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The formation of complex symmetrical and [[fractal patterns in snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system.]]
The formation of complex symmetrical and [[fractal patterns in snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system.]]
复杂对称的形成以及[科赫雪花中的分形图案说明了物理系统的涌现]
[[File:Termite Cathedral DSC03570.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.10|A [[termite]] "cathedral" mound produced by a [[termites|termite colony]] offers a classic example of emergence in [[nature]]|链接=Special:FilePath/Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg]]
[[File:Termite Cathedral DSC03570.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.10|A [[termite]] "cathedral" mound produced by a [[termites|termite colony]] offers a classic example of emergence in [[nature]]|链接=Special:FilePath/Termite_Cathedral_DSC03570.jpg]]
一个由[白蚁聚居地制造的白蚁“大教堂”建筑高地为我们提供了一个涌现的经典例子]
一个由[白蚁聚居地制造的白蚁“大教堂”建筑高地为我们提供了一个涌现的经典例子]
In [[philosophy]], [[systems theory]], [[science]], and [[art]], '''emergence''' occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own.
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when an entity is observed to have properties its parts do not have on their own. These properties or behaviors emerge only when the parts interact in a wider whole. For example, smooth forward motion emerges when a bicycle and its rider interoperate, but neither part can produce the behavior on their own.
在哲学、系统论、科学和艺术中，当一个实体被观察到具有其所有组成部分本身没有的属性时，'''涌现''' '''emergence''' 就出现了。这些属性或行为只有当各个部分在一个更广泛的整体中相互作用时才会涌现。例如，当一辆自行车和骑手互动时，平稳的向前运动就出现了，但是两个部分都不能独自产生这种行为。
Emergence plays a central role in theories of [[integrative level]]s and of [[complex system]]s. For instance, the phenomenon of ''[[life]]'' as studied in [[biology]] is an emergent property of [[chemistry]], and [[psychology|psychological]] phenomena emerge from the [[neurobiology|neurobiological]] phenomena of living things.
Emergence plays a central role in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. For instance, the phenomenon of life as studied in biology is an emergent property of chemistry, and psychological phenomena emerge from the neurobiological phenomena of living things.
涌现的概念在'''整合层次理论 theories of integrative levels''' 和'''复杂系统 theories of complex systems''' 理论中扮处于核心地位。例如，生物学所研究的生命现象是化学的一个涌现特性，而心理现象是从生物的神经生物学现象中涌现出的。
In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called [[emergentism]]. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of [[epistemic]] or [[ontological]] irreducibility to the lower levels.<ref name="Wong" />
In philosophy, theories that emphasize emergent properties have been called emergentism. Almost all accounts of emergentism include a form of epistemic or ontological irreducibility to the lower levels.
在哲学中，强调涌现特性的理论被称为'''涌现论/涌现主义 emergentism'''。几乎所有涌现主义的叙述都包括一种认识论意义或本体论意义的'''不可化约性 irreducibility'''。
== 在哲学上 ==
== 在哲学上 ==
Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the [[etiology]] of a [[system]]'s properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. [[Nicolai Hartmann]] (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a ''categorial novum'' (new category).
Philosophers often understand emergence as a claim about the etiology of a system's properties. An emergent property of a system, in this context, is one that is not a property of any component of that system, but is still a feature of the system as a whole. Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950), one of the first modern philosophers to write on emergence, termed this a categorial novum (new category).
哲学家通常把涌现理解为一种对系统特性的发生学主张。在这个语境里，系统的涌现特性不是系统的任何组件的属性，但仍然是整个系统的一个特征。尼古拉·哈特曼 Nicolai Hartmann (1882-1950) ，首批写出涌现论的现代哲学家之一，把这种现象称为''categorial novum'' (新的范畴)。
=== 定义 ===
=== 定义 ===
2002年，系统科学家彼得·康宁（Peter Corning）更详细地描述了戈尔茨坦的定义:
2002年，系统科学家彼得·康宁（Peter Corning）更详细地描述了戈尔茨坦的定义:
<blockquote>The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived).<ref name="Corning">{{Citation | doi = 10.1002/cplx.10043 | last = Corning | first = Peter A. | authorlink = Peter Corning | title = The Re-Emergence of "Emergence": A Venerable Concept in Search of a Theory | year = 2002 | journal = Complexity | volume = 7 | pages = 18–30 | issue = 6 | bibcode = 2002Cmplx...7f..18C | df = | citeseerx = 10.1.1.114.1724 }}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>The common characteristics are: (1) radical novelty (features not previously observed in systems); (2) coherence or correlation (meaning integrated wholes that maintain themselves over some period of time); (3) A global or macro "level" (i.e. there is some property of "wholeness"); (4) it is the product of a dynamical process (it evolves); and (5) it is "ostensive" (it can be perceived).</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
Corning suggests a narrower definition, requiring that the components be unlike in kind (following Lewes), and that they involve [[division of labor]] between these components. He also says that living systems (like the game of [[chess]]), while emergent, cannot be reduced to underlying laws of emergence:
Corning suggests a narrower definition, requiring that the components be unlike in kind (following Lewes), and that they involve division of labor between these components. He also says that living systems (like the game of chess), while emergent, cannot be reduced to underlying laws of emergence:
康宁提出了一个狭义的定义，要求组分不同于实体(传承了刘易斯的观点)，并且它们涉及这些组分之间的分工。他还表示，涌现的系统不能简化为底层的基本规律:
