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{{Complex systems}}

{{Complex systems}}

[[File:Self-organizing-Mechanism-for-Development-of-Space-filling-Neuronal-Dendrites-pcbi.0030212.sv003.ogv|thumb|Pattern formation in a [[computational model]] of [[dendrite]] growth.]]

[[File:Self-organizing-Mechanism-for-Development-of-Space-filling-Neuronal-Dendrites-pcbi.0030212.sv003.ogv|thumb|Pattern formation in a [[computational model]] of [[dendrite]] growth.|链接=Special:FilePath/Self-organizing-Mechanism-for-Development-of-Space-filling-Neuronal-Dendrites-pcbi.0030212.sv003.ogv]]

[[文件:用于开发填充神经网络树突神经的自发性组织机制-pcbi.0030212.sv003.ogv|thumb|Pattern formation in a [[computational model]] of [[dendrite]] growth.]]

[[文件:用于开发填充神经网络树突神经的自发性组织机制-pcbi.0030212.sv003.ogv|thumb|Pattern formation in a [[computational model]] of [[dendrite]] growth.|链接=Special:FilePath/用于开发填充神经网络树突神经的自发性组织机制-pcbi.0030212.sv003.ogv]]

The science of pattern formation deals with the visible, (statistically) orderly outcomes of self-organization and the common principles behind similar patterns in nature.

The science of pattern formation deals with the visible, (statistically) orderly outcomes of self-organization and the common principles behind similar patterns in nature.

In [[developmental biology]], pattern formation refers to the generation of complex organizations of [[cell fate determination|cell fates]] in space and time. Pattern formation is controlled by [[gene]]s. The role of genes in pattern formation is an aspect of [[morphogenesis]], the creation of diverse [[anatomy|anatomies]] from similar genes, now being explored in the science of [[evolutionary developmental biology]] or evo-devo. The mechanisms involved are well seen in the anterior-posterior patterning of [[embryo]]s from the [[model organism]] ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' (a fruit fly), one of the first organisms to have its morphogenesis studied and in the [[eyespot (mimicry)|eyespots]] of butterflies, whose development is a variant of the standard (fruit fly) mechanism.

In [[developmental biology]], pattern formation refers to the generation of complex organizations of [[cell fate determination|cell fates]] in space and time. Pattern formation is controlled by [[gene]]s. The role of genes in pattern formation is an aspect of [[morphogenesis]], the creation of diverse [[anatomy|anatomies]] from similar genes, now being explored in the science of [[evolutionary developmental biology]] or evo-devo. The mechanisms involved are well seen in the anterior-posterior patterning of [[embryo]]s from the [[model organism]] ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' (a fruit fly), one of the first organisms to have its morphogenesis studied and in the [[eyespot (mimicry)|eyespots]] of butterflies, whose development is a variant of the standard (fruit fly) mechanism.

[[File:Tiger Bush Niger Corona 1965-12-31.jpg|thumb|[[Tiger bush]] is a [[patterned vegetation|vegetation pattern]] that forms in arid conditions.]]

[[File:Tiger Bush Niger Corona 1965-12-31.jpg|thumb|[[Tiger bush]] is a [[patterned vegetation|vegetation pattern]] that forms in arid conditions.|链接=Special:FilePath/Tiger_Bush_Niger_Corona_1965-12-31.jpg]]

[[Tiger bush is a vegetation pattern that forms in arid conditions.]]

[[Tiger bush is a vegetation pattern that forms in arid conditions.]]

