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=== 定义 ===

=== 定义 ===

涌现的概念至少在亚里士多德时代就已经存在了<ref name="Meta">Aristotle, ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)]]'', Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</ref>。许多科学家和哲学家<ref>

涌现的概念至少在亚里士多德时代就已经存在了<ref name="Meta">Aristotle, ''Metaphysics (Aristotle)'', Book Η 1045a 8–10: "... the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts ...", i.e., the whole is other than the sum of the parts.</ref>。许多科学家和哲学家<ref>

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写过关于这个概念的文章，其中包括约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 John Stuart Mill <ref>"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</ref>和朱利安 · 赫胥黎 Julian Huxley <ref>Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" {{Harv|Huxley|Huxley|1947|p=120}}</ref> 。

写过关于这个概念的文章，其中包括约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 John Stuart Mill <ref>"The chemical combination of two substances produces, as is well known, a third substance with properties entirely different from those of either of the two substances separately, or of both of them taken together."</ref>和朱利安 · 赫胥黎 Julian Huxley <ref>Julian Huxley: "now and again there is a sudden rapid passage to a totally new and more comprehensive type of order or organization, with quite new emergent properties, and involving quite new methods of further evolution" </ref> 。