更改

他被葬在维也纳中央弗里德霍夫博物馆。墓碑上刻着玻尔兹曼熵公式: <math>S = k \cdot \log W </math><ref name="Carlo" />

他被葬在维也纳中央弗里德霍夫博物馆。墓碑上刻着玻尔兹曼熵公式: <math>S = k \cdot \log W </math><ref name="Carlo" />

==Philosophy==

==哲学观点==

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2018}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2018}}

Boltzmann's [[kinetic theory of gases]] seemed to presuppose the reality of [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s, but almost all [[German philosophy|German philosophers]] and many scientists like [[Ernst Mach]] and the physical chemist [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] disbelieved their existence.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bronowski | first=Jacob | authorlink=Jacob Bronowski | title=The Ascent Of Man | chapter=World Within World | publisher=Little Brown & Co | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-316-10930-7 | page=265 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ascentofmanbron00bron }}</ref> During the 1890s, Boltzmann attempted to formulate a compromise position which would allow both atomists and anti-atomists to do physics without arguing over atoms. His solution was to use [[Heinrich Hertz|Hertz]]'s theory that atoms were ''Bilder'', that is, models or pictures. Atomists could think the pictures were the real atoms while the anti-atomists could think of the pictures as representing a useful but unreal model, but this did not fully satisfy either group. Furthermore, Ostwald and many defenders of "pure thermodynamics" were trying hard to refute the kinetic theory of gases and statistical mechanics because of Boltzmann's assumptions about atoms and molecules and especially statistical interpretation of the [[second law of thermodynamics]].

Boltzmann's [[kinetic theory of gases]] seemed to presuppose the reality of [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s, but almost all [[German philosophy|German philosophers]] and many scientists like [[Ernst Mach]] and the physical chemist [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] disbelieved their existence.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bronowski | first=Jacob | authorlink=Jacob Bronowski | title=The Ascent Of Man | chapter=World Within World | publisher=Little Brown & Co | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-316-10930-7 | page=265 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ascentofmanbron00bron }}</ref> During the 1890s, Boltzmann attempted to formulate a compromise position which would allow both atomists and anti-atomists to do physics without arguing over atoms. His solution was to use [[Heinrich Hertz|Hertz]]'s theory that atoms were ''Bilder'', that is, models or pictures. Atomists could think the pictures were the real atoms while the anti-atomists could think of the pictures as representing a useful but unreal model, but this did not fully satisfy either group. Furthermore, Ostwald and many defenders of "pure thermodynamics" were trying hard to refute the kinetic theory of gases and statistical mechanics because of Boltzmann's assumptions about atoms and molecules and especially statistical interpretation of the [[second law of thermodynamics]].

1905年，玻尔兹曼与德-奥哲学家弗朗茨·布伦塔诺进行了广泛的通信，希望能更好地掌握哲学，显然，这样他就能更好地驳斥哲学在科学上的相关性，但他对这种方法也逐渐感到沮丧。

1905年，玻尔兹曼与德-奥哲学家弗朗茨·布伦塔诺进行了广泛的通信，希望能更好地掌握哲学，显然，这样他就能更好地驳斥哲学在科学上的相关性，但他对这种方法也逐渐感到沮丧。

==Physics==

==物理学贡献==

Boltzmann's most important scientific contributions were in [[kinetic theory of gases|kinetic theory]], including for motivating the [[Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution]] as a description of molecular speeds in a gas. [[Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics]] and the [[Boltzmann distribution]] remain central in the foundations of [[classical mechanics|classical]] statistical mechanics. They are also applicable to other [[phenomenon|phenomena]] that do not require [[Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics#Limits of applicability|quantum statistics]] and provide insight into the meaning of [[thermodynamic temperature|temperature]].

Boltzmann's most important scientific contributions were in [[kinetic theory of gases|kinetic theory]], including for motivating the [[Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution]] as a description of molecular speeds in a gas. [[Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics]] and the [[Boltzmann distribution]] remain central in the foundations of [[classical mechanics|classical]] statistical mechanics. They are also applicable to other [[phenomenon|phenomena]] that do not require [[Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics#Limits of applicability|quantum statistics]] and provide insight into the meaning of [[thermodynamic temperature|temperature]].

