s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference. The discovery of structure in an environment depends more critically and subtly, though, on how those resources are organized. The descriptive power of the observer’s chosen (or implicit) computational model class, for example, can be an overwhelming determinant in finding regularity in data.<ref>
尽管是必要的科学活动，定义结构和探测自然界复杂性的涌现本质上是主观的。尽管存在这些困难，这些问题可以从建模观察者如何从测量中推断出在非线性过程中蕴含的计算的角度进行分析。观察者对于什么是有序的，什么是随机的，什么是复杂的环境的概念直接取决于它的计算资源: 原始测量数据的数量，存储空间，以及可用于计算的时间。更关键和微妙的一点是，环境中结构的发现取决于这些计算资源是如何被使用的。例如，观察者选择的(或隐含的)计算模型的描述能力，是能否在数据中找到规律性的一个极端重要的决定因素。 <ref>
{{cite journal
{{cite journal
| last1 = Crutchfield
| last1 = Crutchfield
| first1 = James P.
| first1 = James P.
| author-link1 = James P. Crutchfield
| author-link1 = James P. Crutchfield
| year = 1993
| year = 1993
| title = The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction
| title = The Calculi of Emergence: Computation, Dynamics, and Induction
| url = http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/CalcEmergTitlePage.htm
| url = http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/CalcEmergTitlePage.htm
| journal = Physica
| journal = Physica
| series = D
| series = D
| location = Utrecht
| location = Utrecht
| publication-date = 1994
| publication-date = 1994
| volume = 75
| volume = 75
| issue = 1–3
| issue = 1–3
| pages = 11–54
| pages = 11–54
| access-date = 24 Mar 2019
| access-date = 24 Mar 2019
| bibcode = 1994PhyD...75...11C
| bibcode = 1994PhyD...75...11C
| doi = 10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9
| doi = 10.1016/0167-2789(94)90273-9
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
On the other hand, Peter Corning argues: "Must the synergies be perceived/observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim? Most emphatically not. The synergies associated with emergence are real and measurable, even if nobody is there to observe them."
On the other hand, Peter Corning argues: "Must the synergies be perceived/observed in order to qualify as emergent effects, as some theorists claim? Most emphatically not. The synergies associated with emergence are real and measurable, even if nobody is there to observe them."
另一方面，彼得·康宁认为: “难道协同作用必须被感知 / 观察，才能像某些理论家所说的那样，被称为涌现效应吗？很明显不是。与涌现相关的协同效应是真实的、可衡量的，即使没有人在那里观察它们。”
另一方面，彼得·康宁认为: “难道协同作用必须被感知/观察，才能像某些理论家所说的那样，被称为涌现效应吗？很明显不是。与涌现相关的协同效应是真实的、可衡量的，即使没有人在那里观察它们。”
The low entropy of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<ref>
The low entropy of an ordered system can be viewed as an example of subjective emergence: the observer sees an ordered system by ignoring the underlying microstructure (i.e. movement of molecules or elementary particles) and concludes that the system has a low entropy.<ref>
有序系统的低熵值可以看作是主观涌现的一个例子: 观察者通过忽略基本的微观结构(例如:。分子或基本粒子的运动) ，并得出结论，该系统有低的熵值
有序系统的低熵值可以看作是主观涌现的一个例子: 观察者通过忽略基本的微观结构(例如分子或基本粒子的运动)，并得出结论，该系统有低的熵值<ref>See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110</ref>
See f.i. Carlo Rovelli: The mystery of time, 2017, part 10: Perspective, p.105-110
</ref>
On the other hand, chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent, while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
On the other hand, chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can also be seen as subjective emergent, while at a microscopic scale the movement of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.