567
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
第643行：
第643行： − + − Darwin's work has continued to be celebrated by numerous publications and events. The Linnean Society of London has commemorated Darwin's achievements by the award of the Darwin–Wallace Medal since 1908. Darwin Day has become an annual celebration, and in 2009 worldwide events were arranged for the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species.+ − 达尔文的工作持续受到大量出版社和活动的青睐。自1908年以来，伦敦林奈学会就通过颁发达尔文-华莱士奖章来纪念达尔文的成就。达尔文纪念日已成为一年一度的庆祝活动，2009年，在达尔文诞辰200周年和《物种起源》出版150周年之际，人们还举行了全球性庆祝活动。 − + − Darwin has been commemorated in the UK, with his portrait printed on the reverse of £10 banknotes printed along with a hummingbird and HMS Beagle, issued by the Bank of England.+ − 为了纪念达尔文，英国将他的肖像印在了10英镑钞票的反面，并印有英国银行发行的蜂鸟和猎犬号。 − + − + + − − A seated statue of Darwin, unveiled 1897, stands in front of Shrewsbury Library, the building that used to house Shrewsbury School, which Darwin attended as a boy. Another statue of Darwin as a young man is situated in the grounds of Christ's College, Cambridge. 第676行：
第673行： − + − Darwin College, a postgraduate college at Cambridge University, is named after the Darwin family.+ − 剑桥大学研究生院达尔文学院以达尔文家族的名字命名。 − − In 2008–09, the Swedish band The Knife, in collaboration with Danish performance group Hotel Pro Forma and other musicians from Denmark, Sweden and the US, created an opera about the life of Darwin, and The Origin of Species, entitled Tomorrow, in a Year. The show toured European theatres in 2010. − + 第719行：
第713行： − The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and Annie's death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children.[17] Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from inbreeding due to the close family ties he shared with his wife and cousin, Emma Wedgwood.+ − 达尔文夫妇有十个孩子：其中两个婴儿早夭，一个女儿安妮十岁的时候去世，这对他们夫妻二人造成了毁灭性的影响。查尔斯是位虔诚的父亲，对他的孩子们特别关心。每当他们生病时，达尔文都担心是由于自己和同为表姐的妻子，爱玛·韦奇伍德的近亲关系可能会导致下一代从近亲交配中继承弱点。 − − He examined inbreeding in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of outcrossing in many species.[184] Despite his fears, most of the surviving children and many of their descendants went on to have distinguished careers. 第733行：
第724行： − + − Of his surviving children, George, Francis and Horace became Fellows of the Royal Society,[185] distinguished as astronomer,[186] botanist and civil engineer, respectively. All three were knighted.[187] Another son, Leonard, went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, eugenicist and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher.+ − 在其幸存的孩子中，乔治，弗朗西斯和霍拉斯，分别以天文学家，植物学家和土木工程师的身份成为皇家学会会员，且三个人都被封为爵士。而另一个儿子伦纳德则前后担任了士兵、政治家、经济学家、优生主义者和统计学家、进化生物学家罗纳德·费希尔的导师。+ − + − − === Religious views 宗教观 === 第750行：
第739行： − Darwin's family tradition was nonconformist Unitarianism, while his father and grandfather were freethinkers, and his baptism and boarding school were Church of England.[27] When going to Cambridge to become an Anglican clergyman, he did not doubt the literal truth of the Bible.[36] He learned John Herschel's science which, like William Paley's natural theology, sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw adaptation of species as evidence of design.[38][39] On board HMS Beagle, Darwin was quite orthodox and would quote the Bible as an authority on morality.[190] He looked for "centres of creation" to explain distribution,[62] and suggested that the very similar antlions found in Australia and England were evidence of a divine hand.+ − 达尔文的家庭传统并不墨守成规，他们是一神论的拥护者，而且他的父亲和祖父是自由思想家，但是为他洗礼以及他日后上的寄宿学校所属却是英格兰教会。当他去剑桥成为英国国教牧师时，他将圣经奉为圭臬。但在他学习了约翰·赫歇尔John Herschel的科学后，正如威廉·佩利William Paley的自然神学一样，他寻求自然规律不仅仅为奇迹的解释，并将物种的适应性视为自然设计的证据。在猎犬号上，达尔文颇为正统，他将圣经视为道德权威。他曾试图寻找“创造中心”来解释其物种的分布，并提出观点，称在澳大利亚和英国发现的非常相似的蚁群其实是神之所作的证据。 − + − By his return, he was critical of the Bible as history, and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid.[190] In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the transmutation of species, he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife Emma, whose beliefs also came from intensive study and questioning.[100] The theodicy of Paley and Thomas Malthus vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator's laws, which had an overall good effect. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design,[191] and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the ichneumon wasp paralysing caterpillars as live food for its eggs.[150] Though he thought of religion as a tribal survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver. He was increasingly troubled by the problem of evil.+ − 回国后，他对人们将圣经作为史实的观念进行了批判，并试图解释为什么所有宗教都不应该有根有据。接下来的几年中，在深入推测地质和物种演变的同时，他对宗教也进行了诸多思考。他与妻子艾玛公开讨论了这一点，艾玛的信仰也来自于深入的研究和质疑。佩利和托马斯·马尔萨斯的神学论证了诸如饥饿之类的邪恶存在，其实是由仁慈的创造者定律所带来的，该理论总体上产生了良好的效果。对达尔文而言，自然选择带来了适用能力的好处，但消除了设计这个概念的需要，他看不到无所不能的神在所有痛苦和苦难中工作，例如鱼龙黄蜂麻痹了毛毛虫，将其作为卵的活食。尽管达尔文认为宗教是作为部落生存的策略而存在，但他并不愿意放弃将上帝视为终极立法者的想法。他越来越受到罪恶问题的困扰。 − + − Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe, John Brodie Innes, and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church,[194] but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church.[189] He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist"[195][196] and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind".+ − 达尔文与郡达温牧师约翰·布罗迪·英内斯John Brodie Innes保持着密切的朋友关系，并继续在教堂的教区工作中发挥重要作用。但从1849年左右起，当他的家人在周日去教堂做礼拜时，他更愿意选择散步。他认为“怀疑一个人即可能是一个热情的有神论者，同时也是进化论者是荒谬的”。尽管对宗教观点他一直保持沉默，但在1879年，他写道：“从否认上帝存在的意义上说，我从来不是无神论者。“从拒绝上帝存在的意义上说，我从来没有做过无神论者。–我认为……一般而言，不可知论者是对我心态最正确的描述”。 − + − The "Lady Hope Story", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians.+ − 1915年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 霍普夫人的故事Lady Hope Story </font>'''》中声称达尔文在病床上重回了基督教信仰。该说法后来被达尔文的孩子们否定，并被历史学家认定为虚假信息。+ − + − Darwin's views on social and political issues reflected his time and social position. He grew up in a family of [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] reformers who, like his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, supported [[Reform Act 1832|electoral reform]] and the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|emancipation of slaves]]. Darwin was passionately opposed to slavery, while seeing no problem with the working conditions of English factory workers or servants. His taxidermy lessons in 1826 from the freed slave [[John Edmonstone]], whom he long recalled as "a very pleasant and intelligent man", reinforced his belief that black people shared the same feelings, and could be as intelligent as people of other races. He took the same attitude to native people he met on the ''Beagle'' voyage.{{sfn|Browne|1995|pp=196–198, 240}} These attitudes were not unusual in Britain in the 1820s, much as it shocked visiting Americans. British society started to envisage racial differences more vividly in mid-century,<ref name=eddy /> but Darwin remained strongly against slavery, against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species", and against ill-treatment of native people.