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| editor2 = M. Petit}}</ref>

| editor2 = M. Petit}}</ref>

== Qualities of context ==

== Qualities of context情景特征 ==

Various categorizations of context have been proposed in the past. Dey and Abowd (1999)<ref name="ReferenceA">[ftp://ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/gvu/tr/1999/99-22.pdf Towards a Better Understanding of Context and Context-Awareness]</ref> distinguish between the context types ''location'', ''identity'', ''activity'' and ''time''. Kaltz et al. (2005)<ref name="kaltz2005">{{cite journal

Various categorizations of context have been proposed in the past. Dey and Abowd (1999)<ref name="ReferenceA">[ftp://ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/gvu/tr/1999/99-22.pdf Towards a Better Understanding of Context and Context-Awareness]</ref> distinguish between the context types ''location'', ''identity'', ''activity'' and ''time''. Kaltz et al. (2005)<ref name="kaltz2005">{{cite journal

|author1=Kaltz, J.W. |author2=Ziegler, J. |author3=Lohmann, S. | year = 2005

|author1=Kaltz, J.W. |author2=Ziegler, J. |author3=Lohmann, S. | year = 2005

* 账户，即订货环境和应用劳动帐户的关系，授予许可证，交付货物，也包括上述的位置和时间信息

* 账户，即订货环境和应用劳动帐户的关系，授予许可证，交付货物，也包括上述的位置和时间信息

== Computer science ==

== Computer science计算科学 ==

In computer science ''context awareness'' refers to the idea that computers can both sense, and react based on their environment. Devices may have information about the circumstances under which they are able to operate and based on rules, or an intelligent stimulus, react accordingly. The term ''context awareness'' in ubiquitous computing was introduced by Schilit (1994).<ref name="schilit94">{{cite conference

In computer science ''context awareness'' refers to the idea that computers can both sense, and react based on their environment. Devices may have information about the circumstances under which they are able to operate and based on rules, or an intelligent stimulus, react accordingly. The term ''context awareness'' in ubiquitous computing was introduced by Schilit (1994).<ref name="schilit94">{{cite conference

| author1=B. Schilit

| author1=B. Schilit

情景相关的人类特征可以被分为3类:用户基本信息（习惯、情绪状态、生物心理状况）、用户社交环境（位置网、社交、群体动态）和用户任务（无意识活动、沉浸式任务、一般任务）。物理环境相关的情景也可以分为3类：位置（绝对位置、相对位置和位置网），设施（周围的计算资源、交流、任务表现）和物理条件（噪音、灯光、压力、空气质量）。<font color=“#32cd32”>位置可能有问题</font><ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11042-010-0711-z?LI=true A Comprehensive Framework for Context-Aware Communication Systems. B. Chihani, E. Bertin, N. Crespi. 15th International Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN'11), Berlin, Germany, October 2011]</ref><ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5956518 A Self-Organization Mechanism for a Cold Chain Monitoring System. C. Nicolas, M. Marot, M. Becker.  73rd Vehicular Technology Conference 2011 IEEE (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan May 2011]</ref>

情景相关的人类特征可以被分为3类:用户基本信息（习惯、情绪状态、生物心理状况）、用户社交环境（位置网、社交、群体动态）和用户任务（无意识活动、沉浸式任务、一般任务）。物理环境相关的情景也可以分为3类：位置（绝对位置、相对位置和位置网），设施（周围的计算资源、交流、任务表现）和物理条件（噪音、灯光、压力、空气质量）。<font color=“#32cd32”>位置可能有问题</font><ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11042-010-0711-z?LI=true A Comprehensive Framework for Context-Aware Communication Systems. B. Chihani, E. Bertin, N. Crespi. 15th International Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN'11), Berlin, Germany, October 2011]</ref><ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5956518 A Self-Organization Mechanism for a Cold Chain Monitoring System. C. Nicolas, M. Marot, M. Becker.  73rd Vehicular Technology Conference 2011 IEEE (VTC Spring), Yokohama, Japan May 2011]</ref>

