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{{Short description|Experimental method designed to reduce bias, typically accomplished by randomly allocating subjects to two or more groups, with one being a control group}}

{{Short description|Experimental method designed to reduce bias, typically accomplished by randomly allocating subjects to two or more groups, with one being a control group}}

[[File:Flowchart of Phases of Parallel Randomized Trial - Modified from CONSORT 2010.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Flowchart of four phases (enrollment, allocation, intervention, follow-up, and data analysis) of a parallel randomized trial of two groups (in a controlled trial, one of the interventions serves as the control), modified from the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) 2010 Statement<ref name="Schulz-2010">{{Cite journal | author = Schulz KF, Altman DG, ((Moher D; for the CONSORT Group)) | title = CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials | journal = [[Br Med J]] | volume = 340 | pages = c332 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.c332 | pmid = 20332509 | pmc = 2844940 }}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Flowchart_of_Phases_of_Parallel_Randomized_Trial_-_Modified_from_CONSORT_2010.png]]

[[File:Flowchart of Phases of Parallel Randomized Trial - Modified from CONSORT 2010.png|thumb|upright=1.5|据修改的2010年CONSORT (综合报告试验标准)要求，流程图包括：两组平行随机试验分为登记、分配、干预、随访和数据分析四个阶段，在对照试验中，需要其中一项干预作为对照处理措施。 <ref name="Schulz-2010">{{Cite journal | author = Schulz KF, Altman DG, ((Moher D; for the CONSORT Group)) | title = CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials | journal = [[Br Med J]] | volume = 340 | pages = c332 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.c332 | pmid = 20332509 | pmc = 2844940 }}</ref>]]

随机对照试验（A randomized controlled trial,<ref name="Chalmers-1981">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chalmers TC, ((Smith H Jr)), Blackburn B, Silverman B, Schroeder B, Reitman D, Ambroz A | title = A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial | journal = [[Controlled Clinical Trials]] | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–49 | year = 1981 | doi = 10.1016/0197-2456(81)90056-8 | pmid = 7261638 }}</ref> RCT）是一种科学实验(例如:临床试验)或干预研究(区别于观察性研究) ，其目的是在测试新治疗的有效性时减少某些偏倚来源。通过受试者随机分配到两个或两个以上的组，经过不同的处理，产生的效应再与一个有可控的处理效应相比较。即一组或多组(实验组)接受正在评估的干预措施，而另一组(通常称为对照组)接受替代治疗，如安慰剂或无干预措施。在试验设计的条件下对这些组进行监测，以确定实验干预的有效性，并与对照组进行疗效比较评估。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/glossary?letter=r|publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK|title=Randomised controlled trial|date=2019|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref>当然这也包括一个以上的治疗组或一个以上的对照组。

 

 

 

A '''randomized controlled trial''' (or '''randomized control trial''';<ref name="Chalmers-1981">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chalmers TC, ((Smith H Jr)), Blackburn B, Silverman B, Schroeder B, Reitman D, Ambroz A | title = A method for assessing the quality of a randomized control trial | journal = [[Controlled Clinical Trials]] | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–49 | year = 1981 | doi = 10.1016/0197-2456(81)90056-8 | pmid = 7261638 }}</ref> '''RCT''') is a type of ''[[scientific experiment]]'' (e.g. a ''[[clinical trial]]'') or ''intervention study'' (as opposed to ''[[observational study]]'') that aims to reduce certain sources of bias when testing the effectiveness of new treatments; this is accomplished by [[Random assignment|randomly allocating]] subjects to two or more groups, treating them differently, and then comparing them with respect to a measured response. One group—the experimental group—receives the intervention being assessed, while the other—usually called the control group—receives an alternative treatment, such as a [[placebo]] or no intervention. The groups are monitored under conditions of the trial design to determine the effectiveness of the experimental intervention, and efficacy is assessed in comparison to the control. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/glossary?letter=r|publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK|title=Randomised controlled trial|date=2019|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> There may be more than one treatment group or more than one [[Treatment and control groups|control group]].