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkins|2008|pp=408–413}}</ref>{{Ref label|G|VII|none}} Darwins interaction with [[Yaghan people|Yaghan]]s (Fuegians) such as [[Jemmy Button]] during the [[second voyage of HMS Beagle]] had a profound impact on his view of primitive peoples. At his arrival to [[Tierra del Fuego]] he made a colourful description of "[[Fuegian]] savages".<ref name=Rozzi2018/> This view changed as he came to know Yaghan people more in detail. By studying the Yaghans, Darwin concluded that a number of basic emotions by different human groups were the same and that mental capabilities were roughly the same as for Europeans.<ref name=Rozzi2018>{{cite journal |last1=Rozzi |first1=Ricardo|author-link=Ricardo Rozzi |date=2018 |title=Transformaciones del pensamiento de Darwin en cabo de hornos: Un legado para la ciencia y la etica ambiental|trans-title=Transformations of Darwin’s thought in cape horn: A legacy for science and environmental ethics |language=Spanish |journal=[[Magallania]] |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages= 267–277|doi=10.4067/S0718-22442018000100267 |doi-access=free }}</ref> While interested in Yaghan culture Darwin failed to appreciate their deep ecological knowledge and elaborate cosmology until the 1850s when he inspected a dictionary of [[Yaghan language|Yaghan]] detailing 32-thousand words.<ref name=Rozzi2018/> He saw that European colonisation would often lead to the extinction of native civilisations, and "tr[ied] to integrate colonialism into an evolutionary history of civilization analogous to natural history."<ref name=barta>{{cite journal |first=Tony|last=Barta|title=Mr Darwin's shooters: on natural selection and the naturalizing of genocide|journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=39|issue=2|pages=116–137 |doi=10.1080/00313220500106170 |date=2 June 2005 |s2cid=159807728}}</ref>+ − Darwin's views on social and political issues reflected his time and social position. He grew up in a family of Whig reformers who, like his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, supported electoral reform and the emancipation of slaves. Darwin was passionately opposed to slavery, while seeing no problem with the working conditions of English factory workers or servants. His taxidermy lessons in 1826 from the freed slave John Edmonstone, whom he long recalled as "a very pleasant and intelligent man", reinforced his belief that black people shared the same feelings, and could be as intelligent as people of other races. He took the same attitude to native people he met on the Beagle voyage.[198] These attitudes were not unusual in Britain in the 1820s, much as it shocked visiting Americans. British society started to envisage racial differences more vividly in mid-century,[28] but Darwin remained strongly against slavery, against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species", and against ill-treatment of native people.[199][VII] Darwin's interaction with Yaghans (Fuegians) such as Jemmy Button during the second voyage of HMS Beagle had a profound impact on his view of primitive peoples. At his arrival to Tierra del Fuego he made a colourful description of "Fuegian savages".[200] This view changed as he came to know Yaghan people more in detail. By studying the Yaghans, Darwin concluded that a number of basic emotions by different human groups were the same and that mental capabilities were roughly the same as for Europeans.[200] While interested in Yaghan culture Darwin failed to appreciate their deep ecological knowledge and elaborate cosmology until the 1850s when he inspected a dictionary of Yaghan detailing 32,000 words.[200] He saw that European colonisation would often lead to the extinction of native civilisations, and "tr[ied] to integrate colonialism into an evolutionary history of civilization analogous to natural history." − − 达尔文对社会和政治问题的看法也反映出了他的时代背景和社会地位。他在辉格党改革派家庭中长大，像他的叔叔乔西亚·韦奇伍德一样，他支持选举改革和奴隶的解放。达尔文满腔热情地反对奴隶制，但却认为英国工厂工人或仆人的工作条件并不存在问题。他在1826年从被释放的奴隶约翰·埃德蒙斯通那里学到了如何剥制动物标本，达尔文一直记得他是“一个非常讨人喜欢且聪明的人”，这进一步强化了他的信念，即黑人具有相同的感受，并且可能与其他种族的人一样聪明。他对猎犬号航行中遇到的土著人持同样的态度。这些态度在1820年代的英国并不罕见，但是这却让来访的美国人感到震惊。英国社会在本世纪中叶开始更加着重强调种族差异，但达尔文仍然坚决反对奴隶制，反对“将所谓的人类种族列为不同的种族”，并反对虐待土著人民。在猎犬号第二次航行中，达尔文与亚格汉的人（火地岛人），例如杰米·巴顿进行互动，这个经历使他对原始民族的看法产生了深远的影响。到达火地岛时，他对“火地岛野蛮人”做了丰富多彩的描述。当他更加详细地了解亚格汉人时，这种看法发生了变化。通过研究亚格汉人，达尔文得出结论，不同人类群体的许多基本情感是相同的，并且心理能力与欧洲人大致相同。达尔文虽然对亚格汉文化产生了兴趣，但直到1850年代，他才查阅了亚格汉词典，其中详细列出了32,000个单词，也正是到了那时，他才对它们深厚的生态知识和复杂的宇宙学感兴趣。 第790行：
第773行： − He thought men's eminence over women was the outcome of sexual selection, a view disputed by Antoinette Brown Blackwell in her 1875 book The Sexes Throughout Nature.+ − 他认为男人优于女人是性别选择的结果，安托瓦内特·布朗·布莱克威尔Antoinette Brown Blackwell在1875年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 大自然中的性别The Sexes Throughout Nature </font>'''》一书中对此观点提出了质疑。 − + − Darwin was intrigued by his half-cousin Francis Galton's argument, introduced in 1865, that statistical analysis of heredity showed that moral and mental human traits could be inherited, and principles of animal breeding could apply to humans. In The Descent of Man, Darwin noted that aiding the weak to survive and have families could lose the benefits of natural selection, but cautioned that withholding such aid would endanger the instinct of sympathy, "the noblest part of our nature", and factors such as education could be more important. When Galton suggested that publishing research could encourage intermarriage within a "caste" of "those who are naturally gifted", Darwin foresaw practical difficulties, and thought it "the sole feasible, yet I fear utopian, plan of procedure in improving the human race", preferring to simply publicise the importance of inheritance and leave decisions to individuals.[203] Francis Galton named this field of study "eugenics" in 1883.[VIII] After Darwin's death, his theories were cited to promote eugenic policies.+ − 达尔文对表兄弟弗朗西斯·高尔顿Francis Galton在1865年提出的论点深感兴趣，弗朗西斯认为，通过遗传的统计分析，可以表明道德和精神上的人类特征可以被继承，并且动物繁殖的原理也可以适用于人类。达尔文在《人类的由来》中指出，帮助弱者生存并使之拥有家庭，可能会失去自然选择带来的好处，但他又警告说，拒绝提供援助将磨灭人类同情的本性，即“我们本性中最崇高的部分”，他认为诸如教育之类的因素可能更为重要。当高尔顿建议发表其研究成果以鼓励“有天赋的人”之间通婚时，达尔文预见了实际的困难，这是“唯一可行的方案，但我担心的是乌托邦式的，改善人类进程的计划会因此产生”。他宁愿简单地宣传继承的重要性，而将决定权留给个人。弗朗西斯·高尔顿在1883年将这一研究领域命名为“优生学”。达尔文去世后，他的理论被引用来促进优生政策的推行。+ − − 第810行：
第790行： − − Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments. 第819行：
