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自由能原理 (查看源代码)

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'''自由能原理 Free energy principle'''是一个正式的陈述，它解释了生物系统和非生物系统如何通过将自己限制在有限的几个状态而保持在非平衡稳态。<ref>Ashby, W. R. (1962). [http://csis.pace.edu/~marchese/CS396x/Computing/Ashby.pdf Principles of the self-organizing system].in Principles of Self-Organization: Transactions of the University of Illinois Symposium, H. Von Foerster and G. W. Zopf, Jr. (eds.), Pergamon Press: London, UK, pp. 255–278.</ref>它表明系统最小化了内部状态的自由能函数，而内部状态包含了对环境中隐藏状态的信任。自由能的内隐最小化在形式上与变分贝叶斯方法 Variational Bayesian methods有关，最初由Karl Friston引入，作为神经科学中对具身知觉的解释，<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Friston | first1=Karl | last2=Kilner | first2=James | last3=Harrison | first3=Lee | title=A free energy principle for the brain | journal=Journal of Physiology-Paris | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=100 | issue=1–3 | year=2006 | issn=0928-4257 | doi=10.1016/j.jphysparis.2006.10.001 | pmid=17097864 | pages=70–87| s2cid=637885 |url=http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/A%20free%20energy%20principle%20for%20the%20brain.pdf}}</ref>在那里它也被称为“主动推理”。
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'''自由能原理 Free energy principle'''是一个正式的陈述，它解释了生物系统和非生物系统如何通过将自己限制在有限的几个状态而保持在非平衡稳态。<ref>Ashby, W. R. (1962). [http://csis.pace.edu/~marchese/CS396x/Computing/Ashby.pdf Principles of the self-organizing system].in Principles of Self-Organization: Transactions of the University of Illinois Symposium, H. Von Foerster and G. W. Zopf, Jr. (eds.), Pergamon Press: London, UK, pp. 255–278.</ref>它表明系统最小化了内部状态的自由能函数，而内部状态包含了对环境中隐藏状态的信任。自由能的内隐最小化在形式上与变分贝叶斯方法 Variational Bayesian methods有关，最初由Karl Friston引入，作为神经科学中对具身知觉的解释，<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Friston | first1=Karl | last2=Kilner | first2=James | last3=Harrison | first3=Lee | title=A free energy principle for the brain | journal=Journal of Physiology-Paris | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=100 | issue=1–3 | year=2006 | issn=0928-4257 | doi=10.1016/j.jphysparis.2006.10.001 | pmid=17097864 | pages=70–87|url=http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/A%20free%20energy%20principle%20for%20the%20brain.pdf}}</ref>在那里它也被称为“主动推理”。
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自由能原理被批评为很难理解，甚至对专家来说也是如此。<ref>{{cite journal | last=Freed | first=Peter | title=Research Digest | journal=Neuropsychoanalysis | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=12 | issue=1 | year=2010 | issn=1529-4145 | doi=10.1080/15294145.2010.10773634 | pages=103–106| s2cid=220306712 }}</ref>对这一原则的讨论也被批评为援引了形而上学远离可检验的科学预测的假设，使这一原则成为不可证伪的。<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Colombo | first1=Matteo | last2=Wright | first2=Cory | title=First principles in the life sciences: the free-energy principle, organicism, and mechanism | journal=Synthese | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | date=2018-09-10 | issn=0039-7857 | doi=10.1007/s11229-018-01932-w | page=|doi-access=free}}</ref>在2018年的一次采访中，弗里斯顿承认自由能原则并不恰当[[可证伪性|可证伪性]]：“自由能原则就是它的本来面目-一个原则。与[[最小作用原理|哈密顿定常作用原理]]一样，它是不可证伪的。这是无法反驳的。事实上，除非你问可测量系统是否符合这一原则，否则你对此无能为力。”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Friston|first=Karl|date=2018|title=Of woodlice and men: A Bayesian account of cognition, life and consciousness. An interview with Karl Friston (by Martin Fortier & Daniel Friedman)|url=https://www.aliusresearch.org/bulletin02.html|journal=ALIUS Bulletin|volume=2|pages=17–43|via=}}</ref>
