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|isbn= 0852291353

|isbn= 0852291353

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</ref> '''马克斯·普朗克 [[Max Planck]]'''命名{{math|''k''_B}}为[[玻尔兹曼常数|'''玻尔兹曼常数 ''']]'''Boltzmann constant'''。<ref>{{Citation

</ref> 马克斯·普朗克 [[Max Planck]]命名{{math|''k''_B}}为[[玻尔兹曼常数|'''玻尔兹曼常数 ''']]'''Boltzmann constant'''。<ref>{{Citation

  | last = Partington

  | last = Partington

  | first = J.R.

  | first = J.R.

}}</ref>

}}</ref>

玻尔兹曼出生在维也纳郊区的埃尔德伯格。祖父从柏林搬到维也纳，是一名钟表制造商。父亲路德维希·格奥尔格·玻尔兹曼是一名税务官员，母亲卡塔琳娜·波恩芬德来自萨尔茨堡。他在父母家里接受了初等教育。<ref>{{cite book

玻尔兹曼出生在维也纳郊区的埃尔德伯格。祖父是一名钟表制造商，从柏林搬到维也纳。父亲路德维希·格奥尔格·玻尔兹曼是一名税务官员，母亲卡塔琳娜·波恩芬德来自萨尔茨堡。他在家里接受了启蒙教育。<ref>{{cite book

|title=The Scientific 100

|title=The Scientific 100

|first1=John

|first1=John

Starting in 1863, Boltzmann studied [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] at the [[University of Vienna]]. He received his doctorate in 1866 and his [[venia legendi]] in 1869. Boltzmann worked closely with [[Josef Stefan]], director of the institute of physics. It was Stefan who introduced Boltzmann to [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell's]] work.<ref name="james2004" />

Starting in 1863, Boltzmann studied [[mathematics]] and [[physics]] at the [[University of Vienna]]. He received his doctorate in 1866 and his [[venia legendi]] in 1869. Boltzmann worked closely with [[Josef Stefan]], director of the institute of physics. It was Stefan who introduced Boltzmann to [[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell's]] work.<ref name="james2004" />

从1863年开始，玻尔兹曼在维也纳大学学习数学和物理。他于1866年获得博士学位，1869年获得venia legendi（任教资格）。波尔兹曼与物理研究所所长约瑟夫·斯特凡(Josef Stefan)密切合作。正是斯特凡把玻尔兹曼引入了麦克斯韦的研究。

从1863年开始，玻尔兹曼在维也纳大学学习数学和物理。他于1866年获得博士学位，1869年获得任教资格(Venia legendi)。波尔兹曼与物理研究所所长约瑟夫·斯特凡 [[Josef Stefan]]密切合作。正是斯特凡把玻尔兹曼引入了麦克斯韦的研究。

===学术生涯===

===学术生涯===

In 1869 at age 25, thanks to a letter of recommendation written by Stefan,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.kvarkadabra.net/2001/12/ludwig-boltzmann/ |title=Ludwig Boltzmann in prva študentka fizike in matematike slovenskega rodu |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Ludwig Boltzmann and the First Student of Physics and Mathematics of Slovene Descent |date=December 2001 |last=Južnič |first=Stanislav |website=Kvarkadabra.net |issue=12 |accessdate=17 February 2012}}</ref> Boltzmann was appointed full Professor of [[Mathematical Physics]] at the [[University of Graz]] in the province of [[Styria]]. In 1869 he spent several months in [[Heidelberg]] working with [[Robert Bunsen]] and [[Leo Königsberger]] and in 1871 with [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] in Berlin. In 1873 Boltzmann joined the University of Vienna as Professor of Mathematics and there he stayed until 1876.

In 1869 at age 25, thanks to a letter of recommendation written by Stefan,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.kvarkadabra.net/2001/12/ludwig-boltzmann/ |title=Ludwig Boltzmann in prva študentka fizike in matematike slovenskega rodu |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Ludwig Boltzmann and the First Student of Physics and Mathematics of Slovene Descent |date=December 2001 |last=Južnič |first=Stanislav |website=Kvarkadabra.net |issue=12 |accessdate=17 February 2012}}</ref> Boltzmann was appointed full Professor of [[Mathematical Physics]] at the [[University of Graz]] in the province of [[Styria]]. In 1869 he spent several months in [[Heidelberg]] working with [[Robert Bunsen]] and [[Leo Königsberger]] and in 1871 with [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] and [[Hermann von Helmholtz]] in Berlin. In 1873 Boltzmann joined the University of Vienna as Professor of Mathematics and there he stayed until 1876.