第797行： − + − Thomas Malthus had argued that population growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to work productively and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify workhouses and laissez-faire economics.[204] Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and Herbert Spencer's 1851 book Social Statics based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory.+ − 托马斯·马尔萨斯认为，上帝放任人口增长超过资源供给，是为了使人类更有生产力地工作，并抑制了家庭的组建。这在1830年代被用于证明工作场所和自由放任经济学的合理性。当时，进化论被认为具有社会意义，赫伯特·斯宾塞Herbert Spencer在其1851年的著作《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会静力学Social Statics </font>'''》中以拉马克进化论为基础，阐述了人类自由和个人自由的思想。 − + − Soon after the Origin was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term Darwinism was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "survival of the fittest" as free-market progress, and Ernst Haeckel's polygenistic ideas of human development. Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat-dog capitalism, colonialism and imperialism. However, Darwin's holistic view of nature included "dependence of one being on another"; thus pacifists, socialists, liberal social reformers and anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species.[206] Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature.+ − 《物种起源》在1859年出版后不久，批评家们嘲笑达尔文对生存斗争的描述是在为当时英国工业资本主义的马尔萨斯主义辩护。后来达尔文主义一词开始用于进化思想，包括斯宾塞Spencer的“适者生存”思想和自由市场的进步，以及恩斯特·海克尔Ernst Haeckel的人类发展多元论。作家利用自然选择来主张各种经常相互矛盾的意识形态，例如放任自由 “狗吃狗”的资本主义，殖民主义和帝国主义。然而，达尔文的整体自然观包括了“一个人对另一个人的依赖”。因此，和平主义者，社会主义者，自由社会改革者和无政府主义者（例如彼得·克罗波特金Peter Kropotkin）都强调了合作对于物种内部斗争的价值。达尔文本人坚称，社会政策不应仅仅以斗争和自然选择的观念为指导。 − − After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". During the "Eclipse of Darwinism", a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by Mendelian genetics. Negative eugenics to remove the "feebleminded" were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and eugenics in the United States introduced compulsory sterilisation laws, followed by several other countries. Subsequently, Nazi eugenics brought the field into disrepute. 第843行：
第817行： − + − − The term "Social Darwinism" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution. − + − + 第860行：
第832行： − + − − {{Portal|Biology}} − <!-- Please avoid repeating links above --> − {{div col|colwidth=20em}} − * [[Creation–evolution controversy]] − * [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration]] − * [[History of biology]] − * [[History of evolutionary thought]] − * [[List of coupled cousins]] − * [[List of multiple discoveries#19th century|List of multiple discoveries]] − * [[Multiple discovery]] − * [[Portraits of Charles Darwin]] − * [[Tinamou egg]] − * [[Universal Darwinism]] − * [[1991 Darwin]] − * [[Creation (2009 film)|''Creation'']] (biographical drama film) − {{div col end}} − − {{Portal|Biology}} − <!-- Please avoid repeating links above -->
→纪念活动
Darwin's work has continued to be celebrated by numerous publications and events. The [[Linnean Society of London]] has commemorated Darwin's achievements by the award of the [[Darwin–Wallace Medal]] since 1908. [[Darwin Day]] has become an annual celebration, and in 2009 worldwide events were arranged for the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of ''On the Origin of Species''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n01/steven-shapin/the-darwin-show |title=The Darwin Show |pages=3–9 |first=Steven |last=Shapin |authorlink=Steven Shapin |date=7 January 2010 |newspaper=[[London Review of Books]] |quote= |accessdate=25 January 2010 |ref=harv |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229113315/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n01/steven-shapin/the-darwin-show |archivedate=29 December 2009 }}</ref>
Darwin's work has continued to be celebrated by numerous publications and events. The [[Linnean Society of London]] has commemorated Darwin's achievements by the award of the [[Darwin–Wallace Medal]] since 1908. [[Darwin Day]] has become an annual celebration, and in 2009 worldwide events were arranged for the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of ''On the Origin of Species''.<ref name=":127">{{Cite news |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n01/steven-shapin/the-darwin-show |title=The Darwin Show |pages=3–9 |first=Steven |last=Shapin |authorlink=Steven Shapin |date=7 January 2010 |newspaper=[[London Review of Books]] |quote= |accessdate=25 January 2010 |ref=harv |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229113315/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n01/steven-shapin/the-darwin-show |archivedate=29 December 2009 }}</ref>
达尔文的工作持续受到大量出版社和活动的青睐。自1908年以来，伦敦林奈学会就通过颁发达尔文-华莱士奖章来纪念达尔文的成就。达尔文纪念日已成为一年一度的庆祝活动，2009年，在达尔文诞辰200周年和《物种起源》出版150周年之际，人们还举行了全球性庆祝活动。<ref name=":127" />
Darwin has been commemorated in the UK, with his portrait printed on the reverse of £10 banknotes printed along with a [[hummingbird]] and [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']], issued by the [[Bank of England note issues|Bank of England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/current/current_10.htm|title=Bank of England – Current Banknotes – £10 – Design Features|publisher=[[Bank of England]]|accessdate=15 March 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310091103/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/current/current_10.htm|archivedate=10 March 2011}}</ref>
Darwin has been commemorated in the UK, with his portrait printed on the reverse of £10 banknotes printed along with a [[hummingbird]] and [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']], issued by the [[Bank of England note issues|Bank of England]].<ref name=":128">{{cite web|url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/current/current_10.htm|title=Bank of England – Current Banknotes – £10 – Design Features|publisher=[[Bank of England]]|accessdate=15 March 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310091103/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/current/current_10.htm|archivedate=10 March 2011}}</ref>
为了纪念达尔文，英国将他的肖像印在了10英镑钞票的反面，并印有英国银行发行的蜂鸟和猎犬号。<ref name=":128" />
A life-size seated statue of Darwin can be seen in the main hall of the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2008/may/darwins-statue-on-the-move13846.html|title=Darwin's statue on the move|date=23 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205015506/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2008/may/darwins-statue-on-the-move13846.html|archivedate=5 December
A life-size seated statue of Darwin can be seen in the main hall of the [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in London.<ref name=":129">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2008/may/darwins-statue-on-the-move13846.html|title=Darwin's statue on the move|date=23 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205015506/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2008/may/darwins-statue-on-the-move13846.html|archivedate=5 December
A life-size seated statue of Darwin can be seen in the main hall of the Natural History Museum in London.