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自由能原理被批评为很难理解，甚至对专家来说也是如此。<ref>{{cite journal | last=Freed | first=Peter | title=Research Digest | journal=Neuropsychoanalysis | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=12 | issue=1 | year=2010 | issn=1529-4145 | doi=10.1080/15294145.2010.10773634 | pages=103–106}}</ref>对这一原则的讨论也被批评为援引了形而上学远离可检验的科学预测的假设，使这一原则成为不可证伪的。<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Colombo | first1=Matteo | last2=Wright | first2=Cory | title=First principles in the life sciences: the free-energy principle, organicism, and mechanism | journal=Synthese | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | date=2018-09-10 | issn=0039-7857 | doi=10.1007/s11229-018-01932-w | page=|doi-access=free}}</ref>在2018年的一次采访中，弗里斯顿承认自由能原则并不恰当[[可证伪性|可证伪性]]：“自由能原则就是它的本来面目-一个原则。与[[最小作用原理|哈密顿定常作用原理]]一样，它是不可证伪的。这是无法反驳的。事实上，除非你问可测量系统是否符合这一原则，否则你对此无能为力。”<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Friston|first=Karl|date=2018|title=Of woodlice and men: A Bayesian account of cognition, life and consciousness. An interview with Karl Friston (by Martin Fortier & Daniel Friedman)|url=https://www.aliusresearch.org/bulletin02.html|journal=ALIUS Bulletin|volume=2|pages=17–43|via=}}</ref>
       
== 背景==
 
== 背景==
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自我组织的生物系统——比如细胞或大脑——可以被理解为最小化变分自由能的概念，是基于亥姆霍兹在无意识推理<ref name="Helmholtz">Helmholtz, H. (1866/1962). Concerning the perceptions in general. In Treatise on physiological optics (J. Southall, Trans., 3rd ed., Vol. III). New York: Dover.</ref>以及随后的心理学<ref>{{cite journal | title=Perceptions as hypotheses | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences | publisher=The Royal Society | volume=290 | issue=1038 | date=1980-07-08 | issn=0080-4622 | doi=10.1098/rstb.1980.0090 | pmid=6106237 | bibcode=1980RSPTB.290..181G | pages=181–197|jstor=2395424| last1=Gregory | first1=R. L. | doi-access=free }}</ref>和机器学习<ref name="Dayan">{{cite journal | last1=Dayan | first1=Peter | last2=Hinton | first2=Geoffrey E. | last3=Neal | first3=Radford M. | last4=Zemel | first4=Richard S. | title=The Helmholtz Machine | journal=Neural Computation | publisher=MIT Press - Journals | volume=7 | issue=5 | year=1995 | issn=0899-7667 | doi=10.1162/neco.1995.7.5.889 | pmid=7584891 | pages=889–904| s2cid=1890561 |url=http://www.gatsby.ucl.ac.uk/~dayan/papers/hm95.pdf}}</ref>治疗方面的工作。变分自由能是观测值及其隐含原因的概率密度的函数。这个变分密度的定义关系到一个概率模型，从假设的原因产生预测观测。在这种情况下，自由能提供了一个近似贝叶斯模型<ref>Beal, M. J. (2003). [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/faculty/mbeal/papers/beal03.pdf Variational Algorithms for Approximate Bayesian Inference]. Ph.D. Thesis, University College London.</ref>的证据。因此，它的最小化可以被看作是一个贝叶斯推断过程。当一个系统积极地进行观测以最小化自由能时，它隐含地进行了积极推理并最大化其世界模型的证据。
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自我组织的生物系统——比如细胞或大脑——可以被理解为最小化变分自由能的概念，是基于亥姆霍兹在无意识推理<ref name="Helmholtz">Helmholtz, H. (1866/1962). Concerning the perceptions in general. In Treatise on physiological optics (J. Southall, Trans., 3rd ed., Vol. III). New York: Dover.</ref>以及随后的心理学<ref>{{cite journal | title=Perceptions as hypotheses | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences | publisher=The Royal Society | volume=290 | issue=1038 | date=1980-07-08 | issn=0080-4622 | doi=10.1098/rstb.1980.0090 | pmid=6106237 | bibcode=1980RSPTB.290..181G | pages=181–197|jstor=2395424| last1=Gregory | first1=R. L. | doi-access=free }}</ref>和机器学习<ref name="Dayan">{{cite journal | last1=Dayan | first1=Peter | last2=Hinton | first2=Geoffrey E. | last3=Neal | first3=Radford M. | last4=Zemel | first4=Richard S. | title=The Helmholtz Machine | journal=Neural Computation | publisher=MIT Press - Journals | volume=7 | issue=5 | year=1995 | issn=0899-7667 | doi=10.1162/neco.1995.7.5.889 | pmid=7584891 | pages=889–904|url=http://www.gatsby.ucl.ac.uk/~dayan/papers/hm95.pdf}}</ref>治疗方面的工作。变分自由能是观测值及其隐含原因的概率密度的函数。这个变分密度的定义关系到一个概率模型，从假设的原因产生预测观测。在这种情况下，自由能提供了一个近似贝叶斯模型<ref>Beal, M. J. (2003). [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/faculty/mbeal/papers/beal03.pdf Variational Algorithms for Approximate Bayesian Inference]. Ph.D. Thesis, University College London.</ref>的证据。因此，它的最小化可以被看作是一个贝叶斯推断过程。当一个系统积极地进行观测以最小化自由能时，它隐含地进行了积极推理并最大化其世界模型的证据。
