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第91行： − + − * [[Liesegang rings]] − '''Liesegang rings''' (/ˈliːzəɡɑːŋ/) are a phenomenon seen in many, if not most, chemical systems undergoing a precipitation reaction under certain conditions of concentration and in the absence of convection. Rings are formed when weakly soluble salts are produced from reaction of two soluble substances, one of which is dissolved in a gel medium. The phenomenon is most commonly seen as rings in a Petri dish or bands in a test tube; however, more complex patterns have been observed, such as dislocations of the ring structure in a Petri dish, helices, and "Saturn rings" in a test tube. Despite continuous investigation since rediscovery of the rings in 1896, the mechanism for the formation of Liesegang rings is still unclear.
→Chemistry
A '''Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction''', or '''BZ reaction''', is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. The only common element in these oscillators is the inclusion of bromine and an acid. The reactions are important to theoretical chemistry in that they show that chemical reactions do not have to be dominated by equilibrium thermodynamic behavior. These reactions are far from equilibrium and remain so for a significant length of time and evolve chaotically. In this sense, they provide an interesting chemical model of nonequilibrium biological<sup>[''clarification needed'']</sup> phenomena; as such, mathematical models and simulations of the BZ reactions themselves are of theoretical interest, showing phenomenon as noise-induced order.
A '''Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction''', or '''BZ reaction''', is one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical oscillator. The only common element in these oscillators is the inclusion of bromine and an acid. The reactions are important to theoretical chemistry in that they show that chemical reactions do not have to be dominated by equilibrium thermodynamic behavior. These reactions are far from equilibrium and remain so for a significant length of time and evolve chaotically. In this sense, they provide an interesting chemical model of nonequilibrium biological<sup>[''clarification needed'']</sup> phenomena; as such, mathematical models and simulations of the BZ reactions themselves are of theoretical interest, showing phenomenon as noise-induced order.
别洛乌索夫-扎波茨基反应(BZ 反应)
别洛乌索夫-扎波茨基反应(BZ 反应) 是一类作为非平衡热力学经典例子的反应，会促成非线性化学振荡器的建立。（这些振子中唯一共同的元素是溴和酸。）这类反应对于理论化学很重要，因为它们表明化学反应不必受平衡热力学行为的支配。这些反应远未达到平衡，并在相当长的一段时间内保持非平衡状态，并无序地发展。从这个意义上说，它们为非平衡的生物学现象(需要澄清？)提供了一个有价值的化学模型；因此，BZ反应本身的数学模型和模拟具有理论意义，揭示某类现象作为噪声驱动的秩序的性质。
An essential aspect of the BZ reaction is its so called "excitability"; under the influence of stimuli, patterns develop in what would otherwise be a perfectly quiescent medium. Some clock reactions such as Briggs–Rauscher and BZ using the tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride as catalyst can be excited into self-organising activity through the influence of light.
An essential aspect of the BZ reaction is its so called "excitability"; under the influence of stimuli, patterns develop in what would otherwise be a perfectly quiescent medium. Some clock reactions such as Briggs–Rauscher and BZ using the tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride as catalyst can be excited into self-organising activity through the influence of light.
===Physics===
===Physics===