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第286行： − + − 玻尔兹曼多年来一直试图用他的气体动力学方程——著名的“H”定理来“证明”热力学第二定律。然而，他在公式化碰撞项时所做的关键假设是“分子混沌”，这个假设打破了时间反转对称性，因为这对于任何可能指向第二定律的内容都是必要的。玻尔兹曼表面上的成功仅仅来自概率假设，所以他与洛施密特和其他人就洛施密特悖论的长期争论最终以他的失败告终。+
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The form of the collision term assumed by Boltzmann was approximate. However, for an ideal gas the standard [[Chapman–Enskog theory|Chapman–Enskog]] solution of the Boltzmann equation is highly accurate. It is expected to lead to incorrect results for an ideal gas only under [[shock wave]] conditions.
The form of the collision term assumed by Boltzmann was approximate. However, for an ideal gas the standard [[Chapman–Enskog theory|Chapman–Enskog]] solution of the Boltzmann equation is highly accurate. It is expected to lead to incorrect results for an ideal gas only under [[shock wave]] conditions.
玻尔兹曼假设的碰撞项的形式是近似的。然而，对于理想气体，玻尔兹曼方程的标准 [[Chapman–Enskog theory|Chapman–Enskog]] 解是非常精确的；只有在激波条件下才会得到错误的结果。
玻尔兹曼假设的碰撞项的形式是近似的。然而，对于理想气体，玻尔兹曼方程的标准[[Chapman–Enskog theory|查普曼-恩斯库格]]解是非常精确的；只有在激波条件下才会得到错误的结果。
Boltzmann tried for many years to "prove" the [[second law of thermodynamics]] using his gas-dynamical equation — his famous [[H-theorem]]. However the key assumption he made in formulating the collision term was "[[molecular chaos]]", an assumption which breaks [[CPT symmetry|time-reversal symmetry]] as is necessary for ''anything'' which could imply the second law. It was from the probabilistic assumption alone that Boltzmann's apparent success emanated, so his long dispute with [[Johann Josef Loschmidt|Loschmidt]] and others over [[Loschmidt's paradox]] ultimately ended in his failure.
Boltzmann tried for many years to "prove" the [[second law of thermodynamics]] using his gas-dynamical equation — his famous [[H-theorem]]. However the key assumption he made in formulating the collision term was "[[molecular chaos]]", an assumption which breaks [[CPT symmetry|time-reversal symmetry]] as is necessary for ''anything'' which could imply the second law. It was from the probabilistic assumption alone that Boltzmann's apparent success emanated, so his long dispute with [[Johann Josef Loschmidt|Loschmidt]] and others over [[Loschmidt's paradox]] ultimately ended in his failure.
玻尔兹曼多年来一直试图用他的气体动力学方程——著名的“H”定理来“证明”热力学第二定律。然而，他在公式化碰撞项时所做的关键假设是“分子混沌”，该假设打破了时间反转对称性，这对于任何可能指向第二定律的内容都是必要的。玻尔兹曼表面上的成功仅仅来自概率假设，所以他与洛施密特 [[Johann Josef Loschmidt|Loschmidt]] 和其他人就洛施密特悖论的长期争论最终以他的失败告终。
Finally, in the 1970s [[E.G.D. Cohen]] and J. R. Dorfman proved that a systematic (power series) extension of the Boltzmann equation to high densities is mathematically impossible. Consequently, [[non-equilibrium statistical mechanics|nonequilibrium statistical mechanics]] for dense gases and liquids focuses on the [[Green–Kubo relations]], the [[fluctuation theorem]], and other approaches instead.
Finally, in the 1970s [[E.G.D. Cohen]] and J. R. Dorfman proved that a systematic (power series) extension of the Boltzmann equation to high densities is mathematically impossible. Consequently, [[non-equilibrium statistical mechanics|nonequilibrium statistical mechanics]] for dense gases and liquids focuses on the [[Green–Kubo relations]], the [[fluctuation theorem]], and other approaches instead.