1869年，25岁的玻尔兹曼经斯特凡的推荐，被任命为斯蒂里亚省格拉茨大学的数学物理正教授。<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.kvarkadabra.net/2001/12/ludwig-boltzmann/ |title=Ludwig Boltzmann in prva študentka fizike in matematike slovenskega rodu |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Ludwig Boltzmann and the First Student of Physics and Mathematics of Slovene Descent |date=December 2001 |last=Južnič |first=Stanislav |website=Kvarkadabra.net |issue=12 |accessdate=17 February 2012}}</ref>1869年，他在海德堡与罗伯特·本森和里奥·柯尼斯堡一起工作数月，1871年在柏林与古斯塔夫·基尔霍夫和赫尔曼·冯·赫姆霍尔兹一起工作。1873年玻尔兹曼加入维也纳大学担任数学教授，直至1876年。

1869年，25岁的玻尔兹曼经斯特凡的推荐，被任命为斯蒂里亚省格拉茨大学的数学物理正教授。<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.kvarkadabra.net/2001/12/ludwig-boltzmann/ |title=Ludwig Boltzmann in prva študentka fizike in matematike slovenskega rodu |language=Slovenian |trans-title=Ludwig Boltzmann and the First Student of Physics and Mathematics of Slovene Descent |date=December 2001 |last=Južnič |first=Stanislav |website=Kvarkadabra.net |issue=12 |accessdate=17 February 2012}}</ref>1869年，他在海德堡与罗伯特·本森 [[Robert Bunsen]]和里奥·柯尼斯堡  [[Leo Königsberger]]一起工作数月，1871年在柏林与古斯塔夫·基尔霍夫 [[Gustav Kirchhoff]]和赫尔曼·冯·赫姆霍尔兹 [[Hermann von Helmholtz]]进行合作。1873年玻尔兹曼加入维也纳大学担任数学教授，直至1876年。

[[File:Boltzmann-grp.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Ludwig Boltzmann and co-workers in Graz, 1887: (standing, from the left) [[Walther Nernst|Nernst]], [[Heinrich Streintz|Streintz]], [[Svante Arrhenius|Arrhenius]], Hiecke, (sitting, from the left) Aulinger, [[Albert von Ettingshausen|Ettingshausen]], Boltzmann, [[Ignacij Klemenčič|Klemenčič]], Hausmanninger  

[[File:Boltzmann-grp.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Ludwig Boltzmann and co-workers in Graz, 1887: (standing, from the left) [[Walther Nernst|Nernst]], [[Heinrich Streintz|Streintz]], [[Svante Arrhenius|Arrhenius]], Hiecke, (sitting, from the left) Aulinger, [[Albert von Ettingshausen|Ettingshausen]], Boltzmann, [[Ignacij Klemenčič|Klemenčič]], Hausmanninger  

In 1872, long before women were admitted to Austrian universities, he met Henriette von Aigentler, an aspiring teacher of mathematics and physics in Graz. She was refused permission to audit lectures unofficially. Boltzmann supported her decision to appeal, which was successful. On July 17, 1876 Ludwig Boltzmann married Henriette; they had three daughters: Henriette (1880), Ida (1884) and Else (1891); and a son, Arthur Ludwig (1881).<ref>https://www.boltzmann.com/ludwig-boltzmann/biography/</ref> Boltzmann went back to [[Graz]] to take up the chair of Experimental Physics. Among his students in Graz were [[Svante Arrhenius]] and [[Walther Nernst]].<ref name="springer">{{Cite journal |quote=Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) along with Nernst, Arrhenius, and Meitner must be considered among Boltzmann's most outstanding students. |last1=Jäger |first1=Gustav |last2=Nabl |first2=Josef |last3=Meyer |first3=Stephan |date=April 1999 |title=Three Assistants on Boltzmann |journal=Synthese |volume=119 |issue=1–2 |pages=69–84 |doi=10.1023/A:1005239104047|s2cid=30499879 }}</ref><ref name="huji">{{cite web |url=http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nernst.htm |title=Walther Hermann Nernst |quote=Walther Hermann Nernst visited lectures by Ludwig Boltzmann |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612133921/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nernst.htm |archive-date=2008-06-12 }}</ref> He spent 14 happy years in Graz and it was there that he developed his statistical concept of nature.