A life-size seated statue of Darwin can be seen in the main hall of the Natural History Museum in London.
2011|publisher=Natural History Museum|accessdate=7 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
2011|publisher=Natural History Museum|accessdate=7 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
在伦敦自然历史博物馆的正厅可以看到真人大小的达尔文坐像。
在伦敦自然历史博物馆的正厅可以看到真人大小的达尔文坐像。<ref name=":129" />
A seated statue of Darwin, unveiled 1897, stands in front of [[Shrewsbury Library]], the building that used to house [[Shrewsbury School]], which Darwin attended as a boy. Another statue of Darwin as a young man is situated in the grounds of [[Christ's College, Cambridge]].
A seated statue of Darwin, unveiled 1897, stands in front of [[Shrewsbury Library]], the building that used to house [[Shrewsbury School]], which Darwin attended as a boy. Another statue of Darwin as a young man is situated in the grounds of [[Christ's College, Cambridge]].
在什鲁斯伯里图书馆的前面耸立着一座坐着的达尔文雕像，该雕像于1897年揭幕，什鲁斯伯里图书馆曾经是什鲁斯伯里学校的所在地，达尔文还是孩子的时候曾就读于此。达尔文年轻时的另一尊雕像则位于剑桥基督学院。
在什鲁斯伯里图书馆的前面耸立着一座坐着的达尔文雕像，该雕像于1897年揭幕，什鲁斯伯里图书馆曾经是什鲁斯伯里学校的所在地，达尔文还是孩子的时候曾就读于此。达尔文年轻时的另一尊雕像则位于剑桥基督学院。
[[Darwin College, Cambridge|Darwin College]], a postgraduate college at [[Cambridge University]], is named after the Darwin family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kent.ac.uk/maps/canterbury/canterbury-campus/building/darwin-college|title=Darwin College – Maps and directions – University of Kent|website=www.kent.ac.uk|access-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024930/https://www.kent.ac.uk/maps/canterbury/canterbury-campus/building/darwin-college|archivedate=31 October 2016}}</ref>
[[Darwin College, Cambridge|Darwin College]], a postgraduate college at [[Cambridge University]], is named after the Darwin family.<ref name=":130">{{cite web|url=https://www.kent.ac.uk/maps/canterbury/canterbury-campus/building/darwin-college|title=Darwin College – Maps and directions – University of Kent|website=www.kent.ac.uk|access-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024930/https://www.kent.ac.uk/maps/canterbury/canterbury-campus/building/darwin-college|archivedate=31 October 2016}}</ref>
剑桥大学研究生院达尔文学院以达尔文家族的名字命名。<ref name=":130" />
In 2008–09, the Swedish band [[The Knife]], in collaboration with Danish performance group Hotel Pro Forma and other musicians from Denmark, Sweden and the US, created an opera about the life of Darwin, and ''The Origin of Species'', entitled ''[[Tomorrow, in a Year]]''. The show toured European theatres in 2010.
In 2008–09, the Swedish band [[The Knife]], in collaboration with Danish performance group Hotel Pro Forma and other musicians from Denmark, Sweden and the US, created an opera about the life of Darwin, and ''The Origin of Species'', entitled ''[[Tomorrow, in a Year]]''. The show toured European theatres in 2010.
在2008-09年，瑞典乐队The Knife，丹麦表演团体Hotel Pro Forma与其他来自丹麦、瑞典和美国的音乐家们合作，创作了一部关于达尔文的生活和《物种起源》的歌剧，叫《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 一年后的明天Tomorrow, in a Year </font>'''》
在2008-09年，瑞典乐队The Knife，丹麦表演团体Hotel Pro Forma与其他来自丹麦、瑞典和美国的音乐家们合作，创作了一部关于达尔文的生活和《物种起源》的歌剧，叫《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 一年后的明天Tomorrow, in a Year </font>'''》
== Children 达尔文的孩子 ==
== 达尔文的孩子 ==
{{see also|Darwin–Wedgwood family}}
{{see also|Darwin–Wedgwood family}}
The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and [[Anne Darwin|Annie]]'s death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children.<ref name=whowas /> Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from [[inbreeding]] due to the close family ties he shared with his [[cousin marriage|wife and cousin]], Emma Wedgwood.
The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and [[Anne Darwin|Annie]]'s death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children.<ref name=whowas /> Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from [[inbreeding]] due to the close family ties he shared with his [[cousin marriage|wife and cousin]], Emma Wedgwood.
达尔文夫妇有十个孩子：其中两个婴儿早夭，一个女儿安妮十岁的时候去世，这对他们夫妻二人造成了毁灭性的影响。查尔斯是位虔诚的父亲，对他的孩子们特别关心<ref name="whowas" />。每当他们生病时，达尔文都担心是由于自己和同为表姐的妻子，爱玛·韦奇伍德的近亲关系可能会导致下一代从近亲交配中继承弱点。
He examined inbreeding in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of [[outcrossing]] in many species.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=447}} Despite his fears, most of the surviving children and many of their descendants went on to have distinguished careers.
He examined inbreeding in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of [[outcrossing]] in many species.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=447}} Despite his fears, most of the surviving children and many of their descendants went on to have distinguished careers.