玻尔兹曼也被认为是量子力学的先驱之一，因为他在1877年提出了物理系统的能级可以是离散的。

玻尔兹曼也被认为是量子力学的先驱之一，因为他在1877年提出了物理系统的能级可以是离散的。

==Boltzmann equation==

==玻尔兹曼方程ltzmann equation==

[[File:Ludwig Boltzmann at U Vienna.JPG|thumb|Boltzmann's bust in the courtyard arcade of the main building, University of Vienna.|链接=Special:FilePath/Ludwig_Boltzmann_at_U_Vienna.JPG]]

[[File:Ludwig Boltzmann at U Vienna.JPG|thumb|Boltzmann's bust in the courtyard arcade of the main building, University of Vienna.|链接=Special:FilePath/Ludwig_Boltzmann_at_U_Vienna.JPG]]

{{main|Boltzmann equation}}

{{main|Boltzmann equation}}

Boltzmann accomplished the feat of showing that the second law of thermodynamics is only a statistical fact. The gradual disordering of energy is analogous to the disordering of an initially ordered [[pack of cards]] under repeated shuffling, and just as the cards will finally return to their original order if shuffled a gigantic number of times, so the entire universe must some-day regain, by pure chance, the state from which it first set out. (This optimistic coda to the idea of the dying universe becomes somewhat muted when one attempts to estimate the timeline which will probably elapse before it spontaneously occurs.)<ref>"[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]", Volume 19 Phyfe to Reni, "Physics", by David Park, p. 15</ref> The tendency for entropy increase seems to cause difficulty to beginners in thermodynamics, but is easy to understand from the standpoint of the theory of probability. Consider two ordinary [[dice]], with both sixes face up. After the dice are shaken, the chance of finding these two sixes face up is small (1 in 36); thus one can say that the random motion (the agitation) of the dice, like the chaotic collisions of molecules because of thermal energy, causes the less probable state to change to one that is more probable. With millions of dice, like the millions of atoms involved in thermodynamic calculations, the probability of their all being sixes becomes so vanishingly small that the system ''must'' move to one of the more probable states.<ref>"Collier's Encyclopedia", Volume 22 Sylt to Uruguay, Thermodynamics, by Leo Peters, p. 275</ref> However, mathematically the odds of all the dice results not being a pair sixes is also as hard as the ones of all of them being sixes{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}, and since statistically the [[data]] tend to balance, one in every 36 pairs of dice will tend to be a pair of sixes, and the cards -when shuffled- will sometimes present a certain temporary sequence order even if in its whole the deck was disordered.

Boltzmann accomplished the feat of showing that the second law of thermodynamics is only a statistical fact. The gradual disordering of energy is analogous to the disordering of an initially ordered [[pack of cards]] under repeated shuffling, and just as the cards will finally return to their original order if shuffled a gigantic number of times, so the entire universe must some-day regain, by pure chance, the state from which it first set out. (This optimistic coda to the idea of the dying universe becomes somewhat muted when one attempts to estimate the timeline which will probably elapse before it spontaneously occurs.)<ref>"[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]", Volume 19 Phyfe to Reni, "Physics", by David Park, p. 15</ref> The tendency for entropy increase seems to cause difficulty to beginners in thermodynamics, but is easy to understand from the standpoint of the theory of probability. Consider two ordinary [[dice]], with both sixes face up. After the dice are shaken, the chance of finding these two sixes face up is small (1 in 36); thus one can say that the random motion (the agitation) of the dice, like the chaotic collisions of molecules because of thermal energy, causes the less probable state to change to one that is more probable. With millions of dice, like the millions of atoms involved in thermodynamic calculations, the probability of their all being sixes becomes so vanishingly small that the system ''must'' move to one of the more probable states.<ref>"Collier's Encyclopedia", Volume 22 Sylt to Uruguay, Thermodynamics, by Leo Peters, p. 275</ref> However, mathematically the odds of all the dice results not being a pair sixes is also as hard as the ones of all of them being sixes{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}, and since statistically the [[data]] tend to balance, one in every 36 pairs of dice will tend to be a pair of sixes, and the cards -when shuffled- will sometimes present a certain temporary sequence order even if in its whole the deck was disordered.

==Awards and honours==

==获奖经历与荣誉ards and honours==

In 1885 he became a member of the Imperial [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]] and in 1887 he became the President of the [[University of Graz]]. He was elected a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] in 1888 and a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1899|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1899]].<ref name="frs">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|archivedate=2015-03-16|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|title=Fellows of the Royal Society}}</ref> [[List of things named after Ludwig Boltzmann|Numerous things]] are named in his honour.

In 1885 he became a member of the Imperial [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]] and in 1887 he became the President of the [[University of Graz]]. He was elected a member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] in 1888 and a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1899|Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1899]].<ref name="frs">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|archivedate=2015-03-16|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|title=Fellows of the Royal Society}}</ref> [[List of things named after Ludwig Boltzmann|Numerous things]] are named in his honour.