[[patterned vegetation|Vegetation patterns]] such as [[tiger bush]]<ref name=TigerBush>{{cite book | title=Banded vegetation patterning in arid and semiarid environments | publisher=Springer-Verlag | author=Tongway, D.J., Valentin, C. & Seghieri, J. | year=2001 | location=New York|isbn=978-1461265597}}</ref> and [[fir wave]]s<ref name=FirWave>{{cite web | url=http://tiee.esa.org/vol/v1/figure_sets/disturb/disturb_back4.html | title=Fir Waves: Regeneration in New England Conifer Forests | publisher=TIEE | date=22 February 2004 | accessdate=26 May 2012 | author=D'Avanzo, C.}}</ref> form for different reasons. Tiger bush consists of stripes of bushes on arid slopes in countries such as [[Niger]] where plant growth is limited by rainfall. Each roughly horizontal stripe of vegetation absorbs rainwater from the bare zone immediately above it.<ref name=TigerBush/> In contrast, fir waves occur in forests on mountain slopes after wind disturbance, during regeneration. When trees fall, the trees that they had sheltered become exposed and are in turn more likely to be damaged, so gaps tend to expand downwind. Meanwhile, on the windward side, young trees grow, protected by the wind shadow of the remaining tall trees<ref name=FirWave/>. In flat terrains additional pattern morphologies appear besides stripes - hexagonal gap patterns and hexagonal spot patterns. Pattern formation in this case is driven by positive feedback loops between local vegetation growth and water transport towards the growth location<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meron, E |title=Vegetation pattern formation: the mechanisms behind the forms |journal=Physics Today |volume=72 |issue=11 | pages=30-36 |year=2019 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.4340}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Meron, E |title=From Patterns to Function in Living Systems: Dryland Ecosystems as a Case Study|journal=Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics  |volume=9 | pages=79-103  |year=2018 |doi=10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-033117-053959}}</ref>.

[[patterned vegetation|Vegetation patterns]] such as [[tiger bush]]<ref name="TigerBush">{{cite book | title=Banded vegetation patterning in arid and semiarid environments | publisher=Springer-Verlag | author=Tongway, D.J., Valentin, C. & Seghieri, J. | year=2001 | location=New York|isbn=978-1461265597}}</ref> and [[fir wave]]s<ref name=FirWave>{{cite web | url=http://tiee.esa.org/vol/v1/figure_sets/disturb/disturb_back4.html | title=Fir Waves: Regeneration in New England Conifer Forests | publisher=TIEE | date=22 February 2004 | accessdate=26 May 2012 | author=D'Avanzo, C.}}</ref> form for different reasons. Tiger bush consists of stripes of bushes on arid slopes in countries such as [[Niger]] where plant growth is limited by rainfall. Each roughly horizontal stripe of vegetation absorbs rainwater from the bare zone immediately above it.<ref name=TigerBush/> In contrast, fir waves occur in forests on mountain slopes after wind disturbance, during regeneration. When trees fall, the trees that they had sheltered become exposed and are in turn more likely to be damaged, so gaps tend to expand downwind. Meanwhile, on the windward side, young trees grow, protected by the wind shadow of the remaining tall trees<ref name=FirWave/>. In flat terrains additional pattern morphologies appear besides stripes - hexagonal gap patterns and hexagonal spot patterns. Pattern formation in this case is driven by positive feedback loops between local vegetation growth and water transport towards the growth location<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meron, E |title=Vegetation pattern formation: the mechanisms behind the forms |journal=Physics Today |volume=72 |issue=11 | pages=30-36 |year=2019 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.4340}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Meron, E |title=From Patterns to Function in Living Systems: Dryland Ecosystems as a Case Study|journal=Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics  |volume=9 | pages=79-103  |year=2018 |doi=10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-033117-053959}}</ref>.

Vegetation patterns such as tiger bush and fir waves form for different reasons. Tiger bush consists of stripes of bushes on arid slopes in countries such as Niger where plant growth is limited by rainfall. Each roughly horizontal stripe of vegetation absorbs rainwater from the bare zone immediately above it..

Vegetation patterns such as tiger bush and fir waves form for different reasons. Tiger bush consists of stripes of bushes on arid slopes in countries such as Niger where plant growth is limited by rainfall. Each roughly horizontal stripe of vegetation absorbs rainwater from the bare zone immediately above it..

计算机图形学

计算机图形学

[[File:Homebrew reaction diffusion example 512iter.jpg|thumb|right|Pattern resembling a [[reaction–diffusion]] model, produced using sharpen and blur]]

[[File:Homebrew reaction diffusion example 512iter.jpg|thumb|right|Pattern resembling a [[reaction–diffusion]] model, produced using sharpen and blur|链接=Special:FilePath/Homebrew_reaction_diffusion_example_512iter.jpg]]

Pattern resembling a [[reaction–diffusion model, produced using sharpen and blur]]

Pattern resembling a [[reaction–diffusion model, produced using sharpen and blur]]