他在作品中研究了近亲交配，并将其与异种杂交的优势进行了对比。尽管他很担心，不过他大多数幸存的孩子和他们的许多后代仍然非常优秀，事业有成。
他在作品中研究了近亲交配，并将其与异种杂交的优势进行了对比。尽管他很担心，不过他大多数幸存的孩子和他们的许多后代仍然非常优秀，事业有成。
Of his surviving children, [[George Darwin|George]], [[Francis Darwin|Francis]] and [[Horace Darwin|Horace]] became [[Fellow of the Royal Society|Fellows of the Royal Society]],<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1660–2006, A–J|url=http://royalsociety.org/trackdoc.asp?id=4274&pId=1727|accessdate=16 September 2009|format=PDF|archivedate=3 February 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203000229/https://royalsociety.org/trackdoc.asp?id=4274&pId=1727}}</ref> distinguished as astronomer,<ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Darwin}}</ref> botanist and civil engineer, respectively. All three were knighted.<ref>Berra, Tim M. ''Darwin and His Children: His Other Legacy,'' (Oxford: 2013, Oxford UP), 101, 129, 168. George became a knight commander of the Order of the Bath in 1905. Francis was knighted in 1912. Horace became a knight commander of the KBE in 1918.</ref> Another son, [[Leonard Darwin|Leonard]], went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, [[eugenics|eugenicist]] and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist [[Ronald Fisher]].<ref>Edwards, A. W. F. 2004. Darwin, Leonard (1850–1943). In: ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press.</ref>
Of his surviving children, [[George Darwin|George]], [[Francis Darwin|Francis]] and [[Horace Darwin|Horace]] became [[Fellow of the Royal Society|Fellows of the Royal Society]],<ref name=":131">{{cite web|title=List of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1660–2006, A–J|url=http://royalsociety.org/trackdoc.asp?id=4274&pId=1727|accessdate=16 September 2009|format=PDF|archivedate=3 February 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203000229/https://royalsociety.org/trackdoc.asp?id=4274&pId=1727}}</ref> distinguished as astronomer,<ref name=":132">{{MacTutor Biography|id=Darwin}}</ref> botanist and civil engineer, respectively. All three were knighted. Another son, [[Leonard Darwin|Leonard]], went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, [[eugenics|eugenicist]] and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist [[Ronald Fisher]].<ref name=":133">Edwards, A. W. F. 2004. Darwin, Leonard (1850–1943). In: ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press.</ref>
在其幸存的孩子中，乔治，弗朗西斯和霍拉斯<ref name=":131" />，分别以天文学家<ref name=":132" />，植物学家和土木工程师的身份成为皇家学会会员，且三个人都被封为爵士<ref>Berra, Tim M. ''Darwin and His Children: His Other Legacy,'' (Oxford: 2013, Oxford UP), 101, 129, 168. George became a knight commander of the Order of the Bath in 1905. Francis was knighted in 1912. Horace became a knight commander of the KBE in 1918.</ref>。而另一个儿子伦纳德则前后担任了士兵、政治家、经济学家、优生主义者和统计学家、进化生物学家罗纳德·费希尔的导师。<ref name=":133" />
== 观点和看法==
== Views and opinions 观点和看法==
=== 宗教观 ===
{{Details|Religious views of Charles Darwin}}
{{Details|Religious views of Charles Darwin}}
Darwin's family tradition was [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] [[Unitarianism]], while his father and grandfather were [[freethought|freethinkers]], and his [[baptism]] and [[boarding school]] were [[Church of England]].<ref name=skool /> When going to Cambridge to become an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] clergyman, he did not doubt the [[Biblical inerrancy|literal truth]] of the Bible.<ref name=dar57 /> He learned [[John Herschel]]'s science which, like [[William Paley]]'s [[natural theology]], sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw [[adaptation]] of species as [[teleological argument|evidence of design]].<ref name="syd5-7" /><ref name=db /> On board HMS ''Beagle'', Darwin was quite [[orthodoxy|orthodox]] and would quote the Bible as an authority on [[morality]].<ref name=biorelig>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=side&pageseq=87 85–96]}}</ref> He looked for "centres of creation" to explain distribution,<ref name=k356 /> and suggested that the very similar [[antlion]]s found in Australia and England were evidence of a divine hand.<ref name=Crows />
Darwin's family tradition was [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] [[Unitarianism]], while his father and grandfather were [[freethought|freethinkers]], and his [[baptism]] and [[boarding school]] were [[Church of England]].<ref name=skool /> When going to Cambridge to become an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] clergyman, he did not doubt the [[Biblical inerrancy|literal truth]] of the Bible.<ref name=dar57 /> He learned [[John Herschel]]'s science which, like [[William Paley]]'s [[natural theology]], sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw [[adaptation]] of species as [[teleological argument|evidence of design]].<ref name="syd5-7" /><ref name=db /> On board HMS ''Beagle'', Darwin was quite [[orthodoxy|orthodox]] and would quote the Bible as an authority on [[morality]].<ref name=biorelig>{{Harvnb|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=side&pageseq=87 85–96]}}</ref> He looked for "centres of creation" to explain distribution,<ref name=k356 /> and suggested that the very similar [[antlion]]s found in Australia and England were evidence of a divine hand.<ref name=Crows />
达尔文的家庭传统并不墨守成规，他们是一神论的拥护者，而且他的父亲和祖父是自由思想家，但是为他洗礼以及他日后上的寄宿学校所属却是英格兰教会<ref name="skool" />。当他去剑桥成为英国国教牧师时，他将圣经<ref name="dar57" />奉为圭臬。但在他学习了约翰·赫歇尔John Herschel的科学后，正如威廉·佩利William Paley的自然神学一样，他寻求自然规律而不是一些自圆其说的解释，并将物种的适应性视为自然设计的证据。<ref name="syd5-7" /><ref name="db" /> 在猎犬号上，达尔文颇为正统，他将圣经视为道德权威。他曾试图寻找“创造中心”来解释其物种的分布，并提出观点，称在澳大利亚和英国发现的非常相似的蚁群其实是神之所作的证据。
By his return, he was [[Historical criticism|critical of the Bible as history]], and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid.<ref name=biorelig /> In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the [[transmutation of species]], he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife [[Emma Darwin|Emma]], whose beliefs also came from intensive study and questioning.<ref name=Belief /> The [[theodicy]] of Paley and [[Thomas Malthus]] vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator's laws, which had an overall good effect. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design,<ref>{{harvnb|von Sydow|2005|pp=8–14}}</ref> and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the [[ichneumon wasp]] paralysing [[caterpillar]]s as live food for its eggs.<ref name=miles /> Though he thought of religion as a [[tribe|tribal]] survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of [[deism|God as an ultimate lawgiver]]. He was increasingly troubled by the [[problem of evil]].<ref>{{harvnb|von Sydow|2005|pp=4–5, 12–14}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Moore|2006}}</ref>