== Relational context : dynamic and non-user-centric definitions==

== Relational context : dynamic and non-user-centric definitions相关情景：动态的和去中心化的==

Whereas early definitions of context tended to center on users, or devices interfaced directly with users, the oft-cited definition from Dey<ref name="dey2001"/> ("''any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity''") could be taken without this restriction. User-centric context, as may be used in the design of [[human-computer interaction|human-computer interfaces]], may also imply an overly clearcut, and partially arbitrary,  separation between "content" (anything which is ''explicitly'' typed in by users, or output to them), and context, which is ''implicit'', and used for [[context adaptation|adaptation]] purposes. A more dynamic and de-centered view, advocated by Dourish <ref> Dourish, Paul. "What we talk about when we talk about context." Personal and ubiquitous computing 8.1 (2004): 19-30.</ref> views context as primarily ''relational''. This was originally congruent with the move from desktop computing to [[ubiquitous computing]], but it does also fit with a broader understanding of [[ambient intelligence]] where the distinctions between ''context'' and ''content'' become relative and dynamic.<ref> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230704197_Ambient_Intelligence Streitz, Norbert A., and Gilles Privat. "Ambient Intelligence" , ''Universal Access Handbook'' (2009)</ref> In this view, whichever sources of information (such as [[Internet of Things|IoT]] sensors) may be ''context'' for some uses and applications, might also be sources of primary ''content'' for others, and vice versa. What matters is the set of ''relationships'' that link them, together and with their environment. Whereas early descriptions of single-user-centric context could fit with classical [[Entity-attribute-value model|entity-attribute-value models]], more versatile graph-based information models, such as proposed with [[NGSI-LD]], are better adapted to capture the more relational view of context which is relevant for the  [[Internet of Things]], [[Cyber-Physical Systems]] and [[Digital Twins]]. In this broader acceptation, context is not only represented as a set of attributes attached to an entity, it is also captured by a graph that enmeshes this entity with others. Context awareness is the capability to account for this cross-cutting information from different sources.

Whereas early definitions of context tended to center on users, or devices interfaced directly with users, the oft-cited definition from Dey<ref name="dey2001"/> ("''any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity''") could be taken without this restriction. User-centric context, as may be used in the design of [[human-computer interaction|human-computer interfaces]], may also imply an overly clearcut, and partially arbitrary,  separation between "content" (anything which is ''explicitly'' typed in by users, or output to them), and context, which is ''implicit'', and used for [[context adaptation|adaptation]] purposes. A more dynamic and de-centered view, advocated by Dourish <ref> Dourish, Paul. "What we talk about when we talk about context." Personal and ubiquitous computing 8.1 (2004): 19-30.</ref> views context as primarily ''relational''. This was originally congruent with the move from desktop computing to [[ubiquitous computing]], but it does also fit with a broader understanding of [[ambient intelligence]] where the distinctions between ''context'' and ''content'' become relative and dynamic.<ref> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230704197_Ambient_Intelligence Streitz, Norbert A., and Gilles Privat. "Ambient Intelligence" , ''Universal Access Handbook'' (2009)</ref> In this view, whichever sources of information (such as [[Internet of Things|IoT]] sensors) may be ''context'' for some uses and applications, might also be sources of primary ''content'' for others, and vice versa. What matters is the set of ''relationships'' that link them, together and with their environment. Whereas early descriptions of single-user-centric context could fit with classical [[Entity-attribute-value model|entity-attribute-value models]], more versatile graph-based information models, such as proposed with [[NGSI-LD]], are better adapted to capture the more relational view of context which is relevant for the  [[Internet of Things]], [[Cyber-Physical Systems]] and [[Digital Twins]]. In this broader acceptation, context is not only represented as a set of attributes attached to an entity, it is also captured by a graph that enmeshes this entity with others. Context awareness is the capability to account for this cross-cutting information from different sources.

尽管情景的早期定义往往以用户或直接与用户交互的设备为中心，但 Dey ^[1]经常引用的定义（“可用于表征实体情况的任何信息”）不受此限制。以用户为中心的情景，尽管可以用于人机界面的设计，也可能暗示“内容”（用户明确输入或输出的任何内容）与“情景”（隐式的，用于适应目的）之间的分离之间过于明确且部分任意的分离。 Dourish^[19] 提倡一种更加动态和去中心化的观点，认为情景主要是关系性的，这最初与从桌面计算到普适计算的转变是一致的，但它也符合对环境智能的更广泛理解，即情景和内容之间的区别变得相对和动态^[20]。在这种观点中，无论信息来源（例如物联网传感器）可能是某些用途和应用的情景，还是其他人的主要内容来源，反之亦然。重要的是将他们联系在一起并与他们的环境联系起来的一组关系。尽管以单用户为中心的情景的早期描述可以适用于经典的实体-属性-值模型，但更通用的基于图的信息模型（例如 NGSI-LD 提出的）更适合捕获更相关的情景视图。与物联网、网络物理系统和数字孪生相关。大家普遍认为，情景不仅表示为附加到实体的一组属性，它还被一个将该实体与其他实体结合在一起的图所捕获。情景感知是一种解释来自不同来源的跨领域信息的能力。