In 1872, long before women were admitted to Austrian universities, he met Henriette von Aigentler, an aspiring teacher of mathematics and physics in Graz. She was refused permission to audit lectures unofficially. Boltzmann supported her decision to appeal, which was successful. On July 17, 1876 Ludwig Boltzmann married Henriette; they had three daughters: Henriette (1880), Ida (1884) and Else (1891); and a son, Arthur Ludwig (1881).<ref>https://www.boltzmann.com/ludwig-boltzmann/biography/</ref> Boltzmann went back to [[Graz]] to take up the chair of Experimental Physics. Among his students in Graz were [[Svante Arrhenius]] and [[Walther Nernst]].<ref name="springer">{{Cite journal |quote=Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) along with Nernst, Arrhenius, and Meitner must be considered among Boltzmann's most outstanding students. |last1=Jäger |first1=Gustav |last2=Nabl |first2=Josef |last3=Meyer |first3=Stephan |date=April 1999 |title=Three Assistants on Boltzmann |journal=Synthese |volume=119 |issue=1–2 |pages=69–84 |doi=10.1023/A:1005239104047|s2cid=30499879 }}</ref><ref name="huji">{{cite web |url=http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nernst.htm |title=Walther Hermann Nernst |quote=Walther Hermann Nernst visited lectures by Ludwig Boltzmann |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612133921/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nernst.htm |archive-date=2008-06-12 }}</ref> He spent 14 happy years in Graz and it was there that he developed his statistical concept of nature.

1872年，远在女性可以被奥地利大学录取之前，他遇到了亨里埃特·冯·艾根特勒，这是一位有抱负的格拉茨数学和物理女教师。然而她被拒绝旁听大学讲座。玻尔兹曼支持她上诉的决定，之后上诉成功。1876年7月17日，路德维希·玻尔兹曼与亨里埃特结婚；他们共育有三女一子：亨里埃特(1880年)、艾达(1884年)、爱尔莎(1891年)、亚瑟·路德维希(1881年)。<ref>https://www.boltzmann.com/ludwig-boltzmann/biography/</ref>玻尔兹曼回到格拉茨担任实验物理学的主席。他在格拉茨的学生中有斯凡特·阿伦尼乌斯和瓦尔特·能斯特。<ref name="springer">{{Cite journal |quote=Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) along with Nernst, Arrhenius, and Meitner must be considered among Boltzmann's most outstanding students. |last1=Jäger |first1=Gustav |last2=Nabl |first2=Josef |last3=Meyer |first3=Stephan |date=April 1999 |title=Three Assistants on Boltzmann |journal=Synthese |volume=119 |issue=1–2 |pages=69–84 |doi=10.1023/A:1005239104047|s2cid=30499879 }}</ref><ref name="huji">{{cite web |url=http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nernst.htm |title=Walther Hermann Nernst |quote=Walther Hermann Nernst visited lectures by Ludwig Boltzmann |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612133921/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nernst.htm |archive-date=2008-06-12 }}</ref>

1872年，远在女性可以被奥地利大学录取之前，他遇到了亨里埃特·冯·艾根特勒 Henriette von Aigentler，这是一位有抱负的格拉茨数学和物理女教师。然而她被拒绝旁听大学讲座。玻尔兹曼支持她上诉的决定，之后上诉成功。1876年7月17日，路德维希·玻尔兹曼与亨里埃特结婚；他们共育有三女一子：亨里埃特 Henriette (1880年)、艾达 Ida (1884年)、爱尔莎 Else (1891年)、亚瑟·路德维希 Arthur Ludwig (1881年)。<ref>https://www.boltzmann.com/ludwig-boltzmann/biography/</ref>玻尔兹曼回到格拉茨担任实验物理学的主席。他在格拉茨的学生中有斯凡特·阿伦尼乌斯 [[Svante Arrhenius]]和瓦尔特·能斯特 [[Walther Nernst]]。<ref name="springer">{{Cite journal |quote=Paul Ehrenfest (1880–1933) along with Nernst, Arrhenius, and Meitner must be considered among Boltzmann's most outstanding students. |last1=Jäger |first1=Gustav |last2=Nabl |first2=Josef |last3=Meyer |first3=Stephan |date=April 1999 |title=Three Assistants on Boltzmann |journal=Synthese |volume=119 |issue=1–2 |pages=69–84 |doi=10.1023/A:1005239104047|s2cid=30499879 }}</ref><ref name="huji">{{cite web |url=http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nernst.htm |title=Walther Hermann Nernst |quote=Walther Hermann Nernst visited lectures by Ludwig Boltzmann |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612133921/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/nernst.htm |archive-date=2008-06-12 }}</ref>

Boltzmann was appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the [[University of Munich]] in [[Bavaria]], Germany in 1890.

Boltzmann was appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the [[University of Munich]] in [[Bavaria]], Germany in 1890.

In 1894, Boltzmann succeeded his teacher [[Joseph Stefan]] as Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Vienna.

In 1894, Boltzmann succeeded his teacher [[Joseph Stefan]] as Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Vienna.

===晚年生活与逝世缘由===

===晚年生活与逝世缘由===