By his return, he was [[Historical criticism|critical of the Bible as history]], and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid.<ref name=biorelig /> In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the [[transmutation of species]], he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife [[Emma Darwin|Emma]], whose beliefs also came from intensive study and questioning.<ref name=Belief /> The [[theodicy]] of Paley and [[Thomas Malthus]] vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator's laws, which had an overall good effect. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design,<ref name=":134">{{harvnb|von Sydow|2005|pp=8–14}}</ref> and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the [[ichneumon wasp]] paralysing [[caterpillar]]s as live food for its eggs.<ref name=miles /> Though he thought of religion as a [[tribe|tribal]] survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of [[deism|God as an ultimate lawgiver]]. He was increasingly troubled by the [[problem of evil]].<ref name=":135">{{harvnb|von Sydow|2005|pp=4–5, 12–14}}</ref><ref name=":136">{{Harvnb|Moore|2006}}</ref>
回国后，他对人们将圣经作为史实的观念进行了批判，并试图解释为什么所有宗教都不应该有根有据<ref name="biorelig" />。接下来的几年中，在深入推测地质和物种演变的同时，他对宗教也进行了诸多思考。他与妻子艾玛公开讨论了这一点，艾玛的信仰也来自于深入的研究和质疑<ref name="Belief" />。佩利和托马斯·马尔萨斯的神学论证了诸如饥饿之类的邪恶存在，其实是由仁慈的创造者定律所带来的，该理论总体上产生了良好的效果。对达尔文而言，自然选择带来了适用能力的好处，但消除了设计这个概念的需要<ref name=":134" />，他看不到无所不能的神在所有痛苦和苦难中工作，例如鱼龙黄蜂麻痹了毛毛虫，将其作为卵的活食<ref name="miles" />。尽管达尔文认为宗教是作为部落生存的策略而存在，但他并不愿意放弃将上帝视为终极立法者的想法。他越来越受到罪恶问题的困扰。<ref name=":135" /><ref name=":136" />
Darwin remained close friends with the [[Vicar (Anglicanism)|vicar]] of Downe, [[John Brodie Innes]], and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/religion/darwin-and-church |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Darwin and the church: historical essay |accessdate=26 November 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133709/https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/religion/darwin-and-church |archivedate=28 November 2016 |date=5 June 2015 }}</ref> but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church.<ref name=jvw41 /> He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist"<ref name=Fordyce>[http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-12041.html Letter 12041] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107174817/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-12041.html |date=7 November 2009 }} – Darwin, C. R. to Fordyce, John, 7 May 1879</ref><ref name=spencer>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/sep/17/darwin-evolution-religion Darwin's Complex loss of Faith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082018/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/sep/17/darwin-evolution-religion |date=11 February 2017 }} [[The Guardian]] 17 September 2009</ref> and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind".<ref name=Belief /><ref name=Fordyce />
Darwin remained close friends with the [[Vicar (Anglicanism)|vicar]] of Downe, [[John Brodie Innes]], and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church,<ref name=":137">{{cite web |url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/religion/darwin-and-church |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Darwin and the church: historical essay |accessdate=26 November 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133709/https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/commentary/religion/darwin-and-church |archivedate=28 November 2016 |date=5 June 2015 }}</ref> but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church.<ref name=jvw41 /> He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist"<ref name=Fordyce>[http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-12041.html Letter 12041] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107174817/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-12041.html |date=7 November 2009 }} – Darwin, C. R. to Fordyce, John, 7 May 1879</ref><ref name=spencer>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/sep/17/darwin-evolution-religion Darwin's Complex loss of Faith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082018/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/sep/17/darwin-evolution-religion |date=11 February 2017 }} [[The Guardian]] 17 September 2009</ref> and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind".<ref name=Belief /><ref name=Fordyce />
达尔文与郡达温牧师约翰·布罗迪·英内斯John Brodie Innes保持着密切的朋友关系，并继续在教堂的教区工作中发挥重要作用<ref name=":137" />。但从1849年左右起，当他的家人在周日去教堂做礼拜时，他更愿意选择散步。他认为“怀疑一个人即可能是一个热情的有神论者，同时也是进化论者是荒谬的”<ref name="Fordyce" /><ref name="spencer" /> 。尽管对宗教观点他一直保持沉默，但在1879年，他写道：“从否认上帝存在的意义上说，我从来不是无神论者。“从拒绝上帝存在的意义上说，我从来没有做过无神论者。–我认为……一般而言，不可知论者是对我心态最正确的描述”。<ref name="Belief" /><ref name="Fordyce" />
The "[[Elizabeth, Lady Hope|Lady Hope Story]]", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians.<ref>{{harvnb|Moore|2005}}<br />{{Harvnb|Yates|2003}}</ref>
The "[[Elizabeth, Lady Hope|Lady Hope Story]]", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians.<ref name=":138">{{harvnb|Moore|2005}}<br />{{Harvnb|Yates|2003}}</ref>
1915年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 霍普夫人的故事Lady Hope Story </font>'''》中声称达尔文在病床上重回了基督教信仰。该说法后来被达尔文的孩子们否定，并被历史学家认定为虚假信息。<ref name=":138" />
=== 人类社会 ===
=== Human society 人类社会 ===
Darwin's views on social and political issues reflected his time and social position. He grew up in a family of [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] reformers who, like his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, supported [[Reform Act 1832|electoral reform]] and the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|emancipation of slaves]]. Darwin was passionately opposed to slavery, while seeing no problem with the working conditions of English factory workers or servants. His taxidermy lessons in 1826 from the freed slave [[John Edmonstone]], whom he long recalled as "a very pleasant and intelligent man", reinforced his belief that black people shared the same feelings, and could be as intelligent as people of other races. He took the same attitude to native people he met on the ''Beagle'' voyage.{{sfn|Browne|1995|pp=196–198, 240}} These attitudes were not unusual in Britain in the 1820s, much as it shocked visiting Americans. British society started to envisage racial differences more vividly in mid-century,<ref name=eddy /> but Darwin remained strongly against slavery, against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species", and against ill-treatment of native people.<ref name=":139">{{harvnb|Wilkins|2008|pp=408–413}}</ref>{{Ref label|G|VII|none}} Darwins interaction with [[Yaghan people|Yaghan]]s (Fuegians) such as [[Jemmy Button]] during the [[second voyage of HMS Beagle]] had a profound impact on his view of primitive peoples. At his arrival to [[Tierra del Fuego]] he made a colourful description of "[[Fuegian]] savages".<ref name=Rozzi2018/> This view changed as he came to know Yaghan people more in detail. By studying the Yaghans, Darwin concluded that a number of basic emotions by different human groups were the same and that mental capabilities were roughly the same as for Europeans.