尽管情景的早期定义往往以用户或直接与用户交互的设备为中心，但 Dey ^[1]经常引用的定义（“可用于表征实体情况的任何信息”）不受此限制。以用户为中心的情景，尽管可以用于人机界面的设计，也可能暗示“内容”（用户明确输入或输出的任何内容）与“情景”（隐式的，用于适应目的）之间的分离之间过于明确且部分任意的分离。 Dourish^[19] 提倡一种更加动态和去中心化的观点，认为情景主要是关系性的，这最初与从桌面计算到普适计算的转变是一致的，但它也符合对环境智能的更广泛理解，即情景和内容之间的区别变得相对和动态^[20]。在这种观点中，无论信息来源（例如物联网传感器）可能是某些用途和应用的情景，还是其他人的主要内容来源，反之亦然。重要的是将他们联系在一起并与他们的环境联系起来的一组关系。尽管以单用户为中心的情景的早期描述可以适用于经典的实体-属性-值模型，但更通用的基于图的信息模型（例如 NGSI-LD 提出的）更适合捕获更相关的情景视图。与物联网、网络物理系统和数字孪生相关。大家普遍认为，情景不仅表示为附加到实体的一组属性，它还被一个将该实体与其他实体结合在一起的图所捕获。情景感知是一种解释来自不同来源的跨领域信息的能力。

== Applications in situational or social awareness ==

== Applications in situational or social awareness 在情景与社交认知中的应用 ==

Context awareness has been applied to the area of [[computer-supported cooperative work]] (CSCW) to help individuals work and collaborate more efficiently with each other.  Since the early 1990s, researchers have developed a large number of software and hardware systems that can collect contextual information (e.g., location, video feeds, away status messages) from users.  This information is then openly shared with other users, thereby improving their situational awareness, and allowing them to identify natural opportunities to interact with each other.  In the early days of context-aware computing, many of the systems developed for this purpose were specifically designed to assist businesses or geographically separated work teams collaborate on shared documents or work artifacts.  More recently, however, there has been a growing body of work that demonstrates how this technique can also be applied to groups of friends or family members to help keep them apprised of each other's activities.

Context awareness has been applied to the area of [[computer-supported cooperative work]] (CSCW) to help individuals work and collaborate more efficiently with each other.  Since the early 1990s, researchers have developed a large number of software and hardware systems that can collect contextual information (e.g., location, video feeds, away status messages) from users.  This information is then openly shared with other users, thereby improving their situational awareness, and allowing them to identify natural opportunities to interact with each other.  In the early days of context-aware computing, many of the systems developed for this purpose were specifically designed to assist businesses or geographically separated work teams collaborate on shared documents or work artifacts.  More recently, however, there has been a growing body of work that demonstrates how this technique can also be applied to groups of friends or family members to help keep them apprised of each other's activities.

虽然这些系统展示了如何使用情景感知来支持情景和社会感知，但是这些系统的长期效果还没有尚未可知。上述许多系统只是在概念层面上进行了评估，或只证明该系统在技术上是可行的。因此，虽然这些研究的初步结果表明，情景感知可以支持情势察觉任务，但还需要更多的纵向数据。

虽然这些系统展示了如何使用情景感知来支持情景和社会感知，但是这些系统的长期效果还没有尚未可知。上述许多系统只是在概念层面上进行了评估，或只证明该系统在技术上是可行的。因此，虽然这些研究的初步结果表明，情景感知可以支持情势察觉任务，但还需要更多的纵向数据。

== Application in health care ==

== Application in health care在医疗领域的应用 ==

Context-aware mobile [[Software agent|agents]]<ref>[http://recursionsw.com/About_Us/inc/White_papers/Voyager_3rd_Party/Context_Aware_Mobile_Agents_Healthcare.pdf Burstein et.al. Context Aware Mobile Agents in Healthcare] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410211606/http://recursionsw.com/About_Us/inc/White_papers/Voyager_3rd_Party/Context_Aware_Mobile_Agents_Healthcare.pdf |date=2011-04-10 }}</ref> are a best suited host implementing any context-aware applications. Modern integrated voice and data communications equips the hospital staff with smart phones to communicate vocally with each other, but preferably to look up the next task to be executed and to capture the next report to be noted.

Context-aware mobile [[Software agent|agents]]<ref>[http://recursionsw.com/About_Us/inc/White_papers/Voyager_3rd_Party/Context_Aware_Mobile_Agents_Healthcare.pdf Burstein et.al. Context Aware Mobile Agents in Healthcare] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410211606/http://recursionsw.com/About_Us/inc/White_papers/Voyager_3rd_Party/Context_Aware_Mobile_Agents_Healthcare.pdf |date=2011-04-10 }}</ref> are a best suited host implementing any context-aware applications. Modern integrated voice and data communications equips the hospital staff with smart phones to communicate vocally with each other, but preferably to look up the next task to be executed and to capture the next report to be noted.