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===主动推理与认知神经科学===
 
===主动推理与认知神经科学===
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主动推理已被用于解决[[认知神经科学]]、脑功能和神经精神病学的一系列问题，包括：行动观察，<ref>Friston, K., Mattout, J. & Kilner, J., (2011). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Action%20understanding%20and%20active%20inference.pdf Action understanding and active inference]. Biol Cybern., 104, 137–160.</ref>镜像神经元，<ref>Kilner, J. M., Friston, K. J. & Frith, C. D., (2007). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Predictive%20coding%20an%20account%20of%20the%20mirror%20neuron%20system.pdf Predictive coding: an account of the mirror neuron system]. Cogn Process., 8(3), pp. 159–66.</ref> 扫视和视觉搜索，<ref>Friston, K., Adams, R. A., Perrinet, L. & Breakspear, M., (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Perceptions%20as%20hypotheses%20saccades%20as%20experiments.pdf Perceptions as hypotheses: saccades as experiments]. Front Psychol., 3, 151.</ref><ref>Mirza, M., Adams, R., Mathys, C., Friston, K. (2018). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190429 Human visual exploration reduces uncertainty about the sensed world]. PLoS One, 13(1): e0190429 </ref> 眼球运动，<ref>Perrinet L, Adams R,  Friston, K. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00422-014-0620-8.pdf Active inference, eye movements and oculomotor delays]. Biological Cybernetics, 108(6):777-801, 2014.</ref>  睡眠，<ref>Hobson, J. A. & Friston, K. J., (2012). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008212000706 Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations]. Prog Neurobiol, 98(1), pp. 82–98.</ref>幻觉，<ref>Brown, H., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Free-energy%20and%20illusions%20the%20Cornsweet%20effect.pdf Free-energy and illusions: the cornsweet effect]. Front Psychol , 3, 43.</ref> 注意，<ref name="Feldman" /> 动作选择，<ref name="Friston_a" /> 意识，<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rudrauf|first1=David|last2=Bennequin|first2=Daniel|last3=Granic|first3=Isabela|last4=Landini|first4=Gregory|last5=Friston|first5=Karl|last6=Williford|first6=Kenneth|date=2017-09-07|title=A mathematical model of embodied consciousness|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=428|pages=106–131|doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.032|pmid=28554611|issn=0022-5193|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057795/1/DR_et_al_A_math_model_of_embodied_consciousness_JTBiol_final_revision_for_submission.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Projective Consciousness Model and Phenomenal Selfhood|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|volume = 9|pages = 2571|last1=K|first1=Williford|last2=D|first2=Bennequin|date=2018-12-17|language=en|pmid=30618988|pmc = 6304424|last3=K|first3=Friston|last4=D|first4=Rudrauf|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02571}}</ref> hysteria<ref>Edwards, M. J., Adams, R. A., Brown, H., Pareés, I., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/A%20Bayesian%20account%20of%20hysteria.pdf A Bayesian account of 'hysteria']. Brain , 135(Pt 11):3495–512.</ref> 还有精神病。<ref>Adams RA, Perrinet LU, Friston K. (2012). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047502 Smooth pursuit and visual occlusion: active inference and oculomotor control in schizophrenia]. PLoS One. , 12;7(10):e47502</ref> 对主动推理中行为的解释常常依赖于这样一种观点，即大脑有“顽固的预测”，它无法更新，从而导致使这些预测成真的行为。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yon|first1=Daniel|last2=Lange|first2=Floris P. de|last3=Press|first3=Clare|date=2019-01-01|title=The Predictive Brain as a Stubborn Scientist|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(18)30239-0|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|language=English|volume=23|issue=1|pages=6–8|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.003|issn=1364-6613|pmid=30429054|s2cid=53280000}}</ref>