<ref name=Rozzi2018>{{cite journal |last1=Rozzi |first1=Ricardo|author-link=Ricardo Rozzi |date=2018 |title=Transformaciones del pensamiento de Darwin en cabo de hornos: Un legado para la ciencia y la etica ambiental|trans-title=Transformations of Darwin’s thought in cape horn: A legacy for science and environmental ethics |language=Spanish |journal=[[Magallania]] |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages= 267–277|doi=10.4067/S0718-22442018000100267 |doi-access=free }}</ref> While interested in Yaghan culture Darwin failed to appreciate their deep ecological knowledge and elaborate cosmology until the 1850s when he inspected a dictionary of [[Yaghan language|Yaghan]] detailing 32-thousand words.<ref name=Rozzi2018/> He saw that European colonisation would often lead to the extinction of native civilisations, and "tr[ied] to integrate colonialism into an evolutionary history of civilization analogous to natural history."<ref name=barta>{{cite journal |first=Tony|last=Barta|title=Mr Darwin's shooters: on natural selection and the naturalizing of genocide|journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=39|issue=2|pages=116–137 |doi=10.1080/00313220500106170 |date=2 June 2005 |s2cid=159807728}}</ref>
达尔文对社会和政治问题的看法也反映出了他的时代背景和社会地位。他在辉格党改革派家庭中长大，像他的叔叔乔西亚·韦奇伍德一样，他支持选举改革和奴隶的解放。达尔文满腔热情地反对奴隶制，但却认为英国工厂工人或仆人的工作条件并不存在问题。他在1826年从被释放的奴隶约翰·埃德蒙斯通那里学到了如何剥制动物标本，达尔文一直记得他是“一个非常讨人喜欢且聪明的人”，这进一步强化了他的信念，即黑人具有相同的感受，并且可能与其他种族的人一样聪明。他对猎犬号航行中遇到的土著人持同样的态度。这些态度在1820年代的英国并不罕见，但是这却让来访的美国人感到震惊。英国社会在本世纪中叶<ref name="eddy" />开始更加着重强调种族差异，但达尔文仍然坚决反对奴隶制，反对“将所谓的人类种族列为不同的种族”，并反对虐待土著人民<ref name=":139" />。在猎犬号第二次航行中，达尔文与亚格汉的人（火地岛人），例如杰米·巴顿进行互动，这个经历使他对原始民族的看法产生了深远的影响。到达火地岛时，他对“火地岛野蛮人”做了丰富多彩的描述。当他更加详细地了解亚格汉人时，这种看法发生了变化。通过研究亚格汉人，达尔文得出结论，不同人类群体的许多基本情感是相同的，并且心理能力与欧洲人大致相同<ref name="Rozzi2018" />。达尔文虽然对亚格汉文化产生了兴趣，但直到1850年代，他查阅了亚格汉词典，其中详细列出了32,000个单词<ref name="Rozzi2018" />，也正是到了那时，他才对它们深厚的生态知识和复杂的宇宙学感兴趣。<ref name="barta" />
He thought men's eminence over women was the outcome of sexual selection, a view disputed by [[Antoinette Brown Blackwell]] in her 1875 book ''[[The Sexes Throughout Nature]]''.<ref name=Vandermassen>{{cite journal |author=Vandermassen, Griet |title=Sexual Selection: A Tale of Male Bias and Feminist Denial |journal=European Journal of Women's Studies |year=2004 |volume=11 |issue=9 |doi=10.1177/1350506804039812 |pages=11–13 |ref=harv |citeseerx=10.1.1.550.3672 |s2cid=145221350 }}</ref>
He thought men's eminence over women was the outcome of sexual selection, a view disputed by [[Antoinette Brown Blackwell]] in her 1875 book ''[[The Sexes Throughout Nature]]''.<ref name=Vandermassen>{{cite journal |author=Vandermassen, Griet |title=Sexual Selection: A Tale of Male Bias and Feminist Denial |journal=European Journal of Women's Studies |year=2004 |volume=11 |issue=9 |doi=10.1177/1350506804039812 |pages=11–13 |ref=harv |citeseerx=10.1.1.550.3672 |s2cid=145221350 }}</ref>
他认为男人优于女人是性别选择的结果，安托瓦内特·布朗·布莱克威尔Antoinette Brown Blackwell在1875年出版的《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 大自然中的性别The Sexes Throughout Nature </font>'''》一书中对此观点提出了质疑。<ref name="Vandermassen" />
Darwin was intrigued by his [[half-cousin]] [[Francis Galton]]'s argument, introduced in 1865, that [[Historiometry|statistical analysis]] of [[heredity]] showed that moral and mental human traits could be inherited, and principles of animal breeding could apply to humans. In ''The Descent of Man'', Darwin noted that aiding the weak to survive and have families could lose the benefits of natural selection, but cautioned that withholding such aid would endanger the instinct of sympathy, "the noblest part of our nature", and factors such as education could be more important. When Galton suggested that publishing research could encourage intermarriage within a "caste" of "those who are naturally gifted", Darwin foresaw practical difficulties, and thought it "the sole feasible, yet I fear [[utopian]], plan of procedure in improving the human race", preferring to simply publicise the importance of inheritance and leave decisions to individuals.<ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=556–557, 572, 598}}<br />{{Harvnb|Darwin|1871|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.1&pageseq=180 167–173], [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.2&pageseq=419 402–403]}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.galton.org/letters/darwin/correspondence.htm|title=Correspondence between Francis Galton and Charles Darwin|accessdate=8 November 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102150434/http://galton.org/letters/darwin/correspondence.htm|archivedate=2 January 2009}}</ref> Francis Galton named this field of study "[[eugenics]]" in 1883.{{Ref label|H|VIII|1}} After Darwin's death, his theories were cited to promote eugenic policies.<ref name=barta/>
Darwin was intrigued by his [[half-cousin]] [[Francis Galton]]'s argument, introduced in 1865, that [[Historiometry|statistical analysis]] of [[heredity]] showed that moral and mental human traits could be inherited, and principles of animal breeding could apply to humans. In ''The Descent of Man'', Darwin noted that aiding the weak to survive and have families could lose the benefits of natural selection, but cautioned that withholding such aid would endanger the instinct of sympathy, "the noblest part of our nature", and factors such as education could be more important. When Galton suggested that publishing research could encourage intermarriage within a "caste" of "those who are naturally gifted", Darwin foresaw practical difficulties, and thought it "the sole feasible, yet I fear [[utopian]], plan of procedure in improving the human race", preferring to simply publicise the importance of inheritance and leave decisions to individuals.<ref name=":140">{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=556–557, 572, 598}}<br />{{Harvnb|Darwin|1871|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.1&pageseq=180 167–173], [http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.2&pageseq=419 402–403]}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.galton.org/letters/darwin/correspondence.htm|title=Correspondence between Francis Galton and Charles Darwin|accessdate=8 November 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102150434/http://galton.org/letters/darwin/correspondence.htm|archivedate=2 January 2009}}</ref> Francis Galton named this field of study "[[eugenics]]" in 1883.{{Ref label|H|VIII|1}} After Darwin's death, his theories were cited to promote eugenic policies.<ref name=barta/>
达尔文对表兄弟弗朗西斯·高尔顿Francis Galton在1865年提出的论点深感兴趣，弗朗西斯认为，通过遗传的统计分析，可以表明道德和精神上的人类特征可以被继承，并且动物繁殖的原理也可以适用于人类。达尔文在《人类的由来》中指出，帮助弱者生存并使之拥有家庭，可能会失去自然选择带来的好处，但他又警告说，拒绝提供援助将磨灭人类同情的本性，即“我们本性中最崇高的部分”，他认为诸如教育之类的因素可能更为重要。当高尔顿建议发表其研究成果以鼓励“有天赋的人”之间通婚时，达尔文预见了实际的困难，这是“唯一可行的方案，但我担心的是乌托邦式的，改善人类进程的计划会因此产生”。他宁愿简单地宣传继承的重要性，而将决定权留给个人<ref name=":140" />。弗朗西斯·高尔顿在1883年将这一研究领域命名为“优生学”。达尔文去世后，他的理论被引用来促进优生政策的推行。<ref name="barta" />
== 社会进化论运动 ==
== Evolutionary social movements 社会进化论运动 ==
{{Further|Darwinism|Eugenics|Social Darwinism}}
{{Further|Darwinism|Eugenics|Social Darwinism}}
Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments.
Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments.