* 自动显示当前位置的订单或服务，并提供支持的文档，'''为 EHR 提供此类质量（不太理解）'''。

* 自动显示当前位置的订单或服务，并提供支持的文档，'''为 EHR 提供此类质量（不太理解）'''。

==Applications in industrial production==

==Applications in industrial production在工业领域的应用==

Context-aware mobile agents are a well suited host implementing newer context-aware applications in relation to the new paradigm with [[industry 4.0]]. Modern integrated (voice and) data communications equips the workshop or production line staff with smart phones to communicate data with production control for feedback, where data originates from detecting and identifying components and parts to get integrated in flexible production management for on-demand products.

Context-aware mobile agents are a well suited host implementing newer context-aware applications in relation to the new paradigm with [[industry 4.0]]. Modern integrated (voice and) data communications equips the workshop or production line staff with smart phones to communicate data with production control for feedback, where data originates from detecting and identifying components and parts to get integrated in flexible production management for on-demand products.

此外，传统的 RFID，WLAN 或 RTLS 定位解决方案以具有最精确的定位服务质量作为宣传，因为以传统的态度确定一个位置绝对坐标在技术上或经济上都会失败。其他基于模糊定位的方法则可以获得更好的投资回报。

此外，传统的 RFID，WLAN 或 RTLS 定位解决方案以具有最精确的定位服务质量作为宣传，因为以传统的态度确定一个位置绝对坐标在技术上或经济上都会失败。其他基于模糊定位的方法则可以获得更好的投资回报。

==Applications in pervasive games==

==Applications in pervasive games 在虚拟现实游戏中的应用==

A [[pervasive game]] is leveraging the sensed human contexts to adapt game system behaviors. By blending of real and virtual elements and enabling users to physically interact with their surroundings during the play, people can become fully involved in and attain better gaming experience. For example, a pervasive game that uses the contexts of human activity and location in [[smart home]]s is reported by an [[autonomous agent]].<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11042-010-0711-z?LI=true B. Guo, R. Fujimura, D. Zhang, M. Imai.Design-in-Play: Improving the Variability of Indoor Pervasive Games. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2011]</ref>

A [[pervasive game]] is leveraging the sensed human contexts to adapt game system behaviors. By blending of real and virtual elements and enabling users to physically interact with their surroundings during the play, people can become fully involved in and attain better gaming experience. For example, a pervasive game that uses the contexts of human activity and location in [[smart home]]s is reported by an [[autonomous agent]].<ref>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11042-010-0711-z?LI=true B. Guo, R. Fujimura, D. Zhang, M. Imai.Design-in-Play: Improving the Variability of Indoor Pervasive Games. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 2011]</ref>

一个普遍的游戏是利用感知的人类环境来调整游戏系统的行为。通过混合真实和虚拟元素，使用户能够在游戏过程中与周围环境进行身体互动，人们可以充分沉浸并获得更好的游戏体验。例如，关于使用智能家居中人类活动和位置背景的游戏代理的报告^[35]。

一个普遍的游戏是利用感知的人类环境来调整游戏系统的行为。通过混合真实和虚拟元素，使用户能够在游戏过程中与周围环境进行身体互动，人们可以充分沉浸并获得更好的游戏体验。例如，关于使用智能家居中人类活动和位置背景的游戏代理的报告^[35]。

==Applications in mobile multimedia devices==

==Applications in mobile multimedia devices在移动多媒体设备中的应用==

Museums and archaeological sites sometimes provide multimedia mobile devices as an alternative to the conventional audio guide (see e.g. the Tate Modern in London.<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-modern/things-to-do/multimedia-guides Multimedia guides at Tate Modern]</ref> A context aware device will use the location, current user interactions and the graph of connected objects to dynamically tailor the information presented to the user.<ref>[https://www.mjc2.com/past-visitor-scheduling-system.htm PAST Project - Context Aware Visitor Guiding]</ref> In some cases this is combined with real-time navigation around the site to guide the user to artefacts or exhibits that are likely to be of interest, based on the user's previous interactions.<ref>[https://www.mjc2.com/agamemnon-multimedia-tour-guide.htm AGAMEMNON - Real-time Visitor Guiding]</ref>

Museums and archaeological sites sometimes provide multimedia mobile devices as an alternative to the conventional audio guide (see e.g. the Tate Modern in London.<ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/visit/tate-modern/things-to-do/multimedia-guides Multimedia guides at Tate Modern]</ref> A context aware device will use the location, current user interactions and the graph of connected objects to dynamically tailor the information presented to the user.<ref>[https://www.mjc2.com/past-visitor-scheduling-system.htm PAST Project - Context Aware Visitor Guiding]</ref> In some cases this is combined with real-time navigation around the site to guide the user to artefacts or exhibits that are likely to be of interest, based on the user's previous interactions.<ref>[https://www.mjc2.com/agamemnon-multimedia-tour-guide.htm AGAMEMNON - Real-time Visitor Guiding]</ref>