252
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
第84行：
第84行： + + + +
→实例4 - 辛普森悖论
|-
|-
|}
|}
<math>
P(Y=y|do(X=1)) = \sum_Z P(Y=y|X=x, Z=z)
</math>
=== 参考文献 ===
=== 参考文献 ===
----
----
# [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119186846/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=data4sci04-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=1119186846&linkId=a5577a06e97ef450b194a7228b97f0a2 Judea Pearl,Madelyn Glymour, Nicholas P. Jewell. Causal Inference in Statistics: A Primer]
# [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1119186846/ref=as_li_qf_asin_il_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=data4sci04-20&creative=9325&linkCode=as2&creativeASIN=1119186846&linkId=a5577a06e97ef450b194a7228b97f0a2 Judea Pearl,Madelyn Glymour, Nicholas P. Jewell. Causal Inference in Statistics: A Primer]