Thomas Malthus had argued that [[Malthusian catastrophe|population growth beyond resources]] was ordained by God to get humans to [[Protestant work ethic|work productively]] and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify [[workhouse]]s and [[laissez-faire economics]].<ref name=wm>{{harvnb|Wilkins|1997}}<br />{{Harvnb|Moore|2006}}</ref> Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and [[Herbert Spencer]]'s 1851 book ''Social Statics'' based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sweet|2004}}</ref>
Thomas Malthus had argued that [[Malthusian catastrophe|population growth beyond resources]] was ordained by God to get humans to [[Protestant work ethic|work productively]] and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify [[workhouse]]s and [[laissez-faire economics]].<ref name=wm>{{harvnb|Wilkins|1997}}<br />{{Harvnb|Moore|2006}}</ref> Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and [[Herbert Spencer]]'s 1851 book ''Social Statics'' based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory.<ref name=":141">{{Harvnb|Sweet|2004}}</ref>
托马斯·马尔萨斯认为，上帝放任人口增长超过资源供给，是为了使人类更有生产力地工作，并抑制了家庭的组建。这在1830年代被用于证明工作场所和自由放任经济学的合理性<ref name="wm" />。当时，进化论被认为具有社会意义，赫伯特·斯宾塞Herbert Spencer在其1851年的著作《'''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会静力学Social Statics </font>'''》中以拉马克进化论为基础，阐述了人类自由和个人自由的思想。<ref name=":141" />
Soon after the ''Origin'' was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term ''Darwinism'' was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "[[survival of the fittest]]" as free-market progress, and [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s [[polygenism|polygenistic]] ideas of [[Ernst Haeckel#Polygenism and racial theory|human development]]. Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat-dog capitalism, [[colonialism]] and [[New Imperialism|imperialism]]. However, Darwin's holistic view of nature included "dependence of one being on another"; thus [[pacifism|pacifists]], socialists, liberal social reformers and anarchists such as [[Peter Kropotkin]] stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species.<ref>{{Harvnb|Paul|2003|pp=223–225}}</ref> Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bannister|1989}}</ref>
Soon after the ''Origin'' was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term ''Darwinism'' was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "[[survival of the fittest]]" as free-market progress, and [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s [[polygenism|polygenistic]] ideas of [[Ernst Haeckel#Polygenism and racial theory|human development]]. Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat-dog capitalism, [[colonialism]] and [[New Imperialism|imperialism]]. However, Darwin's holistic view of nature included "dependence of one being on another"; thus [[pacifism|pacifists]], socialists, liberal social reformers and anarchists such as [[Peter Kropotkin]] stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species.<ref name=":142">{{Harvnb|Paul|2003|pp=223–225}}</ref> Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature.<ref name=":143">{{Harvnb|Bannister|1989}}</ref>
《物种起源》在1859年出版后不久，批评家们嘲笑达尔文对生存斗争的描述是在为当时英国工业资本主义的马尔萨斯主义辩护。后来达尔文主义一词开始用于进化思想，包括斯宾塞Spencer的“适者生存”思想和自由市场的进步，以及恩斯特·海克尔Ernst Haeckel的人类发展多元论。作家利用自然选择来主张各种经常相互矛盾的意识形态，例如放任自由 “狗吃狗”的资本主义，殖民主义和帝国主义。然而，达尔文的整体自然观包括了“一个人对另一个人的依赖”。因此，和平主义者，社会主义者，自由社会改革者和无政府主义者（例如彼得·克罗波特金Peter Kropotkin）都强调了合作对于物种内部斗争的价值<ref name=":142" />。达尔文本人坚称，社会政策不应仅仅以斗争和自然选择的观念为指导。<ref name=":143" />
After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". During the "Eclipse of Darwinism", a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendelian]] [[genetics]]. Negative eugenics to remove the "feebleminded" were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and [[eugenics in the United States]] introduced [[compulsory sterilisation]] laws, followed by several other countries. Subsequently, [[Nazi eugenics]] brought the field into disrepute.{{Ref label|H|VIII|2}}
After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". During the "Eclipse of Darwinism", a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by [[Mendelian inheritance|Mendelian]] [[genetics]]. Negative eugenics to remove the "feebleminded" were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and [[eugenics in the United States]] introduced [[compulsory sterilisation]] laws, followed by several other countries. Subsequently, [[Nazi eugenics]] brought the field into disrepute.{{Ref label|H|VIII|2}}
1880年代后期，优生运动发展了生物遗传学的思想，并吸收了达尔文主义的某些观念从而为他们的思想提供了科学依据。在英国，大多数人赞同达尔文对自愿改善的谨慎态度，并试图鼓励那些具有“积极优生”思想特征的人。在“达尔文主义的消亡”期间，孟德尔遗传学为优生学提供了科学基础。在美国，加拿大和澳大利亚，反向优生学开始除去“笨拙”的一代，并使之成为生育思想的主流。美国的优生拥护者甚至颁布了强制性绝育法，随后该法案又被其他几个国家引入。不过后来，纳粹优生学使该领域声名狼藉。
1880年代后期，优生运动发展了生物遗传学的思想，并吸收了达尔文主义的某些观念从而为他们的思想提供了科学依据。在英国，大多数人赞同达尔文对自愿改善的谨慎态度，并试图鼓励那些具有“积极优生”思想特征的人。在“达尔文主义的消亡”期间，孟德尔遗传学为优生学提供了科学基础。在美国，加拿大和澳大利亚，反向优生学开始除去“笨拙”的一代，并使之成为生育思想的主流。美国的优生拥护者甚至颁布了强制性绝育法，随后该法案又被其他几个国家引入。不过后来，纳粹优生学使该领域声名狼藉。
The term "[[Social Darwinism]]" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by [[Richard Hofstadter]] to attack the [[laissez-faire]] conservatism of those like [[William Graham Sumner]] who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution.<ref>{{Harvnb|Paul|2003}}<br />{{Harvnb|Kotzin|2004}}</ref><ref name=wm />
The term "[[Social Darwinism]]" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by [[Richard Hofstadter]] to attack the [[laissez-faire]] conservatism of those like [[William Graham Sumner]] who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution.<ref name=":144">{{Harvnb|Paul|2003}}<br />{{Harvnb|Kotzin|2004}}</ref><ref name=wm />
“社会达尔文主义”一词在1890年代左右很少使用，但在1940年代作为贬义词而流行，由理查德·霍夫施塔特Richard Hofstadter用来抨击自由放任的保守主义派，像是威廉·格雷厄姆·萨姆纳William Graham Sumner一样反对改革和社会主义的人。从那时起，它就被那些认为进化论会导致严重的道德后果的反对者滥用。
“社会达尔文主义”一词在1890年代左右很少使用，但在1940年代作为贬义词而流行，由理查德·霍夫施塔特Richard Hofstadter用来抨击自由放任的保守主义派，像是威廉·格雷厄姆·萨姆纳William Graham Sumner一样反对改革和社会主义的人。从那时起，它就被那些认为进化论会导致严重的道德后果的反对者滥用。<ref name=":144" /><ref name="wm" />
== Works 著作 ==
== 著作 ==
{{details|Charles Darwin bibliography}}
{{details|Charles Darwin bibliography}}
达尔文是一位著作等身的学者。即使在还没有发表有关进化的论文时，他还是《猎犬号》的作者、在南美洲发表并解决了珊瑚环礁形成难题的地质学家以及发表了有关藤壶权威著作的生物学家。虽然《物种起源》在他作品集中占了主导地位，但《人的由来》和《人类与动物的情感表达》同样产生了巨大的影响。另外他关于植物的著作有《植物运动的力量》以及他的遗作《腐植土的产生与蚯蚓的作用》，都是业界举足轻重的创新研究成果。
达尔文是一位著作等身的学者。即使在还没有发表有关进化的论文时，他还是《猎犬号》的作者、在南美洲发表并解决了珊瑚环礁形成难题的地质学家以及发表了有关藤壶权威著作的生物学家。虽然《物种起源》在他作品集中占了主导地位，但《人的由来》和《人类与动物的情感表达》同样产生了巨大的影响。另外他关于植物的著作有《植物运动的力量》以及他的遗作《腐植土的产生与蚯蚓的作用》，都是业界举足轻重的创新研究成果。
== See also 另请参见 ==
== 另请参见 ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[创造论与进化论之争Creation–evolution controversy]]
* [[创造论与进化论之争Creation–evolution controversy]]