康宁提出了一个狭义的定义，要求组分不同于实体(传承了刘易斯的观点)，并且它们涉及这些组分之间的分工。他还表示，涌现的系统不能简化为底层的基本规律:
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by [[teleonomic]], [[cybernetic]], feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, 'purposeful' activity.</span><ref name = Corning/></blockquote>
</span><ref name = Corning/>
<blockquote><span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by teleonomic, cybernetic, feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an , 'purposeful' activity.</span></blockquote>
<blockquote>
<span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">Rules, or laws, have no causal efficacy; they do not in fact 'generate' anything. They serve merely to describe regularities and consistent relationships in nature. These patterns may be very illuminating and important, but the underlying causal agencies must be separately specified (though often they are not). But that aside, the game of chess illustrates ... why any laws or rules of emergence and evolution are insufficient. Even in a chess game, you cannot use the rules to predict 'history' – i.e., the course of any given game. Indeed, you cannot even reliably predict the next move in a chess game. Why? Because the 'system' involves more than the rules of the game. It also includes the players and their unfolding, moment-by-moment decisions among a very large number of available options at each choice point. The game of chess is inescapably historical, even though it is also constrained and shaped by a set of rules, not to mention the laws of physics. Moreover, and this is a key point, the game of chess is also shaped by [[teleonomic]], [[cybernetic]], feedback-driven influences. It is not simply a self-ordered process; it involves an organized, 'purposeful' activity.</span><ref name = Corning/>
<span id="CorningDefn" class="citation">
这些规则，或者说定律，没有有效的因果关系，它们实际上并不‘产生’任何东西。它们只是用来描述自然界中的规律性和一致性关系。国际象棋游戏说明了为什么任何关于出现和进化的法则和规则都是不充分的。即使在国际象棋游戏中，你也不能用这些规则来预测“历史”——也就是说，任何给定游戏进程都不能被预测。事实上，你甚至无法可靠地预测下一步棋的走法。为什么？因为“系统”涉及的不仅仅是游戏规则。它还包括玩家及其在每个选择点对大量可用选项做出决策。国际象棋是不可避免地具有历史性，尽管它也受到一系列规则的约束和塑造，在此之上更不用说物理定律了。更重要的是，国际象棋的游戏还受到目的性，控制论，反馈驱动的影响。它不仅仅是一个自我有序的过程，它还包括一个有组织的、“有目的的”活动。
</span></blockquote>
===强涌现和弱涌现===
===强涌现和弱涌现===
Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is ''Weak Emergence'', by philosopher [[Mark Bedau]]. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flight of starlings or a school of fishes, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not (for example in a chemical reaction), a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated or analysed.
Usage of the notion "emergence" may generally be subdivided into two perspectives, that of "weak emergence" and "strong emergence". One paper discussing this division is Weak Emergence, by philosopher Mark Bedau. In terms of physical systems, weak emergence is a type of emergence in which the emergent property is amenable to computer simulation or similar forms of after-the-fact analysis (for example, the formation of a traffic jam, the structure of a flight of starlings or a school of fishes, or the formation of galaxies). Crucial in these simulations is that the interacting members retain their independence. If not (for example in a chemical reaction), a new entity is formed with new, emergent properties: this is called strong emergence, which it is argued cannot be simulated or analysed.
“涌现”概念可以分为“弱涌现”和“强涌现”两种观点。一篇来源于哲学家'''马克·贝道 Mark Bedau'''的《弱涌现》的论述文章区分了这种概念的。就物理系统而言，弱涌现是一种适合进行计算机模拟或类似形式的事后分析的涌现类型 (例如，交通堵塞的形成，椋鸟飞行结构或鱼群结构，又或星系的形成)。在这些模拟中至关重要的是'''相互作用的成员保持他们的独立性'''。如果没有保持独立性，则会形成具有新颖的、涌现的特性的新实体(例如在化学反应)：这就是所谓的强涌现，它被认为是不能被模拟或分析的。
Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are [[supervenient]] rather than metaphysically primitive {{Harv|Bedau|1997}}.
Some common points between the two notions are that emergence concerns new properties produced as the system grows, which is to say ones which are not shared with its components or prior states. Also, it is assumed that the properties are supervenient rather than metaphysically primitive .
这两个概念之间的一些共同点是，涌现与随着系统发展过程中产生的新特性有关，也就是说，这些新特性不包含在其系统组成部分或先前系统状态中。另外，它假设这些属性是伴生属性，而不是形而上学上的原始属性。
Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at an elemental level. However, Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a [[Reductionism|reductionist]] analysis. As a consequence the emerging properties are '''scale dependent''': they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon. Chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon, while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
Weak emergence describes new properties arising in systems as a result of the interactions at an elemental level. However, Bedau stipulates that the properties can be determined only by observing or simulating the system, and not by any process of a reductionist analysis. As a consequence the emerging properties are scale dependent: they are only observable if the system is large enough to exhibit the phenomenon. Chaotic, unpredictable behaviour can be seen as an emergent phenomenon, while at a microscopic scale the behaviour of the constituent parts can be fully deterministic.
弱涌现描述了由于元素层次上的相互作用而在系统中产生的新特性。然而，贝道规定，只有通过观察或模拟系统才能确定系统的涌现性质，而不能通过任何还原论分析过程来确定。因此，新出现的属性是与规模相关的：它们只有在系统足够大，能够展现这种现象时才能观察到。混乱、不可预知的行为可以看作是一种涌现现象，而在微观尺度上，组成部分的行为可以是完全确定的。
* [https://www.d-iep.org/diep DIEP]：荷兰涌现现象研究所
* [https://www.d-iep.org/diep DIEP]：荷兰涌现现象研究所
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