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主动推理已被用于解决[[认知神经科学]]、脑功能和神经精神病学的一系列问题，包括：行动观察，<ref>Friston, K., Mattout, J. & Kilner, J., (2011). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Action%20understanding%20and%20active%20inference.pdf Action understanding and active inference]. Biol Cybern., 104, 137–160.</ref>镜像神经元，<ref>Kilner, J. M., Friston, K. J. & Frith, C. D., (2007). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Predictive%20coding%20an%20account%20of%20the%20mirror%20neuron%20system.pdf Predictive coding: an account of the mirror neuron system]. Cogn Process., 8(3), pp. 159–66.</ref> 扫视和视觉搜索，<ref>Friston, K., Adams, R. A., Perrinet, L. & Breakspear, M., (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Perceptions%20as%20hypotheses%20saccades%20as%20experiments.pdf Perceptions as hypotheses: saccades as experiments]. Front Psychol., 3, 151.</ref><ref>Mirza, M., Adams, R., Mathys, C., Friston, K. (2018). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190429 Human visual exploration reduces uncertainty about the sensed world]. PLoS One, 13(1): e0190429 </ref> 眼球运动，<ref>Perrinet L, Adams R,  Friston, K. [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00422-014-0620-8.pdf Active inference, eye movements and oculomotor delays]. Biological Cybernetics, 108(6):777-801, 2014.</ref>  睡眠，<ref>Hobson, J. A. & Friston, K. J., (2012). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301008212000706 Waking and dreaming consciousness: Neurobiological and functional considerations]. Prog Neurobiol, 98(1), pp. 82–98.</ref>幻觉，<ref>Brown, H., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/Free-energy%20and%20illusions%20the%20Cornsweet%20effect.pdf Free-energy and illusions: the cornsweet effect]. Front Psychol , 3, 43.</ref> 注意，<ref name="Feldman" /> 动作选择，<ref name="Friston_a" /> 意识，<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rudrauf|first1=David|last2=Bennequin|first2=Daniel|last3=Granic|first3=Isabela|last4=Landini|first4=Gregory|last5=Friston|first5=Karl|last6=Williford|first6=Kenneth|date=2017-09-07|title=A mathematical model of embodied consciousness|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|volume=428|pages=106–131|doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.032|pmid=28554611|issn=0022-5193|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057795/1/DR_et_al_A_math_model_of_embodied_consciousness_JTBiol_final_revision_for_submission.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Projective Consciousness Model and Phenomenal Selfhood|journal = Frontiers in Psychology|volume = 9|pages = 2571|last1=K|first1=Williford|last2=D|first2=Bennequin|date=2018-12-17|language=en|pmid=30618988|pmc = 6304424|last3=K|first3=Friston|last4=D|first4=Rudrauf|doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02571}}</ref> hysteria<ref>Edwards, M. J., Adams, R. A., Brown, H., Pareés, I., & Friston, K. J. (2012). [http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/~karl/A%20Bayesian%20account%20of%20hysteria.pdf A Bayesian account of 'hysteria']. Brain , 135(Pt 11):3495–512.</ref> 还有精神病。<ref>Adams RA, Perrinet LU, Friston K. (2012). [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0047502 Smooth pursuit and visual occlusion: active inference and oculomotor control in schizophrenia]. PLoS One. , 12;7(10):e47502</ref> 对主动推理中行为的解释常常依赖于这样一种观点，即大脑有“顽固的预测”，它无法更新，从而导致使这些预测成真的行为。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yon|first1=Daniel|last2=Lange|first2=Floris P. de|last3=Press|first3=Clare|date=2019-01-01|title=The Predictive Brain as a Stubborn Scientist|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(18)30239-0|journal=Trends in Cognitive Sciences|language=English|volume=23|issue=1|pages=6–8|doi=10.1016/j.tics.2018.10.003|issn=1364-6613|pmid=30429054}